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1.
T. Mishima R. Kanzaki 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1999,184(2):143-160
In order to understand the neural mechanisms of pheromone-oriented walking in male silkworm moths, Bombyxmori, we have characterized olfactory responses and three-dimensional structure of two clusters (Group-I, Group-II) of descending
interneurons in the brain by intracellular recording and staining with lucifer yellow. Neurons were imaged with laser-scanning
confocal microscopy. Group-I and Group-II descending interneurons were classified into three morphological types, respectively.
In response to the sex pheromone, bombykol, Type-A Group-I descending interneurons showed characteristic flipflopping activity.
The Group-I descending interneurons had dendritic arborizations in the lateral accessory lobe and varicose profiles in the
posterior-lateral part of the suboesophageal ganglion where the dendritic arborizations of a neck motor neuron (i.e., cv1
NMN) reside. Other types of Group-I descending interneurons exhibited long-lasting suppression of firing. The pheromonal responses
of Group-II descending interneurons fell into two classes: brief excitation and brief inhibition. Type-A Group-II descending
interneurons showing brief excitation had blebby processes in the posterior-lateral part of the suboesophageal ganglion. Type-B
and Type-C Group-II descending interneurons did not have varicose profiles there. Therefore, the neck motor neuron regulating
head turning, which accompanies the pheromone-oriented walking, may be controlled by these two types, flipflop and phasic
excitation, of descending activity patterns.
Accepted: 2 November 1998 相似文献
2.
R. Kanzaki 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1998,182(3):267-276
The male silkworm moth, Bombyx mori, exhibits a zigzagging pattern as it walks upwind to pheromones. This species usually does not fly, but obvious wing-beating
accompanies the pheromone-mediated walking. Males supported by a `sled', after having their legs removed, also moved upwind
in a pheromone plume along zigzagging tracks, indicating that wing-generated thrust and torque result in locomotory paths
similar to those observed from walking moths. Using a high-speed video system we investigated the correlation between the
wing movements and zigzag walking. The wing ipsilateral to the direction of the turn showed a greater degree of retraction
with respect to the contralateral wing. The timing of the wing retraction pattern was synchronized with changes of direction
in the walking track. Coordination of wing movements and walking pattern was not dependent on visual feedback or sensory feedback
generated from neck movements associated with turning. The results presented here, taken together with our previous studies
of descending interneurons suggest that the coordination of wing movements with the walking pattern may result from the activity
of a set of identified interneurons descending from the brain to the thoracic ganglia and/or may be coordinated by coupling
of oscillating circuits for walking and wing beating.
Accepted: 15 May 1997 相似文献
3.
Crickets exhibit oriented walking behavior in response to air-current stimuli. Because crickets move in the opposite direction from the stimulus source, this behavior is considered to represent ‘escape behavior’ from an approaching predator. However, details of the stimulus-angle-dependent control of locomotion during the immediate phase, and the neural basis underlying the directional motor control of this behavior remain unclear. In this study, we used a spherical-treadmill system to measure locomotory parameters including trajectory, turn angle and velocity during the immediate phase of responses to air-puff stimuli applied from various angles. Both walking direction and turn angle were correlated with stimulus angle, but their relationships followed different rules. A shorter stimulus also induced directionally-controlled walking, but reduced the yaw rotation in stimulus-angle-dependent turning. These results suggest that neural control of the turn angle requires different sensory information than that required for oriented walking. Hemi-severance of the ventral nerve cords containing descending axons from the cephalic to the prothoracic ganglion abolished stimulus-angle-dependent control, indicating that this control required descending signals from the brain. Furthermore, we selectively ablated identified ascending giant interneurons (GIs) in vivo to examine their functional roles in wind-elicited walking. Ablation of GI8-1 diminished control of the turn angle and decreased walking distance in the initial response. Meanwhile, GI9-1b ablation had no discernible effect on stimulus-angle-dependent control or walking distance, but delayed the reaction time. These results suggest that the ascending signals conveyed by GI8-1 are required for turn-angle control and maintenance of walking behavior, and that GI9-1b is responsible for rapid initiation of walking. It is possible that individual types of GIs separately supply the sensory signals required to control wind-elicited walking. 相似文献
4.
