Vulnerability of the Oceanic Whitetip Shark to Pelagic Longline Fisheries

A combination of fisheries dependent and independent data was used to assess the vulnerability of the oceanic whitetip shark to pelagic longline fisheries. The Brazilian tuna longline fleet, operating in the equatorial and southwestern Atlantic, is used as a case study. Fisheries dependent data include information from logbooks (from 1999 to 2011) and on-board observers (2004 to 2010), totaling 65,277 pelagic longline sets. Fisheries independent data were obtained from 8 oceanic whitetip sharks tagged with pop-up satellite archival tags in the area where longline fleet operated. Deployment periods varied from 60 to 178 days between 2010 and 2012. Tagging and pop-up sites were relatively close to each other, although individuals tended to travel long distances before returning to the tagging area. Some degree of site fidelity was observed. High utilization hotspots of tagged sharks fell inside the area under strongest fishing pressure. Despite the small sample size, a positive correlation between tag recorded information and catch data was detected. All sharks exhibited a strong preference for the warm and shallow waters of the mixed layer, spending on average more than 70% of the time above the thermocline and 95% above 120 m. Results indicate that the removal of shallow hooks on longline gear might be an efficient mitigation measure to reduce the bycatch of this pelagic shark species. The work also highlights the potential of tagging experiments to provide essential information for the development of spatio-temporal management measures.     

3种番荔枝属植物对低温胁迫的生理响应及抗寒性评价

选取凤梨释迦Annona×atemoya、圆滑番荔枝A.glabra、刺果番荔枝A.muricata等3种番荔枝属2年生苗进行低温胁迫处理,并以自然状态下生长为对照,测定可溶性总糖、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)含量,以及过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。通过对抗寒性生理指标对比分析,得出3种番荔枝抗寒能力强弱顺序为刺果番荔枝>圆滑番荔枝>凤梨释迦。     

巴西橡胶树响应低温逆境的生理特征及其调控机制

低温是非传统植胶区巴西橡胶树（Hevea brasiliensis）种植的重要限制因子。低温能够引起巴西橡胶树细胞结构、原生质胶体特性、水分状况、细胞渗透压、光合作用、呼吸作用、物质代谢和保护酶系统等发生一系列改变,最终影响植株的生长发育。目前已从巴西橡胶树中克隆出一些抗寒相关基因,但是巴西橡胶树响应低温胁迫的调控机制仍不十分清楚。本文综述了巴西橡胶树对低温逆境响应的生理特征及其应答调控机制,以期为深入研究巴西橡胶树抗寒机制提供参考。     

Temperature preferences of the mite, Alaskozetes antarcticus, and the collembolan, Cryptopygus antarcticus from the maritime Antarctic

Abstract. The thermal preferences of Alaskozetes antarcticus (Acari, Cryptostigmata) and Cryptopygus antarcticus (Collembola, Isotomidae) were investigated over 6 h within a temperature gradient (?3 to +13 °C), under 100% relative humidity (RH) conditions. After 10 days of acclimation at ?2 or +11 °C, individual supercooling points (SCP) and thermopreferences were assessed, and compared with animals maintained for 10 days under fluctuating field conditions (?6 to +7 °C). Acclimation at ?2 °C lowered the mean SCP of both A. antarcticus (?24.2 ± 9.1) and C. antarcticus (?14.7 ± 7.7) compared to field samples (?19.0 ± 9.0 and ?10.7 ± 5.2, respectively). Acclimation at +11 °C increased A. antarcticus mean SCP values (?13.0 ± 8.5) relative to field samples, whereas those of C. antarcticus again decreased (?16.7 ± 9.1). Mites acclimated under field conditions or at +11 °C selected temperatures between ?3 and +1 °C. After acclimation at ?2 °C, both species preferred +1 to +5 °C. Cryptopygus antarcticus maintained under field conditions preferred +5 to +9 °C, whereas individuals acclimated at +11 °C selected +9 to +13 °C. For A. antarcticus, thermopreference was not influenced by its cold hardened state. The distribution of field specimens was further assessed within two combined temperature and humidity gradient systems: (i) 0–3 °C/12% RH, 3–6 °C/33% RH, 6–9 °C/75% RH and 9–12 °C/100% RH and (ii) 0–3 °C/100% RH, 3–6 °C/75% RH, 6–9 °C/33% RH and 9–12 °C/12% RH. In gradient (i), C. antarcticus distributed homogeneously, but, in gradient (ii), C. antarcticus preferred 0–3 °C/100% RH. Alaskozetes antarcticus selected temperatures between 0 and +6 °C regardless of RH conditions. Cryptopygus antarcticus appears better able than A. antarcticus to opportunistically utilize developmentally favourable thermal microclimates, when moisture availability is not restricted. The distribution of A. antarcticus appears more influenced by temperature, especially during regular freeze‐thaw transitions, when this species may select low temperature microhabitats to maintain a cold‐hardened state.     

