MODELING THE EVOLUTION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A SENSORY PANEL: A MIXED-MODEL AND CONTROL CHART APPROACH

A sensory panel is often used to profile the same type of product with the same set of attributes for many years. We are interested in characterizing the evolution of the performance of such a panel (and its panelists) over time. This article presents a methodology based on a mixed‐model approach that takes into account the evolution of both panel and panelist in the same model. At the panel level, linear and quadratic evolutions of the performance are tested. At the panelist level, the method allows detection of whether some panelists perform better than others, and whether this difference remains the same or evolves over time. This mixed‐model approach is followed by a graphical representation using a control chart method to identify occasional outliers. Data used to illustrate this methodology are eight sensory profiling data sets collected on ready‐made frozen meals between 1997 and 2001 (every 6 months). The performance index chosen as an example in this study is the individual repeatability measured by standard deviation over replicates.     

"植硅体"含义和禾本科植硅体的分类

针对国内文献中对英文“Phytolith”等词语的中文译名呈多样化现象,建议统一用“植硅体”来涵盖之,其含义包括“Opal phytolith”和“Silica bodies”等,代表一门新兴学科,即植硅体学,已有的禾本科植硅体分类中,不同学者采用了各自不同的分类规则和术语,本文通过分析,对比现有禾本科植硅体不同的分类方案,以期对其分类系统的研究现状和所存在问题提出看法,有利于今后深入研究。     

MORPHOLOGICAL CONCEPTS: THEIR MEANING IN THE IDEAL MORPHOLOGY AND IN A COMPARATIVE ONTOGENY

The quantitative relation between the apical meristem and the size of the youngest leaf and internode determines the character of the shoot as chain of phytons or as stem with adherent leaves. The pattern of phyllotaxy determines the course and the strength of descending leaf traces and their conjunction in a net or their interweaving in the palm trunk.     

THE MIXED-MODEL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE APPLIED TO QUANTITATIVE GENETICS: BIOLOGICAL MEANING OF THE PARAMETERS

The mixed-model factorial analysis of variance has been used in many recent studies in evolutionary quantitative genetics. Two competing formulations of the mixed-model ANOVA are commonly used, the “Scheffe” model and the “SAS” model; these models differ in both their assumptions and in the way in which variance components due to the main effect of random factors are defined. The biological meanings of the two variance component definitions have often been unappreciated, however. A full understanding of these meanings leads to the conclusion that the mixed-model ANOVA could have been used to much greater effect by many recent authors. The variance component due to the random main effect under the two-way SAS model is the covariance in true means associated with a level of the random factor (e.g., families) across levels of the fixed factor (e.g., environments). Therefore the SAS model has a natural application for estimating the genetic correlation between a character expressed in different environments and testing whether it differs from zero. The variance component due to the random main effect under the two-way Scheffe model is the variance in marginal means (i.e., means over levels of the fixed factor) among levels of the random factor. Therefore the Scheffe model has a natural application for estimating genetic variances and heritabilities in populations using a defined mixture of environments. Procedures and assumptions necessary for these applications of the models are discussed. While exact significance tests under the SAS model require balanced data and the assumptions that family effects are normally distributed with equal variances in the different environments, the model can be useful even when these conditions are not met (e.g., for providing an unbiased estimate of the across-environment genetic covariance). Contrary to statements in a recent paper, exact significance tests regarding the variance in marginal means as well as unbiased estimates can be readily obtained from unbalanced designs with no restrictive assumptions about the distributions or variance-covariance structure of family effects.     

鲁氏耶尔森氏菌口服微球疫苗特性分析及免疫效果研究

为制备并评价鲁氏耶尔森氏菌口服微球疫苗的免疫效果,实验采用天然高分子聚合物海藻酸钠为疫苗载体,鲁氏耶尔森氏菌灭活疫苗为抗原,制备鲁氏耶尔森氏菌口服疫苗。以拌料口服方式进行免疫,通过血清非特异免疫指标、抗体效价、免疫保护率等综合评价疫苗的免疫效果。结果表明,鲁氏耶尔森氏菌口服微球疫苗成球性好,粒径均匀,粒径(8.761.73) m,跨距0.47,包封效率94.51%,具备良好的抗酸性、肠溶性及高安全性的特点。将疫苗免疫斑点叉尾,能显著提高斑点叉尾血清中溶菌酶活力、总超氧化物歧化酶活力(T-SOD)以及补体替代途径活性(ACH50);血清凝集效价于第5周达到峰值为1:8,至免疫后第8周仍能检测到特异性抗体;口服鲁氏耶尔森氏菌微球疫苗的斑点叉尾获得的抗鲁氏耶尔森氏菌相对免疫保护率为65.52%。综上所述,实验制备的鲁氏耶尔森氏菌口服微球疫苗能够对鲁氏耶尔森氏菌病起到较好的预防作用。       

盐度对花鳗鲡和太平洋双色鳗鲡幼鳗生长性能及消化酶活力的影响

文章研究了不同盐度对花鳗鲡(Anguilla marmorata)幼鳗和太平洋双色鳗鲡(A. bicolor pacifica)幼鳗生长性能及消化酶活力的影响。将花鳗鲡幼鳗(9.760.36) g和太平洋双色鳗鲡幼鳗(11.820.04) g分别在淡水(盐度0)与盐度5、10、18水体中养殖30d, 测量每组实验鱼总重后检测胃、肠道和肝脏蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活力。结果表明, 花鳗鲡和太平洋双色鳗鲡在各盐度处理中存活率均为100%, 未出现死亡。两种鳗鲡在淡水中生长良好, 特定生长率最高, 而饵料系数最低。盐度对花鳗鲡幼鳗和太平洋双色鳗鲡幼鳗消化酶活力的影响存在差异, 其中花鳗鲡胃、肠道和肝脏蛋白酶活力在各盐度处理中均无显著变化(P0.05), 淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力均随盐度的增加而下降; 太平洋双色鳗鲡胃蛋白酶活力在盐度10时最大, 肝蛋白酶活力在盐度18时最大, 而淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力在各盐度处理组无显著变化(P0.05)。这表明盐度对花鳗鲡胃、肠道和肝脏的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力具有抑制作用, 对太平洋双色鳗鲡的蛋白酶活力有一定的激活作用。在相同盐度条件下, 不同消化器官中同种消化酶活力存在差异, 各盐度的两种鳗鲡肠道中淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活力均显著高于肝脏和胃(P0.05), 胃中蛋白酶活力高于肝脏和肠道, 但不显著(P0.05)。研究发现两种鳗鲡体内脂肪酶活力相对较高, 表明其对脂肪具有较强的消化能力。建议在配制花鳗鲡幼鳗和太平洋双色鳗鲡幼鳗饲料时, 适当提高粗脂肪比例, 有助于促进对营养物质的消化吸收, 提高养殖效益。