粉背薯蓣中甾体皂甙元的分离和鉴定

粉背薯蓣(D.collettii Hook f.var.hypoglauca Palibin)在我国野生资源丰富,分布较广,以华东地区的浙江、江西为多。丁志遵、唐世蓉,李德高等曾从该植物分离到约莫皂甙元,并对薯蓣皂甙元的含量进行了测定。国内一些生产厂反映用粉背著蓣提取的总甙元产品熔点偏低(184—187℃),不符合国内现行质量标准。为了进一步查明熔点偏低的原因以及粉背薯蓣能否用作薯蓣皂甙元的原料,我们对该植物中的甾体皂甙元进行了分离和鉴定。     

蜘蛛抱蛋属中甾体皂甙的分布

在文献资料和实验研究的基础上,本文总结了甾体皂甙在蜘蛛抱蛋属植物中的分布。发现单羟基的薯蓣皂甙元的配糖体一蜘蛛抱蛋皂甙(薯蓣皂甙元-3-O[β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基(1→2)]-[β-D-木吡喃糖基(1→3)]-β-D-葡萄吡哺糖基(1→4)-β-D-半乳吡哺糖甙),广泛存在于所研究过的这些植物中,而且是大部植物根茎的主要皂甙。它是蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的特征化学成分,表明该属是一个自然类群,甾体皂甙对它是有分类学意义的。     

薯蓣皂甙元的气液色谱分析

薯蓣皂甙元(diosgenin)是合成甾体激素药物的重要原料。它主要是从薯蓣属(Dioscorea)植物的根茎中提取的。测定植物材料中薯蓣皂甙元的含量通常采用重量法,操作繁琐费时,样品需量较大,不适宜大量样品的筛选。同时,由于操作条件掌握上的差异,容易造成较大的误差。六十年代以来,气液色谱(GLC)应用于甾体化合     

薯蓣皂甙元ELISA定量分析方法的建立Ⅰ-薯蓣皂甙元全抗原的合成

建立薯蓣皂甙元的ELISA定量分析方法必须先合成薯蓣皂甙元的全抗原。试验利用薯蓣皂甙元3位上的-OH,在DMAP的催化下,薯蓣皂甙元与丁二酸酐反应,生成薯蓣皂甙元丁二酸单酯,用MSI、R1、H NMR1、3CNMR等方法对产物结构进行了表征。用混合酸酐法制备薯蓣皂甙元与牛血清白蛋白的结合物(DG-HS-BSA),碳二亚胺法制备薯蓣皂甙元与卵清蛋白的结合物(DG-HS-OVA),经TNBS测定,每分子结合物连接的薯蓣皂甙元分子数分别为28.0和8.8。     

盾叶薯蓣中薯蓣皂甙元不同提取方法的比较

为提高盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H.Wright)中薯蓣皂甙元得率,在实验室条件下,以薯蓣皂甙元含量为评价指标,采用4因素4水平的正交试验,用高效液相色谱法对16种提取方法所得的薯蓣皂甙元含量进行了比较分析.结果表明,硫酸的浓度对薯蓣皂甙元含量有极显著影响,在实验室条件下,可采用10 g样品加2.0mol·L-1硫酸200 mL水解4 h,水解物用石油醚回流提取5 h,能快速准确提取盾叶薯蓣中的薯蓣皂甙元.     

薯蓣皂甙元氨基酸酯的合成及其动物实验--薯蓣皂甙元衍生物的研究Ⅱ

以薯蓣皂甙元为原料,经过与氨基酸缩合,合成了6个新化合物,甘氨酸薯蓣皂甙元酯(1),DL-组氨酸薯蓣皂甙元酯醋酸盐(2),L-赖氨酸薯蓣皂甙元酯(3),N-L-赖氨酰基甘氨酸薯蓣皂甙元酯醋酸盐(4),N-L-精氨酰基甘氨酸薯蓣皂甙元酯醋酸盐(5),N-DL-组氨酰基甘氨酸薯蓣皂甙元酯醋酸盐(6),并对结构进行了鉴定。同时发现这6个化合物具有抗大鼠实验性心肌梗死作用。     

龙血树果实的甾体皂甙成分

从龙血树(Dracaena cambodiana Pierre et Gagn.)的新鲜果实中分离到四个甾体皂甙,分别鉴定为薯蓣皂甙(dioscin)、22-甲基原薯蓣皂甙(22-methy proto-dioscin),纤细薯蓣皂甙(gracillin)和22-甲基原纤细薯蓣皂甙(22-methy proto-gracillin),龙血树中富含薯蓣皂甙元(diosgenin)的配糖体表明龙血树科作为天门冬目的一个成员,在亲缘关系上与龙舌兰科和天门冬科最为接近,与玉簪科、菝葜科以及薯蓣目亦有密切的联系。     