长穗薄冰草（Thinopyrum ponticum）对盐碱胁迫的生理响应

实验采用不同浓度（以干土重0.3%、0.5%、0.7%和0.9%计）Na2SO4、NaCl、NaHCO3、Na2CO3,Na2SO4：NaCl=1：1、NaHCO3：Na2CO3=1：1和Na2SO4：NaCl：NaHCO3：Na2CO3=1：1：1：1对长穗薄冰草进行胁迫,研究长穗薄冰草对盐碱胁迫的生理响应.结果表明：根系活力、SOD活性随盐碱浓度的增加逐渐下降,脯氨酸含量呈上升趋势,叶绿素含量除Na2SO4处理组外,呈先上升后下降的趋势.其中碱性盐（NaHCO3、Na2CO3、NaHCO3：Na2CO3=1：1、Na2SO4：NaCl：NaHCO3：Na2CO3=1：1：1：1）对长穗薄冰草的胁变效应较中性盐（Na2SO4、NaCl、Na2SO4：NaCl=1：1）大,以Na2SO4处理组对长穗薄冰草的影响最小,0.7% Na2CO3是长穗薄冰草正常生长的临界浓度.     

Physiological Response of Lactobacillus plantarum to Salt and Nonelectrolyte Stress

In this report, we compared the effects on the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum of raising the medium molarity by high concentrations of KCl or NaCl and iso-osmotic concentrations of nonionic compounds. Analysis of cellular extracts for organic constituents by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that salt-stressed cells do not contain detectable amounts of organic osmolytes, whereas sugar-stressed cells contain sugar (and some sugar-derived) compounds. The cytoplasmic concentrations of lactose and sucrose in growing cells are always similar to the concentrations in the medium. By using the activity of the glycine betaine transport system as a measure of hyperosmotic conditions, we show that, in contrast to KCl and NaCl, high concentrations of sugars (lactose or sucrose) impose only a transient osmotic stress because external and internal sugars equilibrate after some time. Analysis of lactose (and sucrose) uptake also indicates that the corresponding transport systems are neither significantly induced nor activated directly by hyperosmotic conditions. The systems operate by facilitated diffusion and have very high apparent affinity constants for transport (>50 mM for lactose), which explains why low sugar concentrations do not protect against hyperosmotic conditions. We conclude that the more severe growth inhibition by salt stress than by equiosmolal concentrations of sugars reflects the inability of the cells to accumulate K⁺ (or Na⁺) to levels high enough to restore turgor as well as deleterious effects of the electrolytes intracellularly.     