J. R. Trimarchi A. M. Schneiderman 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1995,176(3):355-364
We have monitored the patterns of activation of five muscles during flight initiation of Drosophila melanogaster: the tergotrochanteral muscle (a mesothoracic leg extensor), dorsal longitudinal muscles #3, #4 and #6 (wing depressors), and dorsal ventral muscle #Ic (a wing elevator). Stimulation of a pair of large descending interneurons, the giant fibers, activates these muscles in a stereotypic pattern and is thought to evoke escape flight initiation. To investigate the role of the giant fibers in coordinating flight initiation, we have compared the patterns of muscle activation evoked by giant fiber stimulation with those during flight initiations executed voluntarily and evoked by visual and olfactory stimuli. Visually elicited flight initiations exhibit patterns of muscle activation indistinguishable from those evoked by giant fiber stimulation. Olfactory-induced flight initiations exhibit patterns of muscle activation similar to those during voluntary flight initiations. Yet only some benzaldehyde-induced and voluntary flight initiations exhibit patterns of muscle activation similar to those evoked by giant fiber stimulation. These results indicate that visually elicited flight initiations are coordinated by the giant fiber circuit. By contrast, the giant fiber circuit alone cannot account for the patterns of muscle activation observed during the majority of olfactory-induced and voluntary flight initiations.Abbreviations
DLM/DLMn
dorsal longitudinal muscle/motor neuron
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DVM/DVMn
dorsal ventral muscle/motor neuron
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GF(s)
giant fiber interneuron (s)
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PSI
peripherally synapsing interneuron
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TTM/TTMn
tergotrochanteral muscle/motor neuron 相似文献
5.
Y.-S. Hung J. P. van Kleef M. R. Ibbotson 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2011,197(12):1173-1187
Recent behavioural studies have demonstrated that honeybees use visual feedback to stabilize their gaze. However, little is
known about the neural circuits that perform the visual motor computations that underlie this ability. We investigated the
motor neurons that innervate two neck muscles (m44 and m51), which produce stabilizing yaw movements of the head. Intracellular
recordings were made from five (out of eight) identified neuron types in the first cervical nerve (IK1) of honeybees. Two
motor neurons that innervate muscle 51 were found to be direction-selective, with a preference for horizontal image motion
from the contralateral to the ipsilateral side of the head. Three neurons that innervate muscle 44 were tuned to detect motion
in the opposite direction (from ipsilateral to contralateral). These cells were binocularly sensitive and responded optimally
to frontal stimulation. By combining the directional tuning of the motor neurons in an opponent manner, the neck motor system
would be able to mediate reflexive optomotor head turns in the direction of image motion, thus stabilising the retinal image.
When the dorsal ocelli were covered, the spontaneous activity of neck motor neurons increased and visual responses were modified,
suggesting an ocellar input in addition to that from the compound eyes. 相似文献
6.
Genetic identification of spinal interneurons that coordinate left-right locomotor activity necessary for walking movements 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The sequential stepping of left and right limbs is a fundamental motor behavior that underlies walking movements. This relatively simple locomotor behavior is generated by the rhythmic activity of motor neurons under the control of spinal neural networks known as central pattern generators (CPGs) that comprise multiple interneuron cell types. Little, however, is known about the identity and contribution of defined interneuronal populations to mammalian locomotor behaviors. We show a discrete subset of commissural spinal interneurons, whose fate is controlled by the activity of the homeobox gene Dbx1, has a critical role in controlling the left-right alternation of motor neurons innervating hindlimb muscles. Dbx1 mutant mice lacking these ventral interneurons exhibit an increased incidence of cobursting between left and right flexor/extensor motor neurons during drug-induced locomotion. Together, these findings identify Dbx1-dependent interneurons as key components of the spinal locomotor circuits that control stepping movements in mammals. 相似文献
7.
