体液蛋白质组学的研究和应用

蛋白质组学是目前生命科学的研究热点之一.体液中的蛋白质是来源于与其密切接触组织或者细胞的分泌或渗漏,体液蛋白质组的变化能反映这些组织的生理或者病理改变,因此以寻找疾病相关生物标记为主要目标的比较蛋白质组学是蛋白质组学研究的核心内容之一.对近年来各种体液蛋白质组学的研究状况和应用及存在挑战作一综述.     

差异蛋白质组学技术在水生动物应激反应研究中的应用

差异蛋白质组学是蛋白质组学的主要研究内容之一,着重于研究特定因素引起的不同样品间蛋白质组的差异,揭示并验证蛋白质组在生理或病理过程中的变化,并从理论上推断造成这种变化的原因。近年来,差异蛋白质组学已逐步应用到水生动物的应激反应研究中。在周围环境发生变化,如非生物环境因子改变以及病原微生物感染时,水生动物会通过特异的应激反应削弱或者抵抗其危害,其与环境的相互作用机理可通过蛋白质的差异表达体现出来。本文就差异蛋白质组学技术在水生动物应激反应研究中的应用及进展进行了回顾和综述。     

免疫蛋白质组学及疫苗靶位筛选

蛋白质组学自建立起即向生命科学的其他研究领域渗透,形成了多样的交叉学科。免疫蛋白质组学即由蛋白质组学与蛋白质免疫印迹技术相结合而产生的一个新研究方向,在免疫原性蛋白质研究及疫苗靶位筛选中展示出广泛的应用前景。该文就免疫蛋白质组学的形成、主要研究技术体系及其进展、在免疫原性蛋白质鉴定、新型高效候选疫苗靶位发现等方面进行概述。     

差异蛋白质组学在家蚕中的研究进展

差异蛋白质组是蛋白质组学的一个重要分支,通过对蛋白质组表达谱的比较,揭示细胞生理或病理状态的进程与本质,发现具有关键作用的蛋白。近年来,家蚕差异蛋白质组学发展迅速且涉及面广,已然成为家蚕蛋白质组学研究的热点。对差异蛋白质组学的主要研究方法,及在家蚕中的研究进展做一简要评述。     

蛋白质组学在肝癌相关生物分子研究中的应用进展

蛋白质组学以细胞、组织或器官表达的所有蛋白质为研究对象,通过双向凝胶电泳、生物质谱技术及生物信息学等方法,达到分离、鉴定、分析蛋白质的目的.肝癌发病过程涉及多基因的改变,必然伴随蛋白质表达的改变.以蛋白质组学的方法,通过比较正常肝组织与肝癌组织表达的蛋白质,寻找与肝癌发生、发展、转移及检测、治疗有关的生物分子.     

蛋白质组学研究中的分离分析技术及其研究进展

在后基因组时代,蛋白质组学成为新的研究热点。蛋白质组学的研究目标是为复杂蛋白质样品建立一个高通量、大规模、自动化的分离分析技术平台,从而实现准确、快速地筛选功能蛋白质。蛋白质的分离分析在蛋白组学研究中起着非常重要的作用。本文主要综述在蛋白质组学研究中二维凝胶电泳、毛细管电泳及其与质谱联用、多维液相分离技术及其与质谱联用和蛋白质芯片等高效分离分析技术的应用研究进展。     

叶绿体的蛋白质组学研究进展

蛋白质组学是以基因组编码的所有蛋白为研究对象,高通量地从细胞及整体水平上研究蛋白质的组成及其功能的新兴学科。在后基因组时代的今天,蛋白质组学的研究正逐渐深入到生命科学的各个领域,21世纪蛋白质组学将成为生命科学中最热门的学科。蛋白质组分析已成为鉴定植物功能的有力工具之一,叶绿体作为比较重要的细胞器,在植物蛋白质组学中已有较多的研究,,随着双向电泳技术的改进和质谱法的出现,并与不断增多的拟南芥、水稻、玉米等植物的序列数据相结合,叶绿体蛋白质组可以被快速鉴定。本文主要介绍了植物蛋白质组学、叶绿体及其蛋白质组学研究技术和研究进展,并对蛋白质组学的研究趋势进行了展望。     