四季竹对不同浓度NaCl胁迫的生理响应

以夏秋季优良笋用竹种四季竹盆栽苗为材料,研究了土壤中1‰~6‰浓度NaCl(干重)处理对四季竹叶片脱落率、离子渗漏率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性以及渗透调节物质含量的变化特征,以探讨四季竹的抗盐机理。结果表明:(1)随NaCl浓度的增大和处理时间的延长,四季竹叶片脱落率逐渐增加;四季竹在1‰~2‰NaCl浓度下的土壤中生长良好,在3‰~5‰浓度下随处理浓度的增大伤害逐渐加重,但这种伤害是可逆的,6‰是四季竹的半致死盐浓度。(2)叶片离子渗漏率随NaCl浓度的增大而显著增大,在6‰浓度处理下随处理时间的延长近直线升高,在3‰~5‰浓度下先升高后降低,而在1‰~2‰浓度处理下变化平缓且与同期对照无显著差异;叶片MDA含量随NaCl浓度的增大而增加,随处理时间的延长先增加后降低。(3)四季竹叶片SOD和POD活性在胁迫3~15 d均出现先下降后上升的过程,其有一定的锻炼适应性;叶片脯氨酸含量随NaCl处理浓度的增大而增加,其随处理时间的延长在1‰~2‰浓度处理下变化平缓,在3‰~6‰浓度处理下显著增加后减小;各浓度处理的可溶性蛋白含量随处理时间的延长先增加后减小,但均高于对照。研究发现,四季竹是较耐盐竹种,其可以通过调控自身保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来有效缓解盐胁迫伤害,从而表现出一定的耐盐能力。     

苜蓿幼苗对铝胁迫的生理响应及综合评价

为探讨铝胁迫对苜蓿(Medicago sativa)幼苗生长和生理特性的影响,对铝胁迫下苜蓿地上和地下生物量、光合色素及根尖胼胝质含量进行测定,并对根尖结构进行观察,最后采用隶属函数分析法对苜蓿耐铝性进行评价。结果表明,随着铝胁迫的增加,苜蓿地上、地下部分生物量呈降低趋势,低浓度和高浓度铝胁迫使苜蓿生物量显著下降(P0.05);苜蓿的叶绿素含量呈下降趋势,胼胝质积累量增多;中、高浓度铝胁迫使根尖胼胝质含量显著上升。随铝胁迫浓度升高,根尖横切面细胞发生较大变化,尤其在高浓度时,细胞干瘪且排列紊乱。隶属函数分析结果表明,No. 12和No. 18苜蓿材料的耐铝性较好,可在南方酸性富铝化土壤中推广应用。     

宽叶雀稗对养分缺乏胁迫的形态与生理响应

为探索宽叶雀稗(Paspalum wetsfeteini)耐瘠薄机理,采用分蘖繁殖获得其相同基因型试验苗,通过盆栽养分胁迫试验,分析胁迫后10～60 d幼苗叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛等含量以及SOD、POD、CAT活性。结果表明,SOD、POD活性在养分胁迫后20 d达到峰值,脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量和CAT活性则在养分胁迫后30 d达到峰值。叶绿素含量在养分胁迫后10～30 d无显著变化(P>0.05),40 d时出现显著降低(P<0.05)。丙二醛含量在胁迫后10～20 d无显著差异,30 d开始出现显著上升(P<0.05)。胁迫60 d后,养分胁迫的宽叶雀稗株高、叶长、叶宽、根长、根表面积分别是对照的55.61%、64.85%、65.0%、140%、136%,同时叶肉细胞更为狭长,叶背绒毛长约为对照的5%。     

翅果油树幼苗对NaCl胁迫的生理生化反应

研究了不同浓度NaCl处理对翅果油树幼苗高度、叶绿素含量、膜脂过氧化和保护酶活性的影响.结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的升高和胁迫时间的延长,幼苗高度明显受到抑制,叶绿素含量呈下降趋势.整个处理过程中,丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐增加,但增加幅度不大,表明脂质过氧化反应水平不高.各处理浓度的叶片相对电导率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均呈上升趋势.研究表明,翅果油树幼苗在NaCl胁迫下有活性较高的膜保护酶系统,具有一定的抗盐能力.     

