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1.
详细研究达拉阶标准剖面的ting化石,计有14属74种及亚种,其中未定种1种,建立6个ting化石带,自下而上依次为:Profusulinella priscoidea-P.parva带,Profusulinella aljutovica-Taitzehoella taitzehoensis extensa带,Fusulinella obesa-F.eopulchra带,Fusulina lanceolata-Fusulinella vozhgalensis带,Fusulina pakhrPnsis-Pseu-dostaffella paradoxa带及Fusulina cylindrica-F,quasifusulinoides带。标准剖面的达拉阶应与国际地层表中的巴什基尔阶上部和莫斯科阶相当。  相似文献   

2.
    
The history, philosophy, and application of the concept of the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) are reviewed. Geochronologic units defined by GSSPs serve as practical classificatory pigeonholes for the subdivision of geologic time. Accordingly, the main factor involved in the definition of GSSPs must be global correlatability. Early opposition to the GSSP concept centered around the desire for a traditional biochronologic time scale defined conceptually in terms of palaeobiological events, but such time scales are inherently unstable and thus unsuitable for the use of all geoscientists. The GSSP concept is also generally incompatible with the desire for 'natural' geochronologic boundaries. GSSPs have been defined mainly on the basis of biostratigraphic guiding criteria, but magnetic polarity reversals and chemostratigraphic and cyclostratigraphic horizons are now playing an important role. Most primary guiding criteria used to place a 'golden spike' will eventually become problematical in some way, so GSSPs should be defined so as to be correlatable by as many different lines of age-significant information as possible. The 'Global Standard Stratigraphic Age' (better renamed 'Standard Global Numerical Age') is a numerical analogue of the golden spike. Numerical definitions are currently appropriate for the formal subdivision of the Precambrian, and perhaps also for the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary. Recent suggestions to abandon chronostratigraphic terms (system, series, stage) in favor of geochronologic terms (period, epoch, age) are logically defensible, but could perpetuate the continuing confusion between various stratigraphic categories.  相似文献   

3.
  总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
Abstract:  The fossil record documents two mutually exclusive macroevolutionary modes separated by the transitional Ediacaran Period. Despite the early appearance of crown eukaryotes and an at least partially oxygenated atmosphere, the pre-Ediacaran biosphere was populated almost exclusively by microscopic organisms exhibiting low diversity, no biogeographical partitioning and profound morphological/evolutionary stasis. By contrast, the post-Ediacaran biosphere is characterized by large diverse organisms, bioprovinciality and conspicuously dynamic macroevolution. The difference can be understood in terms of the unique escalatory coevolution accompanying the early Ediacaran introduction of eumetazoans, followed by their early Cambrian (Tommotian) expansion into the pelagic realm. Eumetazoans reinvented the rules of macroecology through their invention of multitrophic food webs, large body size, life-history trade-offs, ecological succession, biogeography, major increases in standing biomass, eukaryote-dominated phytoplankton and the potential for mass extinction. Both the pre-Ediacaran and the post-Ediacaran biospheres were inherently stable, but the former derived from the simplicity of superabundant microbes exposed to essentially static, physical environments, whereas the latter is based on eumetazoan-induced diversity and dynamic, biological environments. The c . 100-myr Ediacaran transition (extending to the base of the Tommotian) can be defined on evolutionary criteria, and might usefully be incorporated into the Phanerozoic.  相似文献   

4.
    
A proposal is put forward to redefine the geological time scale for the Precambrian. Flaws of the present, chronometrically defined, time scale are discussed and illustrated. It is concluded that we need to go back to the rock record to define a “natural” time scale, in which major divisions (eons, eras, etc.) are defined in terms of first-order events and transitions in the observable stratigraphic record. For the earliest part of Earth history, we need a time scale, including a formalized Hadean eon, that is fully consistent with rapidly evolving insights from planetary science.  相似文献   

5.
Valeria lophostriata是一种具明显纹饰有机壁的球状疑源类微体化石 ,对它的近 30个已知化石记录进行了评论。发现其产地集中在北纬 30°以北 ;并在近 7亿年的时间间隔 ,以双峰态时间分布。因此 ,将它作为重要的生物地层标志是不适宜的。其表面特征的韵律式样可能是Belousov- Zhabotinsky反应的一种显微实例。作者提出该属种的纹饰特征和壳壁的化学成分应是今后深入研究的课题。  相似文献   