盾叶薯蓣营养器官薯蓣皂甙元含量的动态变化

利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法对盾叶薯蓣营养器官特别造根状茎中薯蓣皂甙元含量的动态变化、品种之间的差异以及雌雄株之间的差异进行了研究。结果表明:实生苗根状茎中薯蓣皂甙元的含量,2年生高于1年生;根茎营养繁殖的2年生根状茎中皂甙元的含量高于1年生的含量;花叶品种的含量高于绿叶品种的含量;雄株的含量比雌株的含量高。在地上的缠绕茎和叶中没有检测到薯蓣皂甙元。由根茎繁殖的1年生根状茎前期皂甙元含量增加缓慢,后期增加较快;2年生根状茎盛花期含量最高,开花后期含量最低,随后含量逐渐增加。为此应在花叶品种中选择产量高、抗性强的品种作为栽培品种。合适的采挖期仍以地上缠绕茎枯萎期为宜。     

薯蓣皂甙元生产工艺研究进展

薯蓣皂甙元是一种重要的医药原料,本文阐述了薯蓣皂甙元生产过程中发酵时间,温度,酶预处理和水解的酸浓度,压力,时间对薯蓣皂甙元产率的影响,对其中的提取分离工艺废水的处理工艺进行了综述,并对薯蓣皂甙元生产工艺存在的问题和前景进行了分析。     

盾叶薯蓣营养器官薯蓣皂甙元含量的动态变化

利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法对盾叶薯蓣营养器官特别是根状茎中薯蓣皂甙元含量的动态变化、品种之间的差异以及雌雄株之间的差异进行了研究。结果表明：实生苗根状茎中薯蓣皂甙元的含量,2年生高于1年生;根茎营养繁殖的2年生根状茎中皂甙元的含量高于1年生的含量;花叶品种的含量高于绿叶品种的含量;雄株的含量比雌株的含量高。在地上的缠绕茎和叶中没有检测到薯蓣皂甙元。由根茎繁殖的1年生根状茎前期皂甙元含量增加缓慢,后期增加较快;2年生根状茎盛花期含量最高,开花后期含量最低,随后含量逐渐增加。为此应在花叶品种中选择产量高、抗性强的品种作为栽培品种。合适的采挖期仍以地上缠绕茎枯萎期为宜。     

A Life-Cycle Approach to Purchasing and Using Environmentally Preferable Paper

The PaperTask Force, a group of major U.S. paper purchasers convened by the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), recently completed a life cycle-based study of various grades of paper that examined a broad range of economic, functional, and especially environmental issue. This 28-month effort culminated in the release of a final report and recommendations intended to educate paper purchasers about the consequences of their paper purchasing decisions. The report also provides actionable steps that can be taken to increase the purchase and use of environmentally preferable paper; defined as paper that reduces environmental impacts while meeting business needs. The technical basis for the PaperTask Force recommendations is an analysis of environmental impacts associated with the entire life cycle of several major grades of paper; reaching literally from the forest to the 1andfill. The Task Force's findings and recommendations cover each of the major areas of opportunity to lessen the environmental impacts of using paper: reduction in paper use; paper recycling and buying recycled paper: forest management; and pulp and paper manufacturing. journal of Industrial Ecology I5 paper recycling     

Enzymatic deinking of various types of waste paper: Efficiency and characteristics

The aim of the present study was to characterize the enzymatic deinking of various types of waste paper. Studies on the optimization of enzymatic deinking have been performed previously using commercially available enzyme preparations containing cellulase and hemicellulase. The enzymatic deinking of different types of waste paper demonstrated a high efficiency of 86.6% on laser-printed paper, but a low deinking efficiency of 12.9% was obtained with newspaper. All enzymatic treatments significantly improved the drainage rate of the deinked waste paper. Enzymatic deinking increased the tensile index of magazine paper but reduced the tensile index of bubble jet-printed paper, photocopy paper and newspaper. Enzymatic hydrolysis caused a 21.1% reduction in the tear index for bubble jet-printed paper, but a 3.1% increase in the tear index was obtained for laser-printed paper relative to respective blank. In addition, enzymatic hydrolysis increased the burst index by 4.7% relative to blank for laser-printed paper. However, photocopy paper showed the highest reduction (8.3%) in the burst index relative to blank. Taken together, these results suggest that enzymatic hydrolysis is both advantageous and detrimental to the mechanical properties of deinked paper. Thus, the proper regulation of enzymatic hydrolysis is crucial to improve the quality of recycled paper.     