Immediate and delayed effects of gill-net capture on acid-base balance and intramuscular lactate concentration of gummy sharks, Mustelus antarcticus

Many sharks are captured as untargeted by-catch during commercial fishing operations and are subsequently discarded. A reliable assessment of the proportion of discarded sharks that die post-release as a result of excessive physiological stress is important for fisheries management and conservation purposes, but a reliable physiological predictor of post-release mortality has not been identified. To investigate effects of gill-net capture on the acid-base balance of sharks, we exposed gummy sharks, Mustelus antarcticus, to 60 min of gill-net capture in a controlled setting, and obtained multiple blood and muscle tissue samples during a 72-h recovery period following the capture event. Overall mortality of gummy sharks was low (9%). Blood pH was significantly depressed immediately after the capture event due to a combination of respiratory and metabolic acidosis. Maximum concentrations of plasma lactate (9.9 ± 1.5 mmol L(-1)) were measured 3h after the capture event. Maximum intramuscular lactate concentrations (37.0 ± 4.6 μmol g(-1)) were measured immediately after the capture event, and intramuscular lactate concentrations were substantially higher than plasma lactate concentrations at all times. Sharks in poor condition had low blood pH and high intramuscular lactate concentration, but blood pH does not appear to be a reliable predictor of survival. Suitability of intramuscular lactate concentration as predictor of delayed mortality deserves further investigation.     

不同砧木黄瓜嫁接苗对温度胁迫的生理响应及其抗性评价

以4种砧木和‘春秋王2号’( Cucumis sativus ‘Chunqiuwang No.2’)黄瓜为嫁接试材,在人工气候箱内对嫁接苗和自根苗进行了连续3 d的低温(昼12 ℃/夜5 ℃)、高温(昼42 ℃/夜35 ℃)和常温(昼25 ℃/夜18 ℃)3组处理,分析温度胁迫对嫁接苗和自根苗的伤害指数、光合特性和抗氧化系统的影响,明确不同砧木嫁接苗对低温和高温抗性机制的异同,为黄瓜设施栽培生产中不同季节选择嫁接砧木提供依据。结果表明:(1)低温胁迫下,黑籽南瓜( Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché)砧嫁接苗冷害指数最低,其次为日本南瓜( Cucurbita moschata )砧嫁接苗,两者的相对叶绿素含量、净光合速率( P n)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和可溶性蛋白含量比常温对照增加较多,且两者丙二醛(MDA)含量较低。(2)高温胁迫下,‘五叶香’丝瓜( Luffa cylindrica ‘Wuyexiang’)砧嫁接苗热害指数最低,同时叶绿素含量、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性和可溶性蛋白含量均相对较高,MDA含量最低;‘甬砧8号’( Cucurbita maxima×Cucurbita moschata ‘Yongzhen No.8’)白籽南瓜砧和日本南瓜砧嫁接苗热害指数也较低,且SOD、CAT和APX活性较高。(3)不同嫁接组合的抗性综合评价结果显示,黑籽南瓜砧嫁接苗的耐寒性最强,丝瓜砧嫁接苗的耐热性最强,日本南瓜砧嫁接苗和‘甬砧8号’砧嫁接苗对高温和低温均具有一定的耐受性。研究发现,黑籽南瓜砧等嫁接组合可以通过维持光合性能,提高抗氧化酶活性,增加渗透调节物质含量来缓解高低温度胁迫造成的过氧化伤害,从而表现出对高低温胁迫的较强抵抗力。     

不结球白菜表皮蜡质高温胁迫生理响应

为了明晰高温胁迫下表皮蜡质在不结球白菜生理响应中的保护作用,该研究以不结球白菜有蜡(Q28)和无蜡(Q1202)品种为试验材料,设置高温胁迫组(昼/夜温度为37℃/30℃)和对照组(昼/夜温度为25℃/18℃)处理,观察不同材料叶片表皮细胞形态,比较分析高温胁迫处理下不同时期生理和光合指标变化的差异.结果 表明:(1)...     

