鬼笔属3种真菌的个体发育及形态观察

为揭示鬼笔属真菌子实体各器官的发育过程和形态特点,采用石蜡切片法对驯化栽培出菇的超短裙竹荪Phallus ultraduplicatus、冬荪P. dongsun和红托竹荪P. rubrovolvatus不同发育阶段的菇蕾进行切片显微观察,结合菌丝、孢子和子实体形态比较3个种的个体发育及形态特点。结果表明：3个种的菌丝和孢子形态差异不明显,超短裙竹荪子实体的菌裙质地较薄、长约4 cm、带有不规则形状的网孔;红托竹荪的菌裙质地较厚、长约7 cm、带有圆形网孔;冬荪仅有1层薄菌幕。3个种的菇蕾内部发育顺序一致,最先发育的都是胶质腔,接着是子实层、菌柄腔、菌盖、菌柄、菌裙（菌幕）;发育过程中菌丝形态经历从疏松到紧密、从交织状到组织状的变化过程;各器官发育完成的时间不同,在菇蕾直径相同的条件下,冬荪发育最快,在菇蕾直径为2 cm时,各器官基本发育完成,红托竹荪在菇蕾直径为3 cm时发育完成,超短裙竹荪的菇蕾发育最慢,在直径达到4 cm时各器官才能发育完成。为鬼笔类真菌的分类研究和亲缘关系探索提供了依据。     

双孢蘑菇‘双孢106’的选育报告

‘双孢106’是‘A20’通过单孢选育的品种。子实体散生,少量丛生,近半球形。菌盖白色,表面光洁,直径3.5-5.0cm,厚2.0-3.0cm,质地致密;菌柄白色,粗短,近圆柱形,基部略膨大,长2.0-2.8cm。发菌适温22-25℃,子实体生长发育温度10-24℃,最适温度16-18℃。鲜菇粗纤维含量1.00%,蛋白质含量3.54%,氨基酸总量2.84%。该品种出菇早,子实体圆整、结实,产量高,商品化等级高。适宜双孢蘑菇工厂化设施栽培。     

肺形侧耳‘杭秀2号’的选育

肺形侧耳‘杭秀2号’以‘台秀57’菌株为亲本采用多孢自交育种技术选育而成。该品种菌丝生长适温26-28℃,子实体生长发育适温22-28℃。菌盖扇形,深灰色,菌盖大小平均为4.38cm×3.65cm;菌柄圆柱形,白色,直径平均为1.06cm。鲜菇蛋白质含量2.94%,氨基酸总量2.54%。示范栽培表明,‘杭秀2号’平均生物学效率为71.2%。低温刺激后,经5-6d可完成一茬菇采收。该品种具有出菇整齐、商品性好等优良性状,适于设施栽培。     

糙皮侧耳‘驻研1号’的选育报告

糙皮侧耳‘驻研1号’通过单孢杂交育种选育而获得的优良菌株,中低温型品种,子实体叠生,菌盖扇形,颜色受温度影响,低温下呈深黑色,高温下呈深灰色。菌柄长约5cm,直径1.5cm,六七成熟时菌盖直径5-6cm,厚1cm左右。出菇整齐,菇质韧性强,商品性状好,氨基酸总含量198.1g/kg,蛋白质含量260g/kg。生产周期45-50d,生物学效率高达89.7%,适宜河南地区秋冬季栽培。     

双孢蘑菇‘福蘑58'的选育报告

双孢蘑菇‘福蘑58'是W2000单孢分离筛选的新品种。菌落形态为贴生型,菌丝在10-32℃下均能生长,最适生长温度24-28℃。结菇温度10-22℃,最适结菇温度14-20℃。子实体单生为主,丛生少,较结实,不易开伞,菌盖扁半球形,表面光滑,颜色较白,直径3.5-5.0cm,高度2.4-2.8cm。在适宜栽培条件下,平均单产比亲本菌株W2000提高10%-15%,鲜菇质量与W2000相当,比W192提升明显,成品菇比例较高,品质优良,适合鲜销市场及罐头加工。该品种可用于周年工厂化、设施化及季节性农法栽培。     

人工疏蕾对香菇定向出菇产量及品质的影响

【背景】在香菇定向出菇模式中,由于出菇区域的限制,出菇数目会影响单菇的品质与产量,但关于人工疏蕾对香菇品质与产量的影响目前尚未深入研究。【目的】通过人工疏蕾探究香菇定向出菇技术下保留不同菇蕾数量对香菇产量及品质的影响。【方法】测定各处理组子实体产量、形态指标、质构特性及营养成分。【结果】保留10-20个菇蕾时,子实体性状好于其他组,单菇重为15.74-23.76 g,菌盖直径为45.98-52.37 mm。保留30个菇蕾时一潮菇单棒产量最高,达到368.9 g。从质构特性来看,人工疏蕾对菌柄的质构影响较小,随着菇蕾数目的增加,香菇菌盖的硬度、胶着性、回复性、咀嚼性呈现下降趋势,保留10-20个菇蕾数品质最好、质地最佳。保留10-20个菇蕾时可以获得粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸含量较高的香菇子实体。【结论】保留15-20个菇蕾的菌棒可以获得产量较高、品质较好的产品。保留10个菇蕾时虽然子实体品质最佳,但生物学效率较低,而且会增加一定的工作量。因此,保留15-20个菇蕾效益更好。     