6.
7.
王成源(Wang,2000)和金玉Gan(Jin,2000)提出了关于乐平统底界定义的不同论点。为了对此进行独立的验证,卡尔加里大学微体古生物实验室对采自华南广西来宾地区瓜达鲁普统-乐平统界线地层的牙形类化石大块样品进行了处理。结果如下:1.Jinogondolella和Clarkina在样品中没有共生;2.由Jinogondolella granti演化为Clarkina postbitteri的变化发生在层115-6i;3.C.postbitteri的首次出现层位(FAD)在蓬莱滩剖面位于层115-6i上部;4.这个变化标志着一个才的生物信号和一个重要的点断演化事件。Jinogondolella granti演化为Clarkina postbitteri的事件很可能是受瓜达鲁普统与乐平统之交的海平面降至最低水位所触发和控制。层115-6i下部为较浅水相颗粒灰岩,代表瓜达鲁普统末期层序高位域之顶或上覆层序低位域之底部。作为Clarkina属的第一个代表,Clarkina postbitteri是界线地层中最易识别的种之一,而Clarkina postbitterigkp带的识别较容易和稳定一致。Clarkina postbitteri和Clarkina dukouensis可以通过基于锯齿型式,居群和个体发育的分类体系来加以稳定地区分。Clarkina postbitteri和Clarkina dukouensis之间的过渡是渐变的,其间的分界点只能人为地确定,如果采用这样一个人为确定的点来定义全球界线层型(GSSP),将难以稳定一致地对其加以识别。来自层114.6-6k的被Wang(2000)鉴定为Clarkina dukouensis的标本应当是C. postbitteri,或精确地可能是C. postbitteri的一个新亚种,没有争议的Clarkina dukouensis在蓬莱滩剖面最早出现于层114-7e。从生物演化和层序地层的角度看,C. postbitteri的首次出现层位(FAD)是瓜达鱼普统和乐平统界线在最清楚的侯选位置。  相似文献   

8.
  总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
More than 4200 kg of limestone, representing 980 productive samples, from the upper Middle Cambrian, Upper Cambrian, and lowermost Ordovician in western and north-western Hunan were processed for paraconodonts, protoconodonts, and euconodonts. The focus of the present paper is on the upper Middle and lower Upper Cambrian interval as it is developed at two, apparently stratigraphically continuous, key sections. The collections studied, which include more than 20,000 specimens and are quite diverse taxonomically, prove that some protoconodonts and paraconodonts are useful biostratigraphically. Previously proposed protoconodont-paraconodont biozones in Hunan are revised and correlated with recently revised trilobite biozones, as well as with protoconodont-paraconodont and trilobite biozones in North China. Twenty-six species and seven conditionally identified species belonging to 13 genera are described. Among these, two genera ( Huayuanodontus and Yongshunella ) and two species ( Westergaardodina elegans and Yongshunella polymorpha ) are new. This study has special interest for Cambrian biostratigraphy because the two studied sections are global stratotype candidates for the Middle-Upper Cambrian series boundary. The level of the Upper-Middle Cambrian Series boundary, as currently recognized in China (at the base of the Linguagnostus reconditus Trilobite Biozone) is well marked in the paraconodont succession and can be traced into the Swedish standard succession using these fossils. By contrast, another level recently proposed as a potential global Middle-Upper Cambrian Series boundary level, the base of the Glyptagnostus reticulatus Trilobite Biozone, does not coincide with any marked change in the Hunan conodont species succession useful for local and regional correlation.  相似文献   