造纸用木聚糖酶的基因工程研究进展

木聚糖酶用于造纸行业可以显著改善纸浆的性能,减少纸张处理过程中有害化学试剂的使用,从而减轻环境污染,提高纸张品质,因此在造纸工业中具有广阔的应用前景。本文从造纸用碱性木聚糖酶基因的克隆、分子改造、高效表达及在造纸行业的应用研究等方面出发,对造纸用碱性木聚糖酶的研究现状进行综述,为开发造纸用木聚糖酶提供了思路。     

纤维素酶脱墨机理的研究进展

废纸是制浆造纸纤维原料的重要来源,利用生物酶法对废纸浆进行生物脱墨是一种新的造纸生物技术,酶法脱墨所使用的酶种主要是纤维素酶。本文主要就近十年来国内外纤维素酶酶法脱墨的研究特别是影响纤维素酶酶法脱墨的因素及脱墨机理作了综述报道。     

Some multi-dimensional branching processes as motivated by a class of problems in mathematical genetics II

This paper is a continuation of a paper, “Some Multi-Dimensional Branching Processes as Motivated by a Class of Problems in Mathematical Genetics I,” by C. J. Mode, which appeared in a previous issue of theBulletin. Its purpose is two-fold; namely to discuss the mathematical existence of the model and to supply the mathematical proofs of some theorems in section two of the paper mentioned above. This paper should be read in conjunction with the previous paper. The research reported in this paper was supported in part by the United States Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Biology and Medicine Project AT(45-1)-1729.     

Sugar composition of biofilms produced by paper mill bacteria

Biofilms of paper mill bacteria were cultivated in paper mill white water-simulating conditions on glass slides or stainless steel coupons in a laboratory culture system. The sugar content and composition of the biofilms were analysed and compared with the sugar composition of paper mill slimes. Acid methanolysis followed by gas chromatography revealed that Burkholderia was the major biofilm producer in pure culture, producing up to 50 microg of biofilm sugar cm(-2) in 5 days in rich medium and 10 microg in paper mill simulating medium. A mixture of simulated paper mill water with a culture medium yielded more biofilm (100 microg cm(-2)) than either of the media alone, so the biofilm accumulation was not proportional to the available substrate. More biofilm accumulated on stainless steel coupons than on glass slides, and the steel-coupon biofilms contained slightly more uronic acids. The biofilm sugars contained mainly galactose, glucose, mannose, and rhamnose. In paper mill medium, the Burkholderia biofilm contained more galactose and glucose, and less rhamnose, than in rich laboratory medium. The sugar composition of paper mill slimes was quite similar to those of steel-cultured Burkholderia cepacia biofilms. This suggests that Burkholderia cepacia is responsible for much of the slime in the paper mill.     

The treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent: a review

The manufacture of paper generates significant quantities of wastewater; as high as 60 m3/tonne of paper produced. The raw wastewaters from paper and board mills can be potentially very polluting. Indeed, a recent survey within the UK industry has found that their chemical oxygen demands can be as high as 11000 mg/l. This paper reviews the processes involved in paper making and examines the effects which they could have on the environment. It also evaluates the treatment processes which are used to minimise these effects. In line with the majority of UK practice, it focuses mainly on aerobic biological treatment and, in particular, on the activated sludge process. This means that there is an in-depth discussion about the problems associated with filamentous bacteria and sludge "bulking". The paper also discusses the way in which anaerobic digestion can be applied to the treatment of liquid wastes from the manufacture of paper.     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of waste office paper using viscosity as operating parameter

Enzymatic hydrolysis of waste office (WO) paper with feeding WO paper in a reactor was investigated using apparent viscosity as operating parameter. Since the apparent viscosity was correlated with the concentration of pulping WO paper, the amount of hydrolyzed WO paper was assumed by measuring the decrease in the apparent viscosity. Then the amount of hydrolysis WO paper and the amount of enzyme corresponding to the desired ratio were fed into the reactor. When the WO paper and 1% (to the amount of WO paper) enzyme were fed to the hydrolytic reaction, 87 g/L of reducing sugar (RS) with a hydrolytic yield of 42.2% was obtained for a 24-h hydrolysis. However, when nonpulping WO paper and 5% (to the amount of WO paper) enzyme were fed to the hydrolytic reaction, 120 g/L of RS with a hydrolytic yield of 40% was obtained for a 24-h hydrolysis. Therefore, the RS concentration from this hydrolysis process feeding WO paper using apparent viscosity as operating parameter may be of sufficient concentration to serve as a carbon source in microorganism culture or chemical feedstock.     