蛋白质组学及其在植物科学研究中的应用

蛋白质组学是后基因组时代出现的一个新兴研究领域。简要介绍了蛋白质组学的研究意义及其研究内容与技术手段,及蛋白质组研究在植物科学中的应用。     

昆虫差异蛋白质组: 进展和展望

黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster、家蚕Bombyx mori、意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera和冈比亚按蚊Anopheles gambiae等昆虫的基因组测序已经基本完成,蛋白质组学技术将是阐明这些基因组功能的重要工具。本文综述了应用差异蛋白质组学技术在昆虫诱导性免疫、抗性机制和分子病理研究方面取得的一些成果：（1） 细菌、真菌、脂多糖或机械损伤诱导的昆虫血淋巴或血细胞来源细胞系的蛋白质表达的改变; （2） Bt抗性昆虫中肠刷状缘膜和抗锥虫采采蝇Glossina morsitans唾液腺多种蛋白质表达的改变; （3）化学农药处理和姬蜂Chelonus inanitus携带的多分DNA病毒引起的昆虫蛋白质组的变化。最后讨论了昆虫差异蛋白质组学研究的瓶颈与对策。     

线粒体蛋白质组学

线粒体作为真核细胞内一种重要的细胞器,在许多生理病理过程中发挥重要作用。蛋白质组学研究技术的不断发展推动了线粒体蛋白质组的研究。本文对近年来线粒体蛋白质组学的研究现状、存在的影响因素及发展前景进行了综述。     

Morphological changes in the central nervous system of dogs with unilateral lesions of carotid arteries]

16 dogs were subjected to either ligation or kinking of a single carotid artery and the resultant changes in the cortical hemisphere were studied. Light and electron microscopy findings indicate reversibility of the induced pathological processes both in microcirculation and in neurons proper.     

Endothelial dysfunction in pregnancy metabolic disorders

In recent years, the vascular endothelium has gained attention as a key player in the initiation and development of pregnancy disorders.Endothelium acts as an endocrine organ that preserves the homeostatic balance by responding to changes in metabolic status. However, in metabolic disorders, endothelial cells adopt a dysfunctional function, losing their normal responsiveness.During pregnancy, several metabolic changes occur, in which endothelial function decisively participates. Similarly, when pregnancy metabolic disorders occur, endothelial dysfunction plays a key role in pathogenesis.This review outlines the main findings regarding endothelial dysfunction in three main metabolic pathological conditions observed during pregnancy: gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, and obesity and hyperlipidemia. Organ, histological and cellular characteristics were thoroughly described. Also, we focused in discussing the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the cellular signaling pathways that mediate responses in these pathological conditions.     

CT全肝灌注的临床应用及进展

随着影像技术的发展和后处理功能的完善,肝灌注成像以研究组织、器官血流动力学变化已成为影像界关注的热点,然而CT灌注成像在肝脏等实质性器官中的应用尚处于探索阶段。肝脏具有双重血供,在各种病理生理情况下,肝脏动静脉之间及门静脉之间的血流动力学发生着复杂的变化。CT被认为是诊断肝脏病变最有价值的影像学方法,CT灌注成像能反映组织器官微循环内的血流动力学变化,是一种快速、准确、无创的功能成像方法。肝脏灌注CT检查可以同时获得形态和功能两方面的信息,使我们有可能早于形态学变化之前发现肝脏病变,有助于肝脏疾病的早期诊断和治疗,并能评价各种治疗手段对肝脏血流动力学变化的影响。本文针对全肝灌注CT扫描在临床的应用进行综述。     

Substance P and microcirculation during stress

The experiments have been made on rats with the use of animals' immobilization on the back during 1 or 24 h as a stressor. Intravital study of the microcirculation in the rat mesentery has shown that P substance in a concentration of 7 X 10(-8) M aggravated the disturbances caused by the immobilization, while antiserum to P substance with an activity of 150 ng SP/equiv. normalized the microcirculation. The action of P substance and antiserum was similar as regards disturbances of vascular permeability for colloid carbon particles. It is concluded that P substance participates in the mechanisms of microcirculatory and vascular permeability disturbances during stress.     

The role of dyslipoproteinemia in the genesis of chronic hepatitis]

The dynamics of structural changes in the liver in experimental dyslipoproteinemia (DLP) and its correction was studied. Vessel-tissue changes found in the liver of rabbits in a short-term and stable DLP (4, 8 weeks) can be estimated as different stages of chronic active hepatitis. The microcirculation disorders and structural changes in the liver appeared at the early stages of DLP in the absence of atheromatosis in large arteries. The pathological changes in the liver existed 36 weeks after the rejection of atherogenic diet and correlated with DLP. Thus, DLP can be the risk factor as cardiovascular diseases as chronic nonspecific changes in the target organs.     

