栗疫病菌的营养体亲和性基因和dsRNAs对病毒传播的影响

研究了栗疫病菌（Ｃｒｐｈｏｎｅｃｔｒｉａｐａｒａｓｉｔｉｃａ（Ｍｕｒｒ）．Ｂａｒｒ）营养体亲和性基因及ｄｓＲＮＡ病毒对菌株间病毒特征与传播影响,试验选用已知４个ＶＣ基因座位的１５个ＶＣ基因型菌株和３种ｄｓＲＮＡ病毒,通过含病毒菌株与野生型菌株的配对培养,将病毒逐个转入不同ＶＣ基因型菌株,将不同ＶＣ基因型的含病毒菌株与具特定ＶＣ基因差异的野生型菌株配对培养,根据培养两周后野生型菌株培养性状的改变与否     

小核菌中dsRN 的存在、位置及其生防作用

ScleortiumcepivorumBerk.是引起洋葱白腐病的病原真菌,大部分测试的菌株含有dsRNA片段,这些dsRNA片段被称为真菌病毒。经琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,在不同分离株之间或同一分离株不同提取物之间dsRNA带的数量和位置有很大的变化。ScQ-4菌株菌丝生长缓慢,致病力明显低于其他菌株。采用蔗糖密度梯度离心法证实和确定ScQ-4菌株中dsRNA片段所处的亚细胞位置,结果表明这些dsRNA片段与其寄主线粒体共同纯化,因此它们可能存在于寄主线粒体中,属于线粒体病毒。在营养相容性菌株之间这些dsRNA片段可通过菌丝融合进行传播,获得dsRNA片段的受体菌株的致病力明显降低,这对SclerotiumcepivorumBer.k进行生物防治提供了可能性。     

栗疫菌低毒力菌株dsRNA的分离及转移

自云南、广西、江苏、浙江、河北、京郊六个省市的板栗树(Castanea mollissima)溃疡斑上分离了栗疫菌(Endothia parasitica)160株,进行了dsRNA的提取及其毒力测定,获得两株含dsRNA的低毒力菌株(H),其毒力与带有起源于欧洲的dsRNA的低毒力菌株比较相近。比较国内菌株与欧洲低毒力菌株的dsRNA电泳谱带,示有共同分子量为5x106或6．2 x 108的电泳带。与正常毒力菌株(V)混合接种能显著降低致病力。这是欧美大陆发现低毒力菌株后,亚洲地区的首次报告。以5株具有欧洲dsRNA的低毒力菌株作为供体,与云南、江苏、浙江的10株毒力菌株配对,16％(8,50)的毒力菌株发生形态变化,dsRNA转入后毒力明显降低。结果表明,国内毒力菌株可以接受欧洲低毒力因子——dsRNA并转变为低毒力菌株。     

我国和欧美洲栗疫菌低毒株dsRNA同源性比较

在发现我国栗疫苗(Cryphonectria parasitica=Endothia parasitica)含dsRNA低毒力菌株基础上,分别以国内菌株EpC140和EpC32、欧洲低毒株Ep713的dsRNA为探针,同欧洲、美洲及亚洲低毒力菌株dsRNA进行分子杂交,结果表明亚洲株同欧洲株之间有序列同源性,同美洲株之间无序列同源性.     

外源性双链RNA对小鼠卵母细胞basonuclin基因表达的影响

在植物及低等动物线虫中, 引入外源性双链RNA(dsRNA)会导致细胞中同源mRNA降解, 从而干扰其内源基因的表达, 这可能是有机体防范病毒或转座子诱导DNA突变的一种生理机制, 称为RNA干涉(RNA interference, RNAi). 利用RNAi研究basonuclin基因在卵母细胞发生过程中的功能. 将basonuclin特异的dsRNA导入小鼠生发泡期卵母细胞, 可有效降低其mRNA的丰度, 这种降解作用与dsRNA的浓度及作用时间成正比, 但不影响非同源基因的表达, 证明basonuclin dsRNA能特异识别、降解其内源基因的转录产物. 免疫组化实验显示, dsRNA能降低卵母细胞中basonuclin蛋白的水平, 但其效率不如RNAi对tPA及cMos基因活性的抑制, 这可能是由于basonuclin蛋白的半衰期较长, 而生发泡期卵母细胞在体外存活时间较短. 结果表明, dsRNA能阻抑卵母细胞中同源基因的表达, 其作用相当于基因敲除. 质粒表达的发夹环型dsRNA也可以有效降解basonuclin转录产物, 这为研究basonuclin在卵母细胞发育早期的功能提供了新的手段.     