Effects induced in motoneurons and interneurons of the cervical enlargements of the cat spinal cord by stimulation of the lateral and ventral funiculi at the lower thoracic level were studied under conditions producing degeneration of fibers of descending brain systems. Stimulation of this sort evoked PSPs (mainly of mixed character) in 57 of 90 motoneurons tested. In nine motoneurons the primary response consisted of monosynaptic EPSPs evoked by activity of fibers of the lateral funiculus, and in the rest it consisted of polysyanptic (at least disynaptic) EPSPs and IPSPs. Polysynaptic effects arising in the neuron in response to stimulation of the lateral and ventral funiculi usually differed only quantitatively. The intensity of excitatory synaptic action on motoneurons of the proximal muscle (especially thoracid) was much greater than that on motoneurons of distal muscles. Nearly all motoneurons with no synaptic action belonged to the latter group. Stimulation of the lateral and ventral funculi facilitated synaptic action induced in motoneurons by stimulation of high-threshold segmental afferents and led to excitation of interneurons located in the vectral quadrant, and had no effect on interneurons in the dorsal regions of gray matter. These effects are regarded mainly as the result of excitation of long ascending propriospinal pathways in the cervical parts of the cord; it is also postulated that some of them are evoked by the arrival of activity along collaterals of descending propiospinal pathways to the neurons in this region.A. A. Bogomolets Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 339–347, July–August, 1979. 相似文献
8.
Descending pathways connecting the male-specific visual system of flies to the neck and flight motor
Wulfila Gronenberg Nicholas J. Strausfeld 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1991,169(4):413-426
Summary During sexual pursuit, male flies Sarcophaga bullata, stabilize the image of a pursued target on the dorso-frontal acute zone of their compound eyes. By retinotopic projection, this region is represented in the upper frontal part of the lobula where it is sampled by ensembles of male-specific motion- and flicker-sensitive interneurons. Intracellular recordings of descending neurons, followed by biocytin injection, demonstrate that male-specific neurons are dye-coupled to specific descending neurons and that the response characteristics of these descending neurons closely resemble those of male-specific lobula neurons. Such descending neurons are biocytin-coupled in the thoracic ganglia, revealing their connections with ipsilateral frontal nerve motor neurons supplying muscles that move the head and with contralateral basalar muscle motor neurons that control wing beat amplitude. Recordings from neck muscle motor neurons demonstrate that although they respond to movement of panoramic motion, they also selectively respond to movement of small targets presented to the male-specific acute zone. The present results are discussed with respect to anatomical and physiological studies of sex-specific interneurons and with respect to sex-specific visual behavior. The present study, and those of the two preceding papers, provide a revision of Land and Collett's hypothetical circuit underlying target localization and motor control in males pursuing females. 相似文献
9.
B. K. Shaw W. B. Kristan Jr 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1995,177(6):667-681
The leech whole-body shortening reflex consists of a rapid contraction of the body elicited by a mechanical stimulus to the anterior of the animal. We used a variety of reduced preparations — semi-intact, body wall, and isolated nerve cord — to begin to elucidate the neural basis of this reflex in the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis. The motor pattern of the reflex involved an activation of excitatory motor neurons innervating dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles (dorsal excitors and ventral excitors respectively), as well as the L cell, a motor neuron innervating both dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles. The sensory input for the reflex was provided primarily by the T (touch) and P (pressure) types of identified mechanosensory neuron. The S cell network, a set of electrically-coupled interneurons which makes up a fast conducting pathway in the leech nerve cord, was active during shortening and accounted for the shortest-latency excitation of the L cells. Other, parallel, interneuronal pathways contributed to shortening as well. The whole-body shortening reflex was shown to be distinct from the previously described local shortening behavior of the leech in its sensory threshold, motor pattern, and (at least partially) in its interneuronal basis.Abbreviations
conn
connective
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DE
dorsal excitor motor neuron
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DI
dorsal inhibitor motor neuron
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DP
dorsal posterior nerve
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DP:B1
dorsal posterior nerve branch 1
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DP:B2
dorsal posterior nerve branch 2
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MG
midbody ganglion
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VE
ventral excitor motor neuron
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VI
ventral inhibitor motor neuron 相似文献
10.