Structure of the venous and lymphatic beds of the heart and their alteration in experimental pathology

The investigation performed has demonstrated that under a great deal of coronary, pulmonary and other organs' disorders, in the venous and lymphatic beds of the heart compensatory-adaptive and pathological changes occur. The earliest and deepest changes are noted in the microcirculatory bed. Most of morphological signs on vascular reconstruction are not specific and are observed at different kinds of clinical and experimental pathology. Changes in venous and lymphatic vessels of pathological conditions& do not only result from damage in the organ's wall or hemodynamical changes in the cavities of the cardiac vessels but they themselves can cause some disturbances in the miocardial microcirculation intensifying its hypoxia, congestive symptoms and enhancing the development of decompensation in the organ.     

Morphofunctional characteristics of the conjunctival microcirculation of students of different regions of the world

By means of vital microscopy, the conjunctival microcirculation has been estimated in students from various regions of the world depending on duration of the time of their life in the USSR. Adaptive rearrangements of the conjunctival microcirculation of the eye ball have been revealed in various time of adaptation. Integral estimation of the conjunctival microcirculation has demonstrated that at initial phase of adaptation synchronization in the work of separate links of the microcirculatory bed is observed. These changes can be interpreted as strain of the compensatory mechanisms. In two years of study, certain stabilization of the microcirculation system activity is observed in the foreign students; this can be considered as the phase of stable adaptation. In the students arrived from hot regions of the world, pigmentation in the eye ball conjunctiva has been revealed. By means of the correlative analysis it has been demonstrated that the pigmentation influences the most labile parts of the microcirculatory bed-capillaries and venules. Pigmentation is usually regarded as a pathological sign peculiar for some diseases. Our investigations have demonstrated that pigmentation should be interpreted carefully and the place of residence of the students investigated should be taken into account, since pigmentation can be the result of elevated solar radiation, specific for hot regions of the Earth.     

Mechanical behavior of the erythrocyte in microvessel stenosis

The passage of red blood cells (RBCs) through capillaries is essential for human blood microcirculation. This study used a moving mesh technology that incorporated leader-follower pairs to simulate the fluid-structure and structure-structure interactions between the RBC and a microvessel stenosis. The numerical model consisted of plasma, cytoplasm, the erythrocyte membrane, and the microvessel stenosis. Computational results showed that the rheology of the RBC is affected by the Reynolds number of the plasma flow as well as the surface-to-volume ratio of the erythrocyte. At a constant inlet flow rate, an increased plasma viscosity will improve the transit of the RBC through the microvessel stenosis. For the above reasons, we consider that the decreased hemorheology in microvessels in a pathological state may primarily be attributed to an increase in the number of white blood cells. This leads to the aggregation of RBCs and a change in the blood flow structure. The present fundamental study of hemorheology aimed at providing theoretical guidelines for clinical hemorheology.     

Babesia bovis (Argentina): Studies on the composition and location of antigen associated with infected erythrocytes

Specific antisera against Babesia bovis (= argentina) antigens were prepared in rabbits by inoculation of precipitates from an extract of infected erythrocytes and absorption of the antisera with normal bovine components. Of three babesial antigens detected, one appeared to contain a modified stromal component. The antisera, when conjugated with fluoroscein isothiocyanate, stained aggregated infected erythrocytes in the microcirculation and located antigen in glomeruli and blood vessel endothelium. It was suggested that a babesial enzyme-fibrinogen complex contributes to the pathological changes of infection such as sludging and adherence of erythrocytes to blood vessel walls.     

The morphofunctional characteristics of the cecum in experimental escherichiosis]

Using the model of experimental escherichiosis in mice by means of morphological, immunomorphological, morphometrical and electron microscopy methods, the authors give morphofunctional characteristics of caecum 15 minutes to 2 weeks after inoculation. The authors show the dynamics of infectious process, characterized by changes of microcirculation, increasing lymphoplasmocellular infiltration, dystrophic changes in cells of neuroplexes and degranulation of mast and endocrine cells. The data obtained show that pathological process in caecum during experimental escherichiosis has an immune character, that the above portion of the intestine is a part of endocrine system.