amrG1基因在谷氨酸棒杆菌乙酸活化中的作用

谷氨酸棒杆菌Corynebacterium glutamicum可以利用乙酸为碳源和能源进行生长. 乙酸代谢中涉及乙酸活化的两个酶为磷酸转乙酰酶PTA和乙酸激酶AK, 它们是由pta-ack操纵子经诱导表达产生的. 采用转座子挽救法, 我们从调控突变株C. glutamicum G25中获得了amrG1和amrG2两个目标基因. 经分析鉴定, amrG1基因(NCBI GenBank 接受号为AF532964)可能参与乙酸代谢调控, 编码作用于pta-ack操纵子的一个调控因子. 该调控因子基因序列全长732 bp, 开放阅读框含有243个氨基酸, 分子量约为27 kD. 通过基因定点缺失和过量表达技术, 在谷氨酸棒杆菌野生型菌株中分别构建了amrG1基因缺失菌株和表达菌株, 并研究了它们在含有葡萄糖和/或乙酸不同碳源的基本培养基上生长时产生的PTA和AK酶活性特征. 酶活性测定结果发现其中的amrG1基因缺失菌株和表达菌株存在着与野生型菌株不同的一系列酶学特征, 分析显示: 以野生型菌株为对照, amrG1基因缺失菌株在含有葡萄糖碳源的培养基上生长时表现出较高的PTA和AK酶活性, 并且在葡萄糖和乙酸两种碳源上生长时表现出与乙酸碳源上生长时几乎同样的PTA和AK酶活性; amrG1基因过量表达对葡萄糖碳源上生长产生的PTA和AK酶活性有一定程度的抑制, 即表现出与基因缺失情况相反的调控效应. 根据以上结果分析, amrG1可能编码了作用于pta-ack操纵子的一个阻遏因子或共阻遏因子.     

杆状病毒转移载体的构建及绿色荧光蛋白在斜纹夜蛾幼虫中的表达

为构建斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒 （SpltMNPV）的重组病毒,以该病毒日本C3株基因组DNA为PCR扩增模板,根据GenBank SpltMNPV中国G2株基因序列,设计了两对引物分别扩增多角体蛋白基因的5′端侧翼序列（含启动子）和3′端侧翼序列（含终止子）,将这两个片段依次克隆于pUC18质粒载体后,再将绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因亚克隆到上述载体的多角体蛋白基因启动子和终止子之间,获得转移载体pSplt-gfp。将pSplt-gfp与野生型SpltMNPV 基因组DNA共转染Spli细胞,通过同源重组和有限稀释法筛选,获得了以gfp基因替代多角体蛋白基因的重组病毒SpltMNPV-gfp。SpltMNPV-gfp感染Spli细胞和斜纹夜蛾幼虫,分别在感染24h和48h后可发现绿色荧光蛋白的表达。该重组病毒的获得,为建立斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒表达体系奠定了基础。     

