博尔纳病病毒与人类神经精神性疾病

博尔纳病病毒是一种宿主范围很广的动物病毒,因其可能与人类的某些神经精神性疾病有关而备受重视.但其在人体的感染,致病还存在很多争议.需要通过建立高效灵敏和准确的检测技术进行更加全面的研究,同时对其可能致病机制的分子生物学研究也会有助于澄清有关争议.如果能够确认某些人类的神经精神性疾病与博尔纳病病毒有关,将会极大地帮助人们控制这类危害越来越大的疾病.     

博尔纳病病毒感染的非免疫病理性致病机制的研究进展

博尔纳病病毒（Borna Disease Virus,BDV）是负单链病毒目、博尔纳病病毒科的原型病毒。BDV有包膜,在细胞核内进行复制和转录,其基因组全长约8．9kb,非分节段,含有6个主要的开放读码框架,分别编码分子量为40kDa、24kDa、10kDa、16kDa、56kDa和180kDa的蛋白质。BDV具有嗜神经性。能够引起很多种属温血动物的中枢神经系统尤其是边缘系统的持续性感染,并可能出现多种多样的神经精神症状。近年来,有关血清学BDV特异性抗体的检测、外周血单核细胞和脑组织中BDV核酸的检测以及病毒分离的研究数据等,均提示BDV与精神分裂症、情感性精神障碍、慢性疲劳综合征等人类的神经精神疾病有关。但是由于BDV的传播方式、致病机制尚不完全清楚以及人类脑组织标本取材的限制等,BDV是否为人类神经精神疾病的致病因子尚存在争议。     

博尔纳病病毒在动物中感染的研究现状

博尔纳病 (Borna Disease,BD)最初是作为一种马的神经性疾病被认识的。1894年～ 1896年 ,在德国萨克森地区的一个名为博尔纳的小镇上 ,发生了一场多数致死性马脑炎的大流行。因而该病及其致病因子即以有文献记载的首次暴发地点被命名。自 2 0世纪初确定了 BD的病原体以来 ,人们对BD及其病原 -博尔纳病病毒 (Borna Disease Virus,BDV)进行了比较广泛的研究。已经证实 ,BDV是一种含有包膜的、非分节段、负股 RNA病毒 ,含有大约 8.9kb的基因组 ,在细胞核内进行复制和转录 [1 ]。因其具有与其它单股负链RNA病毒所不同的生物学特征 ,19…     

新疆伊犁河谷博尔纳病病毒种系发生学分析

源相似度为98%,氨基酸序列为100%;德国马He/80汇聚混合支系,核苷酸与氨基酸序列与He/80同源相似度均为100%.结论 新疆伊犁河谷动物宿主中可能存在地源性BDV独立伊犁株,同一BDV感染不同种属动物可能源于外来疫病病原经草原丝绸之路的传播.     

博尔纳病毒的研究现状

博尔纳病毒是一种嗜神经性病毒.研究表明博尔纳病毒能引起从马、羊等家畜,啮啮类动物到灵长目几乎所有温血动物的自然和实验性感染,并可能参与了人类某些精神神经性疾病的发生.本文就目前博尔纳病毒对人及动物致病性及免疫性的研究近况作一综述.     

博尔纳病病毒感染对神经元可塑性影响的研究进展

博尔纳病病毒(Borna Disease Virus,BDV)是一种具有高度嗜神经性的病毒。近年,有大量研究证实该病毒感染与人神经精神疾病的发生有关。但其确切机制仍未明了。一些研究认为BDV感染对中枢神经系统神经元可塑性的影响可能是其致病的重要基础。近年许多学者通过对沙鼠、小鼠、大鼠及转基因鼠等各种BDV感染模型的研究,进一步揭示了BDV感染对神经元可塑性影响的分子机制。结果发现BDV感染主要通过对星形胶质细胞功能的影响、干预HMGB 1蛋白以及神经营养因子信号转导等途径干预神经元的可塑性,影响脑内神经元的功能及其存活和发育,从而引起脑功能损害,导致宿主精神、行为异常。今后随着新的BDV转基因模型的成功建立将进一步揭示BDV感染对神经元可塑性影响的分子机制,给临床预防和治疗博尔纳病提供理论基础。     