Summary In the fly, Calliphora erythrocephala, a cluster of three Y-shaped descending neurons (DNOVS 1–3) receives ocellar interneuron and vertical cell (VS4–9) terminals. Synaptic connections to one of them (DNOVS 1) are described. In addition, three types of small lobula plate vertical cell (sVS) and one type of contralateral horizontal neuron (Hc) terminate at DNOVS 1, as do two forms of ascending neurons derived from thoracic ganglia. A contralateral neuron, with terminals in the opposite lobula plate, arises at the DNOVS cluster and is thought to provide heterolateral interaction between the VS4–9 output of one side to the VS4–9 dendrites of the other. DNOVS 2 and 3 extend through pro-, meso-, and metathoracic ganglia, branching ipsilaterally within their tract and into the inner margin of leg motor neuropil of each ganglion. DNOVS 1 terminates as a stubby ending in the dorsal prothoracic ganglion onto the main dendritic trunks of neck muscle motor neurons. Convergence of VS and ocellar interneurons to DNOVS 1 comprises a second pathway from the visual system to the neck motor, the other being carried by motor neurons arising in the brain. Their significance for saccadic head movement and the stabilization of the retinal image is discussed. 相似文献
11.
Ulrike Schröter Sophie L. J. Wilson Mandyam V. Srinivasan Michael R. Ibbotson 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2007,193(3):289-304
We report some of the neural and muscular circuitry that allows honeybees to control head movements. We studied neck motor neurons with cell bodies in the suboesophageal ganglion, axons in the first cervical nerve (IK1) and terminals in neck muscles 44 and 51 (muscle classification: Snodgrass in Smithsonian Misc Coll 103:1-120, 1942). We show that muscle 44 actually comprises five separate bundles of muscle fibres (subunits), while muscle 51 is split into two subunits. Eight motor neurons innervate muscles 44 and 51. Two motor neurons have cell bodies in the ventral-median cell body group (one innervates a subunit in muscle 44, the other a subunit in muscle 51). One motor neuron has a ventrally located contralateral cell body (innervating a subunit in muscle 44) and five have laterally located ipsilateral cell bodies. Of the five lateral cells, one innervates a subunit in muscle 51, three selectively innervate subunits in muscle 44 and one co-innervates a subunit in muscle 44 with the contralateral cell. Extracellular recordings revealed three types of visually driven, direction-selective cell-types in each IK1 tuned for leftward, rightward and downward motion over the eyes. The spatiotemporal tuning of the units is similar to that of other visual interneurons in the bee brain. 相似文献
12.
Klaus Hensler 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1992,171(2):273-284
Summary In Locusta migratoria, the major pathway from descending deviation detectors (DDNs; preceding paper, Hensler 1992) to wing motoneurons involves a population of thoracic interneurons (TINs). Nine TINs are characterized which receive input from cervical proprioreceptors. Responses to the combination of exteroreceptive input (signalling course deviation) and proprioreceptive input (monitoring movement and position of the head) are described and compared to those of DDNs to the same stimuli.Abbreviations
AP
action potential
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DDN
descending deviation detector neuron
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TCG
tritocerebral giant neuron
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TIN
thoracic interneuron 相似文献
13.