中国东部栗疫病菌dsRNA群体的多样性

采用生物学测定和凝胶电泳的方法,对中国东部栗疫病菌(Cryphonectria parasitica)的dsRNA病毒进行了研究。根据电泳图谱,中国东部栗疫病菌的dsRNA病毒可以分为5种类型,其中类型1只具有一个12．7kh的条带,占大多数;类型Ⅱ有两条带,一条12．7kh,另一条5．2kb左右,只有一个菌株354;类型Ⅲ则除了12．7kb的条带外,还有3条小于2kb的小片段,有238和250两个菌株;dsRNA属于类型Ⅳ的为269和344两个菌株,它只含有两个1．8—3．1kb的小片段;dsRNA类型Ⅴ只有一个菌株280,除了一条12．7kb分子外,还有4条2．6—3．3kb的小片段。含有dsRNA的菌株培养性状多样,根据菌落特征．栗疫病菌可以划分为5种培养类型,但菌株的培养类型与dsRNA的类型间没有对应的关系。毒力测定表明含有dsRNA病毒的供试菌株大多属于低毒力类型;     

富养罗尔斯通氏菌菌株 PHB“泄漏”机理的初探

建立了一种分离纯化聚羟基丁酸(Polyhydroxybutyrate, PHB)颗粒的改良方法。采用这种方法从Ralstonia eutropha菌株H16（野生型）、SK1489（Tn5诱变的PHB泄漏菌株）、JMP222（野生的PHB泄漏菌株）分离了PHB颗粒。进一步比较研究了不同菌株的PHB解聚酶和3羟基丁酸脱氢酶的活性。研究结果表明,菌株SK1489的PHB解聚酶活性（48h培养后达1.82 U/mg）明显高于野生型菌株H16(48 h培养后达0.37 U/mg),菌株JMP222的3羟基丁酸脱氢酶活性(培养96 h后达1659 U/mg)比菌株H16培养(96 h后达640 U/mg)高许多。这些结果显示,不同菌株PHB的泄漏有不同的原因,突变株SK1489导致PHB泄漏的原因是解聚酶活性高,而野生型JMP222 PHB泄漏的原因主要是3羟基丁酸脱氢酶活性高。     

假单胞菌M18菌株的PltR因子特异性正调控藤黄绿菌素合成

经生物信息学分析, 在假单胞菌M18(Pseudomonas sp. M18)菌株的藤黄绿菌素(pyoluteorin, Plt)生物合成基因簇上游定位了一个属于LysR家族的调控因子编码基因pltR. 运用同源重组技术, 构建了pltR失活的突变菌株M18TRG, 在King’s B培养基中, 与野生型菌株相比, Plt合成能力下降了70%, 而吩嗪-1-羧酸(phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, PCA)的合成能力不受影响. 反式互补pltR的突变株能回复Plt的合成能力达到野生型水平. 在菌株M18中过表达pltR, Plt产量提高13倍, PCA产量没有改变. 这些结果表明pltR基因表达产物是Plt生物合成的特异性正调控因子. 在野生型菌株M18和不产Plt的突变株M18T中, pltR基因表达量无显著差异, 表明pltR基因的表达不受Plt调控. 与野生株相比, 突变株M18TRG中的转录融合plt-lacZ表达量显著降低, 表明PltR对Plt的正调控作用主要发生在转录水平上. 对pltR基因在gacA突变株M18G和rsmA突变株M18R中的表达量的进一步研究发现, PltR参与了gacA基因对Plt的合成的正调控, 但不参与rsmA基因对Plt合成的负调控.     

Genetic relatedness among dsRNAs from different isolates ofDiscula destructiva

The genetic relationships among double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) from 76 isolates ofDiscula destructiva obtained from different geographic locations from New York to Alabama were studied by dot-blot hybridization. The dsRNA segments, identified by agarose gel electrophoresis, varied in size and number. Probes were constructed from total dsRNA from six isolates with different dsRNA profiles and of different geographic origins. Each probe hybridized with dsRNA from ca. 62% of the isolates under the high-stringency washing conditions used. No major differences in the percentage of the total isolates that hybridized with each probe were observed. These results suggest a recent common origin of these isolates ofD. destructiva.     