博尔纳病病毒磷蛋白细胞模型的构建与鉴定

目的建立博尔纳病病毒(Borna disease virus,BDV)磷蛋白的细胞模型,并对所建模型进行鉴定。方法重新扩增和鉴定已有的BDV磷蛋白(GFP-P24)质粒,使用转染试剂将该质粒转入PC12细胞,并用荧光定量PCR和ELISA的方法对所构建的细胞模型进行鉴定。结果重新扩增的质粒PCR鉴定阳性,其浓度符合转染的需要,测序后未发现核苷酸的突变;转染PC12细胞的效率高,荧光定量PCR和ELISA检测均为阳性。结论成功构建了BDV磷蛋白的细胞模型,为研究BDV感染过程中磷蛋白所起的作用奠定了基础。     

检测博尔纳病病毒RNA的RACE技术的建立

目的建立检测博尔纳病病毒(BDV)RNA的3′RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA ends)方法。方法根据已知的BDV p40基因序列设计上游引物sp1;提取BDV(H1766株)持续感染OL细胞的总RNA,用引物sp1和oligo dT进行3′RACE扩增,将PCR产物克隆到pGEM-T载体并转化到大肠埃希菌中,制备阳性菌落的目的质粒,进行序列测定和同源性比对;同时对检测BDV RNA的3′RACE方法的特异性和敏感性进行分析。结果建立了检测BDV RNA的3′RACE技术;所获得的BDV p40基因的3′末端扩增产物的核苷酸序列与已知BDV(H1766株)p40基因的核苷酸序列同源性为100%;本方法对BDV RNA(mRNA)具有特异性,但对BDV p40基因重组质粒无扩增结果;并且可以检测到0.04 ng以上含量的BDV感染细胞的总RNA。结论检测BDV RNA的3′RACE技术可以排除实验室污染造成的BDV基因扩增的假阳性,并可用于进一步分析BDV基因序列的特点以及评价BDV相关基因的表达情况。     

博尔纳病病毒对BALB/c小鼠感染性检测

目的分析博尔纳病病毒（Borna disease virus,BDV）H1766株对BALB/c小鼠的感染性。方法选择病毒滴度为2.0×107FFU/ml的BDV病毒液分别对新生和成年BALB/c小鼠进行脑内接种,并用相同病毒液对原代培养的新生BALB/c小鼠脑细胞进行接种。经过一定时间的病毒作用后分别提取总RNA,采用巢式RT-PCR方法检测BDV-p40基因,并通过免疫组化方法检测脑内接种脑组织中BDV-P40蛋白。结果脑内接种病毒的小鼠脑组织中可以检测到BDV-p40基因和BDV-P40蛋白,培养的小鼠脑细胞中可以检测到BDV-p40基因。结论BDVH1766株可以感染新生和成年的BALB/c小鼠。     

博尔纳病病毒pEGFP-p24基因重组质粒的构建及鉴定

构建博尔纳病病毒pEGFP-p24基因重组表达质粒。通过PCR方法扩增获得博尔纳病痛毒p24基因的完整序列,将此片段定向克隆到pEGFP-N1载体多克隆位点区,筛选重组阳性菌株,提取重组质粒,利用PCR方法和核酸序列测定验证重组质粒构建的正确性。PCR及核酸序列测定证明博尔纳病病毒pEGFP-p24基因重组表达质粒构建成功。构建的重组质粒将为研究博尔纳病病毒p24基因在真核细胞中的功能和作用提供实验依据。     

Molecular Chaperone BiP Interacts with Borna Disease Virus Glycoprotein at the Cell Surface