A microelectrode technique was used to study the neuronal mechanisms of motor signal transmission in the ventrooral internus nucleus (Voi) of the motor thalamus during voluntary and involuntary pathological (dystonic) movements in patients with spasmodic torticollis. Voi cell elements proved highly reactive to various functional (mostly motor) tests. An activity analysis of 55 Voi neurons detected during nine stereotactic operations revealed, first, a difference in neuronal mechanisms of motor signal transmission for voluntary movements that do or do not involve the affected axial muscles of the neck and for passive and abnormal involuntary dystonic movements. Second, a sensory component was found to play a key role in the mechanisms of sensorimotor interactions during voluntary and involuntary dystonic head and neck movements activating the axial muscles of the neck. Third, rhythmic and synchronized activity of Voi neurons was shown to play an important role in motor signal transmission during voluntary and passive movements. The Voi nucleus was directly implicated in the mechanisms of involuntary head movements and tension of the neck muscles in spasmodic torticollis. The results can be used to identify the Voi nucleus of the thalamus during stereotactic neurosurgery in order to select the optimal destruction or stimulation target and to reduce the postoperative effects in spasmodic torticollis patients. 相似文献
14.
Summary Neck muscles of Calliphora erythrocephala, situated in the anterior prothorax, are innervated on each side by 8 motor neurons arising in the brain (cervical nerve neurons, CN1–8) and at least 13 motor neurons arising in the prothoracic ganglion (anterior dorsal and frontal nerve neurons, ADN1,2 and FN1-11). Three prominent motor neurons (CN6 and FN1,2) are described in detail with special emphasis on their relationships with giant visual interneurons from the lobula plate, haltere interneurons, and primary afferents from the prosternal organs and halteres. These sensory organs detect head movement and body yaw, respectively. Neuronal relationships indicate that head movement is under multimodal sensory control that includes giant motion-sensitive neurons previously supposed to mediate the optomotor response in flying flies. The described pathways provide anatomical substrates for the control of optokinetic and yaw-incurred head movements that behavioural studies have shown must exist. 相似文献
15.
Tetsuya Takasaki Shigehiro Namiki Ryohei Kanzaki 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2012,198(4):295-307
Odor source localization is an important animal behavior. Male moths locate mates by tracking sex pheromone emitted by conspecific
females. During this type of behavior, males exhibit a combination of upwind surge and zigzagging flight. Similarly, the male
walking moth Bombyx mori responds to transient pheromone exposure with a surge in movement, followed by sustained zigzagging walking. The initial
surge direction is known to be influenced by the pheromone input pattern. Here, we identified the sensory input patterns that
determine the initial walking direction of males. We first quantified the stimulus by measuring electroantennogram values,
which were used as a reference for subsequent tests. We used a brief stimulus pulse to examine the relationship between sensory
stimulus patterns and the turning direction of initial surge. We found that the difference in input timing and intensity between
left and right antennae affected the walking direction, indicating that B. mori integrate bilateral pheromone information during orientation behavior. When we tested pheromone stimulation for longer periods,
turning behavior was suppressed, which was induced by stimulus cessation. This study contributes toward understanding efficient
strategies for odor-source localization that is utilized by walking insects. 相似文献
16.
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disease caused by a deficiency of functional SMN protein because of mutations in SMN1. A decrease in SMN activity results in motor neuron cell loss in the spinal cord, leading to a weakness of the proximal muscles responsible for crawling, walking, head/neck control and swallowing as well as the involuntary muscles that control breathing and coughing. Thus, patients present with pulmonary manifestations, paralysis and a shortened lifespan. Gene therapy is emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy for SMA given that the molecular basis for this monogenic disorder is well established. Recent advances and findings from preclinical studies in animal models provide optimism that gene therapy might be an effective therapeutic strategy for treating SMA. 相似文献
17.
18.