9.
本文详细研究了贵州盘县滑石板村滑石板阶层型剖面的蜓?C0喽锶海?属26种及亚种,其中1未定种。滑石板阶包含2个蜓?B4籔seudostaffella antiqua-P.antiqua posterior带及Pseudostaffella composita-P.paracompressa带。滑石板阶底界以蜓?BB疎ostaffellina protvae—Pseudostaffella antiqua演化系列中Pseudostaffella antiqua首次出现为标志,具体位置在层型剖面的层1,层型点置于层1之底AAK56点上;顶界止于筵化石Profuslinella priscoidea带之底。滑石板阶的Pseudostaffella antiqua-P.antiqua posterior带可以和俄罗斯下巴什基尔阶Severoketmensky层的Pseudostaffella antiqua带对比;滑石板阶的Pseudostaffella composita—P.paracompressa带大致与俄罗斯下巴什基尔阶Prikamsky层的Pseudostaffella praegorski—Profusulinella staffellaeformis带的一部分对比。滑石板阶大致相当于国际地层表中的巴什基尔阶(Bashkirian)中部。  相似文献   

10.
精确的区域年代地层框架是探究地质历史时期气候变化与动物群演化事件的基础。过去5000万年中亚洲地区发生的最明显陆地哺乳动物群转换事件可能发生在始新世–渐新世转折时期(约34 Ma)。然而由于缺乏连续的地层记录或者对经典哺乳动物化石地点的地层划分与对比存在较大争议,这一重要转折时期动物群的演变尚不明晰。内蒙古阿拉善左旗乌兰塔塔尔地区丰富的最晚始新世–渐新世(白音期、乌兰塔塔尔期与塔本布鲁克期)哺乳动物化石及连续的地层记录为建立该时段区域年代地层框架奠定了基础。基于岩石地层学、生物地层学以及磁性地层学研究结果,推荐将乌兰塔塔尔剖面作为渐新统乌兰塔塔尔阶的区域单位层型剖面。乌兰塔塔尔阶底界位于克克阿木剖面15.9 m处(33.89 Ma);塔本布鲁克阶底界位于综合剖面98 m处(27.7 Ma),对应古地磁极性年表的C9r,以中华鼠兔Sinolagomys的最低出现为标志。  相似文献   

11.
We present a diffusion model adapted to an operational control of flying insects. The operational objective entails working with non-homogeneous regions and the corresponding non-uniform diffusion tensors. It the becomes necessary to study the problem of scale in order to justify the diffusion equation. We show that in typical cases, the spatial resolution must be coarser than 20 m and we have specified the appropriated time scales. We propose a method for computing the tensors at the given resolution, in relation to the landscape and the insects' species and a method for the numerical solution of the equations and present two applications.  相似文献   

12.
农田灌溉对气候的影响研究综述   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
朱秀芳  赵安周  李宜展  曹森  李慕义 《生态学报》2014,34(17):4816-4828
过去200年全球灌溉农田面积迅速扩张,灌溉对气候的影响逐渐受到世界各国研究者的关注。回顾了过去有关灌溉对气候的影响研究,归纳了前人的研究手段,指出了目前研究中存在的问题和困难,并提出了未来灌溉对气候的影响研究应该注重如下几个方面:1)同时利用观测数据分析方法和模型模拟研究方法进行灌溉对区域气候的影响,并将两者的结果进行对比分析,以求做到互相验证;2)对于缺乏地面观测数据或者地面数据受其他因素(比如:城市化)影响大的区域,建议利用遥感观测数据进行灌溉对地表参数的影响研究;3)注意对灌溉四大属性(灌溉位置、灌水量、灌溉方式和灌溉时间)的精确模拟,可以考虑耦合气候模型和作物模型进行模拟研究,并注意区分灌溉旱地和灌溉水田。4)提倡利用多模式集合的方式研究灌溉对区域气候的影响,以减少灌溉对气候影响(强度和方向)模拟结果的不确定性;5)未来也应该考虑模拟灌溉和气候变化间的互馈影响。  相似文献   

13.
    