Borna disease virus (BDV) is characterized by highly neurotropic infection. BDV enters its target cells using virus surface glycoprotein (G), but the cellular molecules mediating this process remain to be elucidated. We demonstrate here that the N-terminal product of G, GP1, interacts with the 78-kDa chaperone protein BiP. BiP was found at the surface of BDV-permissive cells, and anti-BiP antibody reduced BDV infection as well as GP1 binding to the cell surface. We also reveal that BiP localizes at the synapse of neurons. These results indicate that BiP may participate in the cell surface association of BDV.Borna disease virus (BDV) belongs to the Bornaviridae family of nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA viruses and is characterized by highly neurotropic and noncytopathic infection (18, 33). BDV infects a wide variety of host species and causes central nervous system (CNS) diseases in animals, which are frequently associated with behavioral disorders (14, 19, 29, 31). BDV cell entry is mediated by endocytosis, following the attachment of viral envelope glycoprotein (G) to the cellular receptor (2, 7, 8). BDV G is translated as a precursor protein, GP, which is posttranslationally cleaved by the cellular protease furin to generate two functional subunits of the N (GP1) and C (GP2) termini (28). Recent studies revealed that GP1 is involved in virus interaction with as-yet-unidentified cell surface receptor(s) and that GP2 mediates a pH-dependent fusion event between viral and cell membranes (2, 7, 27). In addition, a previous work using a hippocampal culture system suggested that BDV G is required for viral dissemination in neurons (2); however, cellular factors involved in BDV cell entry, especially cell surface association, remain to be elucidated.To extend our understanding of the role of BDV G in the interaction with the cell plasma membrane, we transfected GP1 fused with hemagglutinin-tobacco etch virus protease cleavage site-FLAG tags (GP1-TAP) into human oligodendroglioma OL cells. GP1-TAP was purified using anti-FLAG M2 affinity gel (Sigma). To verify that GP1-TAP binds to OL cells, the cells were incubated with 4 μg/ml GP1-TAP, and binding was detected by anti-FLAG M2 antibody (Sigma). A flow cytometric analysis indicated that GP1-TAP binds to OL cells (Fig. ​(Fig.1A).1A). To further validate the binding of GP1-TAP, we tested whether GP1-TAP inhibits BDV infection. OL cells were pretreated with 4 μg/ml GP1-TAP for 30 min. Proteins purified from mock-transfected cells using an anti-FLAG M2 affinity gel served as a control. The cells were then mixed with cell-free BDV. After 1 h of absorption, the supernatants were removed and fresh medium was added. At 3 days postinfection, the viral antigens were stained with anti-nucleoprotein (N) monoclonal and anti-matrix (M) polyclonal antibodies. As shown in Fig. ​Fig.1B,1B, GP1-TAP reduced BDV infection by 40% compared to levels for mock-treated cells. This result was consistent with earlier reports showing that recombinant GP1 protein binds to the cell surface and inhibits BDV infection (6, 20).Open in a separate windowFIG. 1.BDV GP1 binds to the cell surface. (A) Binding of BDV GP1 to OL cells. OL cells were incubated with GP1-TAP (solid line), and its binding was detected using anti-FLAG M2 antibody and flow cytometry. As a control, cells incubated with proteins purified from mock-transfected cells were detected by an anti-FLAG M2 antibody (dotted line). (B) Inhibition of BDV infection by GP1. OL cells pretreated with GP1-TAP were inoculated with the BDV huP2br strain. Values are the means + standard deviations (SD) from three independent experiments. **, P < 0.01.To investigate the host factor(s) that mediates the interaction of GP1 with the cell surface, a combination of tandem affinity purification (TAP) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses was designed (13). We transfected GP1-TAP into OL cells and then purified GP1 from cell homogenates using a TAP strategy. We compared the purified proteins from the whole-cell and cytosol fractions (Fig. ​(Fig.2A),2A), and the bands detected only in the whole-cell fraction were determined as GP1-binding proteins in the membrane and/or nuclear fractions. In addition to GP1 protein (Fig. ​(Fig.2A,2A, arrow), we identified a specific band around 80 kDa in the whole-cell homogenate, but not in the cytosol fraction (Fig. ​(Fig.2A,2A, arrowhead), and determined that the band corresponded to the BiP (immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein) molecular chaperone, also called glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), by mass spectrometry analysis. We confirmed the specific interaction between endogenous BiP and BDV G in infected cells by immunoprecipitation analysis (Fig. ​(Fig.2B).2B). To map the binding domain on BiP to GP1, we constructed a series of deletion mutants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged BiP plasmid (Fig. ​(Fig.2C).2C). We transfected the mutant plasmids into BDV-infected OL cells and then performed an immunoprecipitation assay using anti-GFP antibody (Invitrogen). As shown in Fig. ​Fig.2D,2D, BDV G was coimmunoprecipitated with truncated BiP mutants, except for BiPΔN-GFP, which lacks the ATP-binding domain of BiP (lane 3), suggesting that BiP interacts with GP1 via its N-terminal region.Open in a separate windowFIG. 