山黧豆幼苗对干旱胁迫的生理响应

用PEG6000模拟干旱对山黧豆进行胁迫。结果发现,胁迫初期（0~48 h）,突然的水分亏缺使气孔导度（Sc）和蒸腾速率（Tr）迅速下降,而净光合速率（Pn）和水分有效利用率（WUE）基本维持稳定。胁迫后期（48~108 h）,上述四个光合指标均不同程度地向对照水平恢复;脯氨酸和相对电导率（REC）受胁迫强度影响较小,但与胁迫时间呈明显正相关,分别在48和60 h增幅最大,而且当REC上升至对照的50%左右时,脯氨酸含量已达对照的14倍之多。由此认为,山黧豆可能主要通过迅速减小Sc和Tr以及大量而急剧的积累脯氨酸来减轻干旱所造成的伤害。     

Physiological Stress Response of Captive White-Tailed Deer to Video Collars

ABSTRACT Animal-borne video and environmental data collection systems (AVEDs) are an advanced form of biotelemetry that combines video with other sensors. As a proxy for physiological stress, we assessed fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) excretion in 7 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fitted with AVED dummy collars; 9 additional deer served as controls. We collected fecal samples over 3 2-week periods: pretreatment, treatment, and posttreatment periods. There were no differences in FGMs across time periods (F_2,218 = 1.94, P = 0.147) and no difference between FGMs of control and treatment individuals (F_1,14 = 0.72, P = 0.411). Fecal glucocorticoid metabolite excretion in AVED-collared deer was indistinguishable from uncollared animals and within the normal, baseline range for this species. Absence of an adrenal response to collaring suggested that AVED collaring does not induce physiological stress in deer.     

水稻花药对高温胁迫的生理响应

为了探明水稻花药在高温胁迫下的生理反应及适应机理,以耐热水稻品系996和热敏感水稻品系4628为材料,在人工气候室进行高温（9：00-17：00,37℃;17：00-9：00,30℃）和适温处理（9：00-17：00,30℃;17：00～9：00,25℃）,研究高温胁迫对水稻花药可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、热稳定蛋白、维生素C含量、膜透性及内源激素含量等生理特性的影响。结果表明,高温使水稻花药中可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量和维生素C含量下降,热稳定蛋白含量上升;热敏感品系4628花药中丙二醛含量和相对电导率在高温胁迫下增幅大于耐热品系996;高温胁迫下,水稻花药中GA3和IAA含量降低,ABA含量上升,耐热品系996花药中GA3、IAA含量降低幅度小于热敏感品系4628,ABA含量增加幅度小于热敏感品系4628。     

不同品种万寿菊对镉胁迫的生长和生理响应

以6个万寿菊品种为研究对象,研究了不同浓度的重金属镉（Cd）胁迫（0、200、400、600 mg/L）对万寿菊基径、株高以及百叶重、茎叶重和单花质量等生长指标及其质膜透性（丙二醛、相对电导率）、保护酶活性（SOD、POD、CAT、APX）以及光合特性(叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率)等生理指标的影响。结果显示:(1)低于400 mg/L的Cd胁迫对6个万寿菊品种的基径、株高无明显影响,而百叶重、茎叶重和单花质量却随着Cd浓度的增加显著降低,尤其是‘大英雄’和‘迪阿哥’2个品种表现的抗性较差。(2)随着Cd胁迫浓度的增加,各品种丙二醛（MDA）含量和相对电导率（REC）显著增加,而其保护酶活性不同程度降低。(3)Cd胁迫降低了万寿菊的叶绿素Chl a+b含量和Chl a/b,且抗性差的品种降低的幅度更大;叶片净光合速率（Pⁿ）明显降低,但蒸腾速率(T^r)和气孔导度(G^s)相对降幅较小,对水分利用效率（WUE）影响较小。研究表明,不同品种万寿菊对Cd毒害响应存在明显的差异,且Cd胁迫下生理响应的差异是品种间耐性差异的重要原因之一;抗性差的品种在高浓度Cd胁迫下,光合作用能力降低,抗氧化系统酶的活性受到显著抑制,膜质过氧化加剧,且品种‘珍妮’和‘金门’的抗性强于其他品种,可选择作为Cd污染区栽植植物。     