菌核多孔菌培养特性及驯化栽培

为了充分开发利用菌核多孔菌Polyporus tuberaster资源,对采自吉林省露水河东升林场的野生菌核多孔菌进行分离纯化获取纯菌株作为实验材料,采用十字划线法研究固体培养条件下不同碳源、氮源、pH和温度对其菌丝生长的影响,从以上4个单因素实验中选出3个最优水平进行正交实验。结果表明,菌核多孔菌P. tuberaster的最适培养条件为：碳源糊精粉（20mg/mL）、氮源酵母浸粉（2mg/mL）、pH 5.0、温度25℃。在最适培养条件下采用试剂盒测定液体培养条件下菌株的产酶活力,结果表明,菌核多孔菌产漆酶能力较强,酶活力最高可达386.96U/L;木质素过氧化物酶活力仅为5.23U/L;未检测到锰过氧化物酶。出菇实验中,二级种选用麦粒菌种,500mL罐头瓶装干料160g,每瓶接种蚕豆大小菌块3-4块,25℃培养,菌丝满瓶时间为20d;栽培种配方为阔叶树木屑78%、麦麸20%、石灰粉1%、石膏1%、含水量65%左右,17cm×33cm×0.05cm栽培袋装干料520g,每袋接种蚕豆大小二级种3-4块,菌丝发菌时间为26d;在92%-95%空气湿度、一定散射光和20-21℃低温刺激下培养13d后原基分化形成菇蕾,此后加大空气湿度至97%-98%并保持温度24-25℃培养32d后子实体成熟。     

温度、pH及干旱胁迫对沙地樟子松外生菌根菌生长影响

通过对采集于沙地樟子松人工林内的3种外生菌根真菌（牛肝菌Boletus sp.、乳菇Lactariussp.、高环柄菇Macrolepiota procera）进行纯培养,在不同温度、pH值和PEG模拟干旱胁迫条件下,观测了外生菌根菌的生长发育状况.结果表明,3种外生菌根菌生物量在不同pH范围（3～7）内存在着显著差异（P＜0.05）;在低于5℃和高于37℃时,3种外生菌根菌均不能生长,其最适生长温度分别为：牛肝菌,25℃高环柄菇,25～28℃,乳菇,25～30℃;在低浓度PEG胁迫处理条件下（10%,-0.20MPa）,3种外生菌根菌的生长均有所增加,当PEG胁迫达到30%（-1.53 MPa）时,3种外生菌根菌的生长均受到抑制.与上述结果比较,沙地樟子松人工林地土壤的实际pH值在外生菌根菌的最适生长范围内;林地最高气温值远远超过3种外生菌根菌的最适生长值的时间在每年的生长季都会出现;在极端干旱年份（如1996年）,林地土壤的实际含水量在生长季节（5～9月）远远低于抑制外生菌根菌生长的土壤含水量,可能影响到外生菌根菌的生存.因此,可以推断,沙地樟子松人工林地的外生菌根菌的生长与发育,在干旱胁迫及高温作用下受到很大程度的影响,如果仅从微生物角度分析,外生菌根菌在干旱和高温条件下不能生长或已经死亡是导致沙地樟子松人工林衰退的一个原因.     

日本高杆青花菜组织培养初探(简报)

以日本高杆青花菜(スティックセニョール)茎段及带叶腋芽为外殖体,接种于MS BA 3.0mg/L NAA 0.5mg/L 培养基上培养20d,腋芽萌发生长成2～3cm 高的芽苗,而茎段则膨大后从切口生长出淡绿色愈伤组织,并分化出大量丛生芽。将幼苗转接到MS BA2.0mg/L NAA0.2mg/L 培养基上进行增殖培养,繁殖系数为4～6,待芽长2～3cm 时再分切成单株于1/2MS NAA0.2mg/L IBA0.1mg/L 培养基上进行生根培养,25d 后,生根率可达86%。在温度20～25℃条件下,移栽成活率82%。     

香菇‘申香1644’的选育报告

香菇‘申香1644’是以传统优质栽培品种‘申香215’为亲本,采用多孢自交育种技术选育的新品种。其菌盖纵切面呈凸形,菌盖直径(6.15±0.38) cm,菌盖厚度(2.27±0.42) cm,菇型圆整,菇质紧实,产量高,生物学转化率95%以上。与亲本相比,‘申香1644’在分子标记和栽培性状上均具有明显差异性,其菌盖为浅黄褐色,颜色较亲本浅;菌龄100-105 d,较亲本缩短5-10 d。‘申香1644’菌丝生长适宜温度为22-26 ℃,原基发育适宜温度为16-22 ℃,可在全国范围内进行代料栽培。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细