红嘴鸥在昆明城区的停留时间及其影响因素

红嘴鸥大规模进入昆明城区觅食形成人鸟互动的重要生态现象,其在城区的停留时间成为公众关注的焦点.基于常年统计和定点连续观察,本文探讨了红嘴鸥在昆明城区的停留时间及其影响因素.结果 表明:① 1987～2006年,红嘴鸥到达和离开滇池的日期分别是10月3日～11月3日和翌年的3月18日～4月18日;停留177±9 d,在滇池停留32±11 d 后才进入城区,而不进城34±21 d 后才离开滇池;② 2007年2月12日～3月4日,红嘴鸥每日7: 25～9: 50进城觅食,10: 30～16: 30返回滇池夜宿,在城区停留 4.7±1.5 h/d(2.5～8.5 h/d);③人工投喂食物是吸引红嘴鸥进城并长时间停留的决定性因素;而突发声响,特别是水面划船等人为干扰,促使红嘴鸥过早返回滇池.作者认为,为了促使红嘴鸥进入城区并长时间停留,需要限制游船等人为干扰和深入了解滇池地区越冬红嘴鸥的分布地及其动态特点.     

圈养条件下滇池地区越冬红嘴鸥的食物选择

食物对滇池地区越冬红嘴鸥(Latin ridibundus)的影响受到普遍关注.为18只红嘴鸥提供2～6种食物连续圈养4个周期共28 d后放飞,以探讨其食物选择特点.结果表明:1红嘴鸥偏爱新鲜的泥鳅、小鱼、小虾等,但也取食干鱼,以及面包、专用饲料、白菜等;2红嘴鸥昼夜取食,全天食物总消耗量随食物类别增多而增加,为14.4～118.6 g/d,平均(62.67±30.10)g/d,但受取食行为及食物可口性的影响;3红嘴鸥有群体取食特点,少数个体的取食诱导,导致某种食物或者某天的食物日消耗量增大;④改变食物构成时,红嘴鸥要经过1～2 d的取食试探才能正常取食,短期饥饿弱化了这种试探过程;⑤食物不是影响越冬红嘴鸥体重的惟一因素,圈养提供了充足的食物但其体重减少,而同期野外红嘴鸥的体重则从274 g增加到369 g.作者认为,在滇池地区越冬红嘴鸥取食大量面包和专用饲料是对食物短缺胁迫的适应.     

昆明翠湖越冬红嘴鸥日间行为节律及行为时间分配

昆明翠湖是昆明越冬红嘴鸥Larus ridibundus的重要栖息地之一。为了解红嘴鸥越冬期的日间行为模式,掌握其活动规律,2017年11月—2018年2月和2018年11月—2019年2月,采用瞬时扫描法在翠湖水域对越冬红嘴鸥日间行为节律及行为时间分配进行了研究,采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验、单因素方差分析对不同时段内越冬红嘴鸥行为时间分配的差异进行了分析,并采用Pearson检验法检验了各行为间的相关性。结果表明,越冬期红嘴鸥行为时间分配比例为:觅食(44.01±1.70)%、休息(18.84±0.93)%、修整(9.44±1.00)%、警戒(2.45±0.57)%、行走(3.01±0.39)%、游泳(13.77±1.01)%和飞行(8.47±0.68)%。其中,行走和飞行行为在日间各时段内的差异有高度统计学意义(P0.01),具有明显的日节律性变化,其他行为之间的差异无统计学意义;觅食(F=9.112,P0.01)、休息(F=12.798,P0.01)行为在不同月份间的差异有高度统计学意义,而警戒行为在不同月份间的差异有统计学意义(F=3.358,P0.05),具有明显的月节律性变化。昆明翠湖越冬红嘴鸥在整个越冬期间以补充、积累能量为主;日间行为存在明显的"上午觅食+中午休息+下午觅食"的行为模式,一天中最主要的行为是觅食。     