The relative influence of niche vs. neutral processes in ecosystem dynamics is an on‐going debate, but the extent to which they structured the earliest animal communities is unknown. Some of the oldest known metazoan‐dominated paleocommunities occur in Ediacaran age (~ 565 million years old) strata in Newfoundland, Canada and Charnwood Forest, UK. These comprise large and diverse populations of sessile organisms that are amenable to spatial point process analyses, enabling inference of the most likely underlying niche or neutral processes governing community structure. We mapped seven Ediacaran paleocommunities using LiDAR, photogrammetry and a laser line probe. We found that neutral processes dominate these paleocommunities, with niche processes exerting limited influence, in contrast with the niche‐dominated dynamics of modern marine ecosystems. The dominance of neutral processes suggests that early metazoan diversification may not have been driven by systematic adaptations to the local environment, but instead may have resulted from stochastic demographic differences.  相似文献   

14.
本文运用常微分方程稳定性理论及方法讨论了一类具有相互干扰的捕食与被捕食模型的稳定性,得到了正平衡点的局部稳定性条件,正平衡点在第一象限的全局稳定性条件及解的有界性.  相似文献   

15.
Global and regional patterns in lotic meiofauna   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
  • 1 Parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) was used to assess patterns in the distribution of harpacticoid copepods (all freshwater species and stream species only) at global and regional scales. These analyses provided a focus for reviewing large scale patterns and processes in freshwater meiofauna.
  • 2 On a global scale, PAE suggested that large‐scale biogeographical events have been most important in shaping present‐day distributions in the Canthocamptidae. A small proportion (4%) of canthocamptid species were widespread (i.e. occurred in more than one biogegraphical region), suggesting that dispersal may also play a role in determining distribution at the species level. Global distribution patterns for other meiofauna suggest varying roles for dispersal and vicariant events. No consistent latitudinal trends in species diversity were evident, although a lack of distributional data for many regions, and uncertainty over the status of many cosmopolitan species, precludes more robust analyses. Molecular techniques should prove useful in identifying truly cosmopolitan taxa.
  • 3 On a regional scale, a PAE within Western Europe demonstrated a clear link between the distribution of canthocamptid species and the extent of the Last (Wiechselian) glaciation. Northern and southern areas of Europe contain distinctive harpacticoid faunas and the recolonisation of northern Europe appears to have been from the Balkans rather than other Mediterranean peninsulae. The high harpacticoid diversity in southern Europe, may reflect a lack of glacial disruption of groundwater habitats.
  • 4 A PAE of lotic data for harpacticoid copepods within the Holarctic reflected the global PAE for freshwater harpacticoids as a whole, but not the regional PAE. A high proportion of stream‐dwelling harpacticoids are widespread species, but only one (Bryocamptus zschokkei) was found in streams across the Holarctic. Other cosmopolites were restricted to streams in Europe or North America, suggesting that species‘ niche requirements might differ among regions. There appeared to be some convergence in the composition of lotic copepod communities in terms of the number of species within genera.
  • 5 We conclude that large‐scale processes inevitably have a major influence on the local composition of lotic meiofaunal communities, but that the relative importance of small scale vs. large scale processes is unclear at present, largely due to a paucity of suitable data.
  相似文献   

16.
17.
森林多目标经营是我国林业发展的重要趋势,而森林本身的特性以及国内外的众多研究证明,森林多目标经营需要考虑多个时空尺度,以满足其生态、经济和社会效益的综合发挥。在界定多功能林业和森林多目标经营的概念及基础上,系统地分析了传统森林经营时空尺度和现代森林多目标经营时空尺度的联系与区别,提出现代森林多目标经营单元空间尺度上应该满足区域、景观和林分多尺度的需要,而在时间尺度上则要综合考虑短期、中期和长期,并以露水河林业局为例给出具体的研究思路,以期为我国开展森林多目标经营提供借鉴。  相似文献   

18.
    