Olaf Breidbach 《Development genes and evolution》1987,196(2):93-100
Summary A set of motor neurons and interneurons in the thoracic nervous system of the meal beetle Tenebrio molitor L. is described that persist during metamorphosis. The motor neurons under discussion innervate the thoracic ventral longitudinal muscles and were identified by retrograde transport of intramuscularly injected horseradish peroxidase. Persisting motor neurons exhibit a complex repetitive pattern that changes only slightly during development. Additionally, the characterization of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons defines a complex set of interneurons that also persist throughout development. The fate of these identified neurons is outlined in detail with special reference to variations in their dendritic arborizations. All motor and interneurons are affected by a similar change in their shape during development. The larval neurons lack the contralateral arborization that is found in the adult beetle and is already distinguishable in the prepupa. Essentially only quantitative changes of the neuronal shape were observed during the pupal instar. No pupa-specific degeneration of certain axo-dendritic structures of these neurons was found. Removal of descending interneurons by sectioning the promesothoracic connectives causes specific degeneration of the dendritic tree of an identified serotonin-immunoreactive interneuron. 相似文献
19.
William B. Kristan Jr. Gunther S. Stent Carol A. Ort 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1974,94(2):121-154
Summary The cell bodies and function of twelve neurons whose impulse pattern is clearly related to that of the swimming rhythm were identified in the segmental ganglion of the leech. These include excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons of the dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles and the excitatory flattener motor neuron of the dorsoventral muscles. During swimming the membrane potential of these cells oscillates between a depolarized and a hyperpolarized phase. The activity of this ensemble of cells is sufficient to account for the contractile rhythm of the swimming animal. The following connections were found between these motor neurons. Electrotonic junctions link: (1) bilaterally homologous cells; (2) excitors of the dorsal longitudinal muscles; (3) excitors of the ventral longitudinal muscles; (4) inhibitors of both dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles. The dorsal inhibitors project via an inhibitory pathway to the dorsal excitors, and the ventral inhibitor projects via an inhibitory pathway to the ventral excitors. The membrane potential oscillation of the excitors is at least partly attributable to the phasic inhibitory synaptic input which they receive from the inhibitors. The excitatory shortener motor neuron of the entire longitudinal musculature is maintained in an inactive state during swimming. This control is achieved by rectifying electrotonic junctions linking this neuron to the dorsal and ventral excitors. These junctions allow passage of only depolarizing current from the shortener to the dorsal and ventral excitors and of only hyperpolarizing current in the reverse direction. Furthermore, both dorsal and ventral inhibitors project via inhibitory pathways to the shortener neuron.We are greatly indebted to Ann Stuart for advice and help in this study, and for communicating to us some unpublished findings. We thank Elizabeth Mullenbach for excellent technical assistance.This research was supported by grant GB 31933 X from the National Science Foundation, and by Public Health Service Research grant GM 17866 and Training Grant GM 01389 from the Institute for General Medical Sciences. 相似文献
20.
When insects turn from walking straight, their legs have to follow different motor patterns. In order to examine such pattern
change precisely, we stimulated single antenna of an insect, thereby initiating its turning behavior, tethered over a lightly
oiled glass plate. The resulting behavior included asymmetrical movements of prothoracic and mesothoracic legs. The mesothoracic
leg on the inside of the turn (in the apparent direction of turning) extended the coxa-trochanter and femur-tibia joints during
swing rather than during stance as in walking, while the outside mesothoracic leg kept a slow walking pattern. Electromyograms
in mesothoracic legs revealed consistent changes in the motor neuron activity controlling extension of the coxa-trochanter
and femur-tibia joints. In tethered walking, depressor trochanter activity consistently preceded slow extensor tibia activity.
This pattern was reversed in the inside mesothoracic leg during turning. Also for turning, extensor and depressor motor neurons
of the inside legs were activated in swing phase instead of stance. Turning was also examined in free ranging animals. Although
more variable, some trials resembled the pattern generated by tethered animals. The distinct inter-joint and inter-leg coordination
between tethered turning and walking, therefore, provides a good model to further study the neural control of changing locomotion
patterns. 相似文献