Rapid synthesis of antimicrobial paper under microwave irradiation

The silver-nanoparticle (AgNP) containing paper was successfully prepared. The AgNP is deposited by the in situ reduction of silver nitrate on the acrylamide grafted bagasse paper sheets in the presence of citrate molecules as stabilizing agent. In the present paper, grafting of acrylamide onto bagasse paper sheets using potassium persulfate was carried out under the influence of microwave radiations (MWR). The modified paper sheets were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Antimicrobial activities of the prepared paper sheets were also investigated against G+ve bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, G-ve bacterium Pseudomomas aeruginosa, and yeast Candida albicans, which are model microorganisms for testing bactericidal properties. The AgNP containing paper sheets exhibited antibacterial activity.     

Life cycle assessment of printing and writing paper produced in Portugal

Goal, Scope and Background The environmental sustainability is one of the current priorities of the Portuguese pulp and paper industry. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was the methodology chosen to evaluate the sustainability of the printing and writing paper production activity. This paper grade represents about 60% of the total production of paper in Portugal and its production is expected to increase in the near future. The main goal of this study was to assess the potential environmental impacts associated with the entire life cycle of the printing and writing paper produced in Portugal from Eucalyptus globulus pulp and consumed in Germany, in order to identify the processes with the largest environmental impacts. Another goal of this study was to evaluate the effect on the potential environmental impacts of changing the market where the Portuguese printing and writing paper is consumed: German market vs. Portuguese market. Methods The main stages considered in this study were: forestry, pulp production, paper production, paper distribution, and paper final disposal. Transports and production of chemicals, fuels and energy in the grid were also included in these stages. Whenever possible and feasible, average or typical data from industry were collected. The remaining data were obtained from the literature and specialised databases. A quantitative impact assessment was performed for five impact categories: global warming over 100 years, acidification, eutrophication, non-renewable resource depletion and photochemical oxidant formation. Results In the German market scenario, the paper production stage was a remarkable hot spot for air emissions (non-renewable CO₂, NO_x and SO₂) and for non-renewable energy consumption, and, consequently, for the impact categories that consider these parameters: global warming, acidification and non-renewable resource depletion. These important environmental impacts are due to the energy requirements in the printing and writing paper production process, which are fulfilled by on-site fuel oil burning and consumption of electricity from the national grid, which is mostly based on the use of fossil fuels. The pulp production stage was identified as the largest contributor to water emissions (COD and AOX) and to eutrophication. Considering that energy consumed by the pulp production processes comes from renewable fuels, this stage was also the most contributing to renewable energy consumption. Discussion The paper distribution stage showed an important contribution to NO_x emissions, which, however, did not result in a major contribution to acidification or eutrophication. The final disposal stage was the main contributor to the photochemical oxidant formation potential due to CH₄ emissions from wastepaper landfilling. On the other hand, paper consumption in Portugal was environmentally more favourable than in Germany for the parameters/impact categories where the paper distribution stage has a significant contribution (non-renewable CO₂, NO_x, non-renewable energy consumption, acidification, eutrophication and non-renewable resource depletion) due to shorter distances needed to deliver paper to the consumers. For the remaining parameters/impact categories, the increase observed in the final disposal stage in the Portuguese market was preponderant, and resulted from the existence of significant differences in the final disposal alternatives in the analysed markets (recycling dominates in Germany, whereas landfilling dominates in Portugal). Conclusions The pulp and paper production stages were found to be of significance for almost all of the inventory parameters as well as for the impact assessment categories. The paper distribution and the final disposal stages were only of importance for some of the inventory parameters and some of the impact categories. The forestry stage played a minor role in the environmental impacts generated during the paper life cycle. The consumption of paper in Portugal led to a decrease in the environmental burdens of the paper distribution stage, but to an increase in the environmental burdens of the final disposal stage, when compared with the consumption of paper in Germany. Recommendations and Perspectives This study provides useful information that can assist the pulp and paper industry in the planning of future investments leading to an increase in its sustainability. The results of inventory analysis and impact assessment show the processes that play an important role in each impact category, which allow the industry to improve its environmental performance, making changes not only in the production process itself, but also in the treatment of flue gases and liquid effluents. Besides that concern regarding pollution prevention, other issues with relevance to the context of sustainability, such as the energy consumption, can also be dealt with.