Transmission of double-stranded RNA in Heterobasidion annosum

Transmission of dsRNA viruses between homo- and heterokaryotic mycelia paired on agar plates and into conidia has been studied in Heterobasidion annosum. Horizontal transmission of dsRNA occurred between both homo- and heterokaryotic isolates, as well as between isolates belonging to different intersterility groups. The proportions of vertical transmission into conidia were 3% and 55%, respectively, for the two isolates included in the study. RT-PCR of dsRNA and PCR-RFLP of mitochondrial markers were used to confirm transmission of dsRNA between the cytoplasms of different mycelia. The identity of nuclei and nuclear migration during experiments were verified using PCR-RFLP of several nuclear markers.     

Genetic control of horizontal virus transmission in the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica

Vegetative incompatibility in fungi has long been known to reduce the transmission of viruses between individuals, but the barrier to transmission is incomplete. In replicated laboratory assays, we showed conclusively that the transmission of viruses between individuals of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica is controlled primarily by vegetative incompatibility (vic) genes. By replicating vic genotypes in independent fungal isolates, we quantified the effect of heteroallelism at each of six vic loci on virus transmission. Transmission occurs with 100% frequency when donor and recipient isolates have the same vic genotypes, but heteroallelism at one or more vic loci generally reduces virus transmission. Transmission was variable among single heteroallelic loci. At the extremes, heteroallelism at vic4 had no effect on virus transmission, but transmission occurred in only 21% of pairings that were heteroallelic at vic2. Intermediate frequencies of transmission were observed when vic3 and vic6 were heteroallelic (76 and 32%, respectively). When vic1, vic2, and vic7 were heteroallelic, the frequency of transmission depended on which alleles were present in the donor and the recipient. The effect of heteroallelism at two vic loci was mostly additive, although small but statistically significant interactions (epistasis) were observed in four pairs of vic loci. A logistic regression model was developed to predict the probability of virus transmission between vic genotypes. Heteroallelism at vic loci, asymmetry, and epistasis were the dominant factors controlling transmission, but host genetic background also was statistically significant, indicating that vic genes alone cannot explain all the variation in virus transmission. Predictions from the logistic regression model were highly correlated to independent transmission tests with field isolates. Our model can be used to estimate horizontal transmission rates as a function of host genetics in natural populations of C. parasitica.     

小核菌中dsRN 的存在、位置及其生防作用

ScleortiumcepivorumBerk.是引起洋葱白腐病的病原真菌,大部分测试的菌株含有dsRNA片段,这些dsRNA片段被称为真菌病毒。经琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,在不同分离株之间或同一分离株不同提取物之间dsRNA带的数量和位置有很大的变化。ScQ-4菌株菌丝生长缓慢,致病力明显低于其他菌株。采用蔗糖密度梯度离心法证实和确定ScQ-4菌株中dsRNA片段所处的亚细胞位置,结果表明这些dsRNA片段与其寄主线粒体共同纯化,因此它们可能存在于寄主线粒体中,属于线粒体病毒。在营养相容性菌株之间这些dsRNA片段可通过菌丝融合进行传播,获得dsRNA片段的受体菌株的致病力明显降低,这对SclerotiumcepivorumBer.k进行生物防治提供了可能性。     

小核菌中dsRNA的存在、位置及其生防作用

Scleortium cepivorum Berk．是引起洋葱白腐病的病原真菌,大部分测试的菌株含有dsRNA片段,这些dsRNA片段被称为真菌病毒。经琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,在不同分离株之间或同一分离株不同提取物之间dsRNA带的数量和位置有很大的变化。ScQ-4菌株菌丝生长缓慢,致病力明显低于其他菌株。采用蔗糖密度梯度离心法证实和确定ScQ-4菌株中dsRNA片段所处的亚细胞位置,结果表明这些dsRNA片段与其寄主线粒体共同纯化,因此它们可能存在于寄主线粒体中,属于线粒体病毒。在营养相容性菌株之间这些dsRNA片段可通过菌丝融合进行传播,获得dsRNA片段的受体菌株的致病力明显降低,这对Sclerotium cepivorum Ber．k进行生物防治提供了可能性。     

Presence and distribution of double-stranded RNA elements in the white root rot fungus Rosellinia necatrix