鹌鹑、红嘴鸥、黑翅长脚鹬胚胎期 小肠黏膜表面形态结构

应用扫描电镜观察了鹌鹑（Coturnix coturnix）、红嘴鸥（Larus ridibundus）、黑翅长脚鹬（Himantopus himantopus）胚胎期小肠黏膜的形态变化。鹌鹑与红嘴鸥胚胎发育过程中,小肠黏膜形态结构可分为3个阶段。第一阶段为鹌鹑卵孵育第10 ~ 11天、红嘴鸥卵孵育第13 ~ 14天（相当于胚胎发育60%的阶段）,小肠黏膜为山脊状纵行皱襞;第二阶段为鹌鹑卵孵育第12 ~ 13天、红嘴鸥卵孵育第15 ~ 16天（相当于胚胎发育70%的阶段）,小肠黏膜为“W”形板状皱襞;第三阶段为鹌鹑卵孵育第14 ~ 17天、红嘴鸥卵孵育第17 ~ 22天（相当于胚胎发育到80% ~ 100%阶段）,小肠黏膜为指状绒毛。黑翅长脚鹬卵孵育第10天（相当于胚胎发育到60%的阶段）,小肠黏膜为山脊状纵行皱襞;从卵孵育第12天（相当于胚胎发育到70%的阶段）一直到孵出小肠黏膜均为“W”形板状皱襞。初步判断3种鸟小肠黏膜形态发生这种有规律的变化可能是鸟类对其祖先系统发育的重演。     

红嘴鸥的能量代谢分析

红嘴鸥的能量代谢分析吴介云云南师范大学生物系昆明６５００９２红嘴鸥（Ｌａｒｕｓｒｉｄｂｕｎｄｎｓ）是鸥形目、鸥科、鸥属的野生鸟类。自１９８５年以来,每年冬季大量迁徒到昆明越冬,形成了春城的一大特殊景观。为了保护好红嘴鸥,进行了有关红嘴鸥能量代谢分析的...     

红嘴鸥核型及C带和银带

本文以骨髓细胞常规空气干燥法和Sumner(1972)的方法(C带),Howell(1980)的方法(银带),对近年来昆明过冬的红嘴鸥的核型及其C带和银带进行了分析,结果显示出:红嘴鸥的2n应为68±。多数染色体的着丝粒区均显示出一个深浅不同的C带。Z染色体上有一个微小而模糊的C带,而W染色体大部分染色质被深染。其染色体经快速银染后表明,2对NORs均在微小染色体上。     

红嘴鸥繁殖生态初步研究

黑龙江省兴凯湖自然保护区位于兴凯湖东北侧,与苏联毗邻,面积约200(km~2),是以芦苇(Phragmites ccmmunis)为主的沼泽湿地,海拔69m,年降雨量564mm,年平均气温3℃。红嘴鸥(Larus ridibundus)是当地常见的夏候鸟。我们于1987—1989年对其繁殖生态进行了初步研究,现将结果报道如下。 一、占区     

纵横欧亚非和北美的小精灵

红嘴鸥在鸟类分类学上属于鸥形目、鸥科、鸥属,是北半球最常见的中型鸥类,人们对它非常熟悉。它的体形中等,体重约300克,嘴和足红色,趾间具蹼。成熟鸥鸟在冬季和夏季形态上略有不同,冬季红嘴鸥的头、后颈、腰及尾上覆     

红嘴鸥越冬生态初步研究

一、数量分布 根据1985年冬季的系统观察和以往几年的零星记录,将红嘴鸥Larus ridibundus在昆明地区的分布、数量分别列表1和表2。 从表1可以看出,1985年前红嘴鸥主要分布在滇池和呈贡、晋宁、安宁等地,只有少数个体偶然到城区的八大河及附近农田、水池,但都没有大批进城的情况,其数量最多的是1984年,约2000只。 从表2可以看出,1985年11月份红嘴鸥开始在城区的盘龙江的德胜桥、南太桥等桥段出现,后来数量和分布点     