Water availability (WA) is a key factor influencing the carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems under climate warming, but its effects on gross primary production (EWA-GPP) at multiple time scales are poorly understood. We used ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and partial correlation analysis to assess the WA-GPP relationship (RWA-GPP) at different time scales, and geographically weighted regression (GWR) to analyze their temporal dynamics from 1982 to 2018 with multiple GPP datasets, including near-infrared radiance of vegetation GPP, FLUXCOM GPP, and eddy covariance–light-use efficiency GPP. We found that the 3- and 7-year time scales dominated global WA variability (61.18% and 11.95%), followed by the 17- and 40-year time scales (7.28% and 8.23%). The long-term trend also influenced 10.83% of the regions, mainly in humid areas. We found consistent spatiotemporal patterns of the EWA-GPP and RWA-GPP with different source products: In high-latitude regions, RWA-GPP changed from negative to positive as the time scale increased, while the opposite occurred in mid-low latitudes. Forests had weak RWA-GPP at all time scales, shrublands showed negative RWA-GPP at long time scales, and grassland (GL) showed a positive RWA-GPP at short time scales. Globally, the EWA-GPP, whether positive or negative, enhanced significantly at 3-, 7-, and 17-year time scales. For arid and humid zones, the semi-arid and sub-humid zones experienced a faster increase in the positive EWA-GPP, whereas the humid zones experienced a faster increase in the negative EWA-GPP. At the ecosystem types, the positive EWA-GPP at a 3-year time scale increased faster in GL, deciduous broadleaf forest, and savanna (SA), whereas the negative EWA-GPP at other time scales increased faster in evergreen needleleaf forest, woody savannas, and SA. Our study reveals the complex and dynamic EWA-GPP at multiple time scales, which provides a new perspective for understanding the responses of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change.  相似文献   

19.
我国徐淮地区元古宙九顶山组产出丰富的条带状和结核状燧石,其中保存了大量微体生物化石.本研究通过岩石切片法发现了呈三维立体状态保存的精美的丝状和球状蓝藻化石,鉴定出12属16种,即有丝状蓝藻6属10种(包含2个未定种):Siphonophycus septatum,S.robustum,S.typicum,S.kestron,Oscillatoriopsis vermiformis,O.obtusa,Cephalophytarion grande,Salome sp.,Veteronostocale amoenum,Paleol yngbya sp.;球状蓝藻3属3种:Gloeodiniopsis suxianensis,Eoentoph ysalis cumulus,Nanococcus vul garis;以及分类位置未定的3属3种(包含1个未定种):Myxococcoides minor,Leiosphaeridia sp.,Brach ypleganon khandanum.其中Oscillatoriopsis vermi,ormis,Q obtusa,Cephaloph ytarion grande,Salome sp.,Veteronostocale amoenum,Paleolyngbya sp,Nanococcus vulgaris均为本地首次发现,弥补了以前在九顶山组中只找到Siphonoph ycus而未曾见Oscillatoriopsis的缺憾,并对大量保存精美的Siphonophycus的来源问题给出了可能的解释.而大量无异形胞的Oscillatoriopsis属化石的存在可能反映了当时的海底为缺氧环境.本次新发现丰富了九顶山组的微体生物化石资料,这些微体生物化石组合有可能成为元古宙洲际生物地层对比的依据.九顶山组碳酸岩台地沉积相中普遍发育的微体生物藻席、保存精美的高分异度的蓝藻化石以及并未在底栖环境中发现真核生物,均反映冰期前的浅海底栖生态系统还是由原核生物为主体的微体生物生态系统.  相似文献   

20.
全球木本植物叶片硅钙生态化学计量学特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
收集全球803种木本植物叶片硅(Si)、钙(Ca)数据,研究不同木本植物生活型(常绿植物以及落叶植物、针叶植物以及阔叶植物)叶片Si、Ca元素的化学计量学特征及其与纬度、气候因子(年平均温度,年平均降水量)间的关系。结果表明:(1)全球尺度上木本植物叶片Si、Ca含量存在较大变异性,且含量均低于中国境内的研究结果;(2)不同生活型树种间存在差异,针叶树叶片Si含量及Ca/Si显著高于阔叶树,落叶树叶片Si、Ca含量及Ca/Si均显著高于常绿树种;(3)随着纬度升高、年平均温度及年平均降水量的下降,全球尺度木本植物叶片Si、Ca含量显著升高,而Ca/Si显著下降;(4)不同生活型木本植物对气候因子的响应不同,除针叶及落叶树种的Ca含量外,其余各生活型树种Si、Ca含量与纬度及气候因子显著相关,随着纬度升高而升高,随年平均温度及年平均降水量的升高而降低,且随着年平均温度的降低,常绿及阔叶树种叶片Si含量下降速度显著高于落叶及针叶树种。研究结果能够为全球尺度生态化学计量学模型的发展提供数据基础,有助于更好地理解和模拟区域乃至全球尺度上纬度和气候因子对植物叶片Si、Ca含量的影响。  相似文献   

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