Double-stranded (ds)RNA of various types was detected in 65 (21.8%) of 298 isolates from vegetative hyphae of Rosellinia necatrix by electrophoresis, but dsRNA was not detected from 39 ascosporic isolates. There were 45 distinct dsRNA profiles in the 65 isolates: they varied in the number of electrophoretic bands from 1 to 12 and in size from less than 1000 bp to more than 10 kbp. Each dsRNA profile was unique to each locality. dsRNAs having the same profiles were restricted to isolates of the same mycelial compatibility groups (MCG) from the same trees, with an exception where different profiles were detected in different isolates of the same MCGs. Received: May 7, 2001 / Accepted: September 5, 2001     

Genetics of self/nonself recognition in Serpula lacrymans

This study provides an analysis of the vegetative incompatibility system in Serpula lacrymans (Basidiomycota), a genetic system used to recognize nonself in fungi. Seventy-five worldwide isolates could be grouped into eight vegetative compatibility (VC) types, some of them distributed on different continents. Mating studies combined with vegetative incompatibility analyses revealed that the vegetative incompatibility response between isolates mainly could be explained by two biallelic vegetative incompatibility (vic) loci. The frequency distributions of the interpreted vic alleles do not seem to support the idea of frequency-dependent or balancing selection acting on the vic loci. We find little genetic variation at the vic loci and in one of the loci there was a significant heterozyote deficiency among strains in the overall material. The results may be explained by a recent worldwide dispersal of a few S. lacrymans isolates and, correspondingly, only a few vic alleles are being maintained in these populations.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vibrio cholerae</Emphasis> from cholera outbreaks in Chennai

The genotype and antibiotic resistance pattern of the toxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains associated with cholera outbreaks vary frequently. Fifty-one V. cholerae strains isolated from cholera outbreaks in Chennai (2002–2005) were screened for the presence of virulence and regulatory genes by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Genotyping of the isolates was done by VC1 primers derived from enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-related sequence in V. cholerae. All the isolates possessed toxigenic genes, such as ctxA, ctxB, tcpA, ace, ompU, toxR and zot. Two different El Tor genotypes and one O139 genotype could be delineated by VC1-PCR. One of the El Tor genotypes was similar to the El Tor strains isolated from Bhind district and Delhi during 2004. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed greater variability among the isolates tested. All the isolates were found to be susceptible to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. Thiry-three per cent of the isolates were found to be resistant to more than 4 antibiotics and could be termed as multiple antibiotic resistant. Coexistence of O139 serogroup along with the El Tor biotype could be identified among the strains recovered during the period 2002–2004. The O139 isolates were found to be more susceptible to the antibiotics tested when compared to the El Tor isolates.     

Prevalence and Diversity of Viruses in the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana

Viruses have been discovered in numerous fungal species, but unlike most known animal or plant viruses, they are rarely associated with deleterious effects on their hosts. The knowledge about viruses among entomopathogenic fungi is very limited, although their existence is suspected because of the presence of virus-like double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in isolates of several species. Beauveria bassiana is one of the most-studied species of entomopathogenic fungi; it has a cosmopolitan distribution and is used as a biological control agent against invertebrates in agriculture. We analyzed a collection of 73 isolates obtained at different locations and from different habitats in Spain and Portugal, searching for dsRNA elements indicative of viral infections. The results revealed that the prevalence of viral infections is high; 54.8% of the isolates contained dsRNA elements with viral characteristics. The dsRNA electropherotypes of infected isolates indicated that virus diversity was high in the collection analyzed and that mixed virus infections occurred in fungal isolates. However, a hybridization experiment indicated that dsRNA bands that are similar in size do not always have similar sequences. Particular virus species or dsRNA profiles were not associated with locations or types of habitats, probably because of the ubiquity and efficient dispersion of this fungus as an airborne species. The sequence of one of the most common dsRNA elements corresponded to the 5.2-kbp genome of a previously undescribed member of the Totiviridae family, termed B. bassiana RNA virus 1 (BbRV1).