菊芋悬浮细胞对盐胁迫的生理响应

为探讨菊芋（Helianthus tuberosus）悬浮培养细胞对盐胁迫的生理响应,在0、50、100、150、200 mmol·L^-1NaCl处理下测定了细胞的生物量、相对细胞活力、抗氧化酶活性以及过氧化氢、丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质的含量,测定了总酚含量并鉴别、定量分析了14种酚类化合物。结果表明：盐胁迫显著减弱了菊芋悬浮细胞的活力,抑制了细胞的增长,200 mmol·L^-1NaCl处理下细胞生长基本上停止。盐胁迫诱发了细胞氧化胁迫,丙二醛含量显著增加,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、过氧化物酶活性以及总酚含量、部分酚类化合物含量均随NaCl浓度升高而增加,酚类物质和抗氧化酶系统共同参与了应对氧化胁迫的抗氧化作用。脯氨酸在菊芋悬浮细胞应对NaCl渗透胁迫的渗透调节作用中扮演了重要的角色,而可溶性糖发挥的作用不大。     

德国景天扦插苗对干旱胁迫的生理响应

以耐旱性较强的德国景天(Sedum hybridum)扦插苗为材料进行干旱胁迫处理(60d),并测定其叶片相对含水量、丙二醛含量、细胞伤害率、光合参数(净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率)、荧光参数(F_v/F_m、q~P、PHiPS2),以及苹果酸含量、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)活性等生理指标。结果显示,干旱胁迫导致德国景天叶片相对含水量、光合参数、荧光参数降低,细胞伤害率、丙二醛含量升高;干旱胁迫30d时,各项生理指标变化幅度较小,但40d后变化幅度显著增加,并且德国景天叶片的苹果酸含量和PEPCase活性显著升高,表明C_3光合途径不断减弱,景天酸代谢(CAM)途径被激活,参与了德国景天对干旱胁迫的响应,提高了其耐旱性;当干旱胁迫达60d时,因超过其耐受范围,德国景天受损严重,逐渐死亡。这说明德国景天在生理上表现出极强的耐旱性,并且具有兼性CAM植物的特征,通过CAM途径活化提高植株耐旱性是德国景天重要的耐旱机理。     

紫茉莉对铅胁迫生理响应的FTIR研究

铅是一种毒性强的重金属元素,一旦进入环境将很难修复,进而通过食物链危及人类健康。傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)具有准确度好、简便快捷、分辨率高的特点,是一种探讨植物重金属耐性机理的可行方法。紫茉莉是一种生长快的多年生草本植物,有应用于铅污染土壤植物稳定的前景。通过温室培养,研究不同铅处理条件下(0,50,100,200,500,1000μmol/L),紫茉莉不同组织器官(根、茎、叶)的傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)图谱变化,结果发现,生长介质铅处理浓度低于500μmol/L时对紫茉莉的生长基本没有影响,当Pb处理浓度达到1000μmol/L时,生物量略显降低,但是各处理浓度间生物量差异性不显著。紫茉莉根组织在3420,2920,1610,1060 cm^-1 等处峰高先上升后下降,反映蛋白质、氨基酸、糖类、羧酸等物质在低铅处理条件下往往作为渗透性调节物质出现, 有机物含量升高,但随着铅含量的升高, 其合成和运输受限, 有机物含量逐渐下降;茎组织在2920,1630,1380,1060 cm^-1 等处峰高无明显变化;叶组织在1650 cm^-1 处峰高随铅处理浓度升高而升高,这可能与紫茉莉叶中蛋白质和氨基酸等物质含量升高有关。这表明,紫茉莉通过根系有机物含量的变化,将植物吸收的Pb大部分积累在根部,阻止Pb向地上部分运输,有效的保护了植物地上部分。