2.BDV GP1 interacts with BiP molecular chaperone. (A) TAP analysis of BDV GP1. Proteins coimmunoprecipitated with GP1-TAP in OL cells were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by silver staining. Cyt, cytosol fraction; Wc, whole-cell homogenate. Arrow, GP1-TAP; arrowhead, BiP. (B) Coimmunoprecipitation (IP) of BDV G and endogenous BiP. BDV G was immunoprecipitated from BDV-infected OL cells by anti-BDV G polyclonal antibody. Endogenous BiP was then detected by anti-BiP monoclonal antibody (Becton Dickinson). IgG, immunoglobulin G. (C) Schematic representation of deletion mutants of recombinant BiP-GFP. The known functional regions are indicated. (D) Immunoprecipitation analysis of BiP-GFP mutants in BDV-infected OL cells. The deletion plasmids were transfected and immunoprecipitated by anti-GFP antibody. Specific binding was detected using anti-BDV G antibody. Lane 1, GFP; lane 2, BiP-GFP; lane 3, BiPΔN-GFP; lane 4, BiPΔPB-GFP; lane 5, BiPΔC-GFP.BiP is known to be resident primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum and functions as a molecular chaperone involved in the folding process of nascent proteins, mostly through interaction with its peptide-binding domain (12, 17, 21). On the other hand, BiP has been reported to serve as a coreceptor of certain viruses at the plasma membrane (15, 34). Recent studies also revealed that cell surface BiP mediates the internalization of its ligands into cells (1, 10). We first investigated whether BiP is expressed on the cell surface of BDV-permissive OL and 293T cells using an anti-BiP polyclonal antibody (H-129; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.). As shown in Fig. ​Fig.3A,3A, BiP expression is detected on the surface of both cell lines. This result is in agreement with recent observations that BiP is expressed on the surface of various types of cells (9, 10, 15, 23, 24, 34). We also investigated whether BiP is expressed on the cell surface of BDV-nonpermissive cell lines, such as HeLa and CHO cells. As shown in Fig. ​Fig.3A,3A, we detected BiP expression on the surface of HeLa, but not CHO, cells. These observations were confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis (Fig. ​(Fig.3B).3B). Note that BiP is clearly detected at the endoplasmic reticulum in the permeabilized CHO cells by the antibody (see Fig. S1 in the supplemental material), suggesting that BiP is expressed at a very low level, if at all, on the surface of CHO cells. We next examined whether cell surface BiP serves as a binding molecule of BDV GP1. To test this, we performed an inhibition assay using an anti-BiP polyclonal antibody (N-20; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) which recognizes the N terminus of BiP. As shown in Fig. ​Fig.3C,3C, the antibody inhibited GP1 binding to the cell surface by 40%. Furthermore, BDV infection was found to decrease by 70% when cells were treated with the antibody (Fig. ​(Fig.3D3D).Open in a separate windowFIG. 3.Cell surface BiP mediates cell association of BDV. (A) Flow cytometric analysis was performed with anti-BiP antibody (H-129) in BDV-permissive (OL and 293T) and -nonpermissive (HeLa and CHO) cells (solid lines). Cells stained with normal rabbit immunoglobulin G were used as a control (dotted lines). (B) Immunofluorescence analysis was performed by using anti-BiP antibody (H-129) with BDV-permissive and -nonpermissive cells. Arrows indicate BiP staining at the membrane. Scale bars, 10 μm. (C) Inhibition of GP1 binding by anti-BiP antibody (N-20). OL cells were pretreated with anti-BiP antibody, followed by labeling with GP1. GP1 binding on the cell surface was detected using flow cytometry. Values are the means + SD from three independent experiments. *, P < 0.05. (D) Inhibition of BDV infection by anti-BiP antibody. OL cells were incubated with 10 μg/ml anti-BiP antibody or normal goat immunoglobulin G and then the cells were mixed with cell-free BDV. After 1 h absorption, the supernatants were replaced with fresh medium. Virus infection was measured by immunofluorescence analysis using anti-N and -M antibodies at 3 days postinfection. Values are the means + SD from three independent experiments. *, P < 0.05. IgG, immunoglobulin G.To investigate the role of cell surface BiP in the infection of BDV, the BiP expression was inhibited by short interfering RNA (siRNA) in OL cells (see Fig. S2A in the supplemental material). We selected an siRNA (Hs_HSPA5_4; Qiagen, Inc.) which could partially downregulate the cell surface expression of BiP (see Fig. S2B in the supplemental material). However, siRNA treatment of BiP did not influence the infectivity of BDV in OL cells (see