红嘴鸥的骨骼系统解剖

本文对红嘴鸥（Ｌａｒｕｓｒｉｄｂｕｎｄｎｓ）的骨骼系统进行了系统的解剖观察。下列部分作了较详细描述：头骨（颅骨背面、侧面、底面、下颌）,脊柱（颈椎、胸椎和胸骨、综合荐椎、尾椎）,附肢骨（肩带、前肢骨、腰带、后肢骨）。红嘴欧属新腭型（ｎｅｏｇｎａｔｈｏｕｓｔｙｐｅ）中的裂腭型类型。文中还对红嘴鸥的体重、体尺、头骨和附肢骨进行了测量。     

Photorefractoriness in the black-headed buntingEmberiza melanocephala: Possible involvement of the thyroid glands

In the male black-headed bunting,Emberiza melanocephala, photostimulated testicular and/or body weight growth was followed by the regression. Transfer of photorefractory birds from 20L/4D to 23L/1D or from natural lighting (12–13 h) to 20L/4D failed to evoke testicular and/or body weight recrudescence. Thyroidectomy suppressed light-induced increase in the testes and resulted in early regression. Fully developed testes of breeding birds also regressed following thyroidectomy; an effect which was reversed by daily injections of 1 μg/bird of L-T₄. Treatment with L-T₄ at doses from 0·5-2·0 μ/bird/day/ 30 days had no effect on the testes of birds maintained on 12L/12D or following a shift from 12L/12D to 20L/4D. Photoinduced increase in body weight was inhibited by thyroidectomy; an effect which was reversed by treatment with L-T₄ at dose level 1 μg/bird/day. The extent to which thyroidectomy decreased body weight of birds depended upon the lipid reserves at the time of operation. It is suggested that in the male black-headed bunting (i) breeding is terminated by development of absolute-gonadal and metabolic-photorefractoriness and (ii) thyroid hormones are necessary for sustaining light-induced increase in the gonads and/or body weight and for their maintenance, but not for the development of photorefractory state.     

Microbial Biodiversity in the Water of Lake Baikal

An investigation of the microbial community of Lake Baikal by the methods of general and molecular microbiology showed that culturable bacterial strains are represented by various known genera. The lake water contains a great number of bacterial morphotypes, as revealed by electron microscopy, and a great diversity of nonculturable microorganisms belonging to different phylogenetic groups, as revealed by 16S rRNA gene fragment sequencing. The inference is made that the microbial community of Lake Baikal contains not only known species but also new bacterial species that are possibly endemic to the lake.     

Isolation of total bacterial DNA for ecological characterization of bottom sediments of Lake Baikal

It is known that the conventional microbiological methods of investigation reveal not more than 1% of the species of microorganisms actually inhabiting one biotope or another. The most complete characterization of the microbial community is achieved by investigating DNA isolated from the samples differing from each other in ecological conditions. The sediments of Lake Baikal are characterized by a high content of humic compounds which hinders molecular biological analyses. Because of this, the procedure of DNA isolation is a step o critical importance for the analysis of bottom sediments. In the present work we compare the methods of isolation of the whole bacterial DNA from the bottom sediments of Lake Baikal. The most efficient method allowing us to obtained DNA preparations for further molecular investigation was chosen.     

Microbial biodiversity in the Lake Baikal water

The investigation of the microbial community of Lake Baikal by the methods of general and molecular microbiology showed that culturable bacterial strains were represented by various known genera. The lake water contains a great number of bacterial morphotypes, as revealed by electron microscopy, and a great diversity of nonculturable microorganisms belonging to different phylogenetic groups, as revealed by 16S rRNA gene fragment sequencing. The inference is made that the microbial community of Lake Baikal contains not only the known species but also new, possibly endemic to the lake, bacterial species.     

Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Campylobacter spp. in Urban and Rural Black-Headed Gulls Chroicocephalus ridibundus

EcoHealth - We investigate the role of black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus), an omnivorous species that is among the most likely wild bird candidates for transmission of zoonotic agents,...     