Fig. S2C in the supplemental material). This may be due to an incomplete reduction of BiP expression on the cell surface. Alternatively, while BiP mediates at least in part the cell surface association of BDV particles, this result may exhibit the presence of another, as-yet-unidentified BDV G-binding protein that is involved in the binding and subsequent cell entry of BDV.Previous studies demonstrated that BDV can be traced centripetally and transsynaptically after olfactory, ophthalmic, or intraperitoneal inoculation (3, 25). Migration of BDV to the CNS after footpad infection can be prevented by sciatic nerve transection (3). These observations suggest that BDV may disseminate primarily via neural networks. Recently, it has been demonstrated that BDV G was expressed at the termini of neurites or at contact sites of neurites (2), suggesting that local assembly of BDV may take place at the presynaptic terminals of synapses, similar to assembly of other neurotropic viruses (22, 26, 32). If BiP localizes at synapse sites, BiP may efficiently participate in the transmission of BDV particles at the synapses. To evaluate this hypothesis, we examined BiP localization in primary culture of mouse hippocampal neurons. After in vitro culture for 17 days, BiP localization was determined by an immunofluorescence assay without permeabilization. As shown in Fig. ​Fig.4A,4A, BiP signals were clearly detected at neurites, including the contact sites between dendrites and axons, as punctate staining (arrows), suggesting that BiP is expressed at the neuronal surface, most likely at the synapses. We next examined the localization of BiP with postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95), a marker of postsynaptic density (5). Although BiP signals were detected mainly in the perinuclear area of the hippocampal neurons, punctate staining was also found at neurites colocalized with PSD-95 (Fig. ​(Fig.4B,4B, arrows). Taken together, these observations suggested that BiP is distributed at the synaptic surface, including the postsynaptic membrane, of neurons, a possible site for BDV budding and entry (2).Open in a separate windowFIG. 4.BiP localizes at the synaptic surface of hippocampus neurons. (A) Localization of BiP at synaptic surface. Hippocampal neurons were immunostained with anti-BiP antibody (N-20) without permeabilization. A differential interference contrast (DIC) image is shown. Dotted lines in the Merge panel indicate the dendrite outline. Arrows indicate BiP staining at the contact sites between axons and dendrites. (B) Colocalization between BiP and a postsynaptic protein. Hippocampal neurons were immunostained with anti-BiP (N-20) and anti-PSD-95 (Millipore) antibodies. Arrows indicate colocalized signals of BiP and PSD-95 at neurites. Scale bars, 10 μm.In summary, this study demonstrates that BiP is a GP1-binding protein at the synaptic surface. This is the first report showing the BDV G-binding factor on the cell surface. The first step of BDV entry might be mediated by the interaction of GP1 with as-yet-unidentified cell surface receptors, which may form a complex with other molecules, such as BiP. We showed that treatment with anti-BiP antibody affects BDV infection as well as GP1 binding to the cell surface (Fig. ​(Fig.3).3). Furthermore, synaptic distribution of BiP was found in hippocampal primary neurons (Fig. ​(Fig.4).4). These findings strongly suggest that BiP plays critical roles in BDV association with the neuronal surface via interaction with GP1. On the other hand, a BDV-nonpermissive cell line, HeLa, appeared to express BiP on the cell surface, suggesting that the cell surface BiP may not be necessarily involved in the infectivity of BDV. A recent study by Clemente et al. (6) revealed that following initial attachment to the cell surface, BDV is recruited to the plasma membrane lipid raft (LR) prior to internalization of the particles. The study suggested that BDV may use the LR as a platform to interact with additional host cell factor(s) required for efficient BDV internalization. Because BiP does not contain transmembrane regions, BiP needs another host protein(s) with transmembrane regions on the cell surface. It has been reported that cell surface BiP interacts with diverse proteins, such as major histocompatibility complex class I molecules (34), the voltage-dependent anion channel (9), and the DnaJ-like protein MTJ-1 (4), all of which associate with LR in the plasma membrane (16, 24, 35). Once BDV has attached to the cell surface, it might utilize such BiP-associated LR proteins for efficient cell surface attachment or internalization. Previously, it has been proposed that kainate 1 (KA-1) receptor might represent the BDV receptor within the CNS (11). Because some glutamate receptors are shown to bind to BiP (30), KA-1 receptors might interact with BiP and serve as a receptor complex for BDV. Further studies are required for a full understanding of the cell association processes, especially receptor binding, of BDV.      