黑龙江省三江平原丹顶鹤的数量分布

在地面调查的基础上,我们使用Y-11轻型飞机对黑龙江省三江平原地区的丹顶鹤的数量分布近行了调查,调查时飞行高度80米,航速140公里/小时,续航里程共3748公里。调查结果表明,丹顶鹤在三江平原主要分布在8个地区,其中嘟噜河下游、洪河自然保护区、七星河流域和兴凯湖低地是主要繁殖地,总数量共309只。     

Variation of sponge-inhabiting infauna with the state of health of the sponge Lubomirskia baikalensis (Pallas, 1776) in Lake Baikal

Limnology - Our investigation was conducted during a period of ecological crisis in the coastal zone of Lake Baikal. Mass disease and mortality of the endemic sponges inhabiting the nearshore zone...     

Investigation of distribution,species composition,and degree of resistance to antibiotics of the bacteria of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Enterococcus</Emphasis> genus in Lake Baikal

The paper presents the result of investigation of species composition, distribution and degree of resistance to antibiotics of the Enterococcus bacteria in Lake Baikal. It is shown that they live in littoral zones of the lake. In the deep-water part of the lake the studied microorganisms are not found. We isolated 120 strains identified as E. faecium, E. avium, E. faecalis, E. mundii, E. hirae, E. durans, E. gallinarum. On the whole, the strains of enterococcus isolated from Lake Baikal are characterized as antibiotic-sensitive. Nevertheless, the antibiotic-resistant strains of enterococci are found in the studied collection, including those with typical intermediate level of resistance to vancomycin.     

Oxygen concentration profiles in sediments of two ancient lakes: Lake Baikal (Siberia,Russia) and Lake Malawi (East Africa)

Oxygen concentration profiles have been measured, by means of with microelectrodes in sediments of Lake Baikal and Lake Malawi, along transects allowing to give a survey of two major ancient Rift lakes: Lake Baikal (Eastern Siberia) and Lake Malawi (East Africa), along depth transects in the constitutive basins of the lakes and/or of relevant depths with regard to oxygen (including including the deepest point, 1680 m, in Lake Baikal). Sediment oxygen penetration depths (SOPs) display very different patterns, depending on the lake in the two lakes. In Lake Baikal, SOPs are variable, show no significant relationship with bathymetric depth and are surprisingly deep on Akademichesky ridge (> 50.0 mm), emphasizing the distinctive feature of this region in the lake. While the Selenga river is an important source of eutrophication, the similarity of SOP-values in the Selenga shallow with those of most other sites suggests either a dilution of organic material by allochthonous matter, or a strong south-to-north transport of particles. In Lake Malawi, available oxygen is restricted to a maximum of three millimetres of the sediment, and there is a negative relationship with bathymetric depth, as a result of a steady decline of oxygen concentration with depth through the water column. Amongst the few parameters known to affect SOPs, the oxygen consumption by the sediment seems the most significant in both lakes. SOP-values furthermore confirm differences in the trophic status of Baikal and Malawi, respectively. The importance of oxygen as a factor likely to create ecological segregation for benthic organisms is discussed. Lake Malawi offers possibilities of bathymetric segregation but no vertical segregation in the sediment. In contrast, no bathymetric segregation related to oxygen is possible in Lake Baikal, but vertical segregation in the sediment is very likely. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Centric diatoms from Lake Frolikha (Transbaikal area) and peculiarities of distribution of some taxa in Asia

The species composition of centric diatoms from Lake Frolikha (Transbaikal area) has been studied. The lake is located on the eastern shore of Lake Baikal and connected with it by a river. Twenty-three species of Centrophyceae from 7 genera (Aulacoseira, Cyclostephanos, Cyclotella, Discostella, Handmania, Pliocaenicus, and Stephanodiscus) have been found. The most represented genus is Aulacoseira (11 species). Fifteen species and 4 genera are new for the lake record. All revealed species are known in other lakes of the Baikal region; however Baikal endemics are absent in Lake Frolikha. The flora of centric diatoms in Lake Frolikha can be divided into two groups. The first group includes taxa common in Lake Baikal, and the second group includes taxa not typical for Lake Baikal. The level of differences between flora in Lake Baikal and Lake Frolikha is high (43%) despite the close location and connection to the river. An analysis of distribution of interesting species in Asia is presented.