Fine Structure and Morphogenesis of Borna Disease Virus

Borna disease virus (BDV), a negative nonsegmented single-stranded RNA virus, has not been fully characterized morphologically. Here we present what is to our knowledge the first data on the fine ultrastructure and morphogenesis of BDV. The supernatant of MDCK cells persistently infected with BDV treated with n-butyrate contained many virus-like particles and more BDV-specific RNA than that of untreated samples. The particles were spherical, enveloped, and approximately 130 nm in diameter; had spikes 7 nm in length; and reacted with BDV p40 antibody. A thin nucleocapsid, 4 nm in width, was present peripherally in contrast to the thick nucleocapsid of hemagglutinating virus of Japan. The BDV particles reproduced by budding on the cell surface.     

流感病毒的分子生物学研究进展

流感病毒是分节段的负链RNA病毒,由RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶起始病毒的复制。流感病毒的特殊基因组结构和病毒蛋白的功能使其极易发生抗原转换和抗原漂移,这使得病毒能够逃避多种宿主的长效中和性免疫反应。本文从病毒结构、基因组及其编码蛋白质、病毒复制过程和病毒的易感宿主等几方面论述了流感病毒的分子生物学研究进展。     

太子参病毒病及其脱病毒研究进展

对近30年来太子参病毒病、脱病毒技术及其病毒检测等方面的研究进展作一综述,以期为太子参GAP的具体实施提供科学依据.     

口蹄疫病毒基因组RNA结构与功能研究进展

1 概述 口蹄疫病毒(foot-and-mouth disease virus,FMDV)属小RNA病毒科FMDV属,根据动物交叉保护和血清学试验分为O、A、C、SAT1、SAT2、SAT3和Asial 7个血清型,型间无交叉反应.每型又根据抗原亲缘关系分为不同亚型.小RNA病毒科包括鼻病毒、肠道病毒、甲肝病毒、心病毒和口蹄疫病毒5个属.