硫胺素、核黄素和烟酰胺对大鼠体重增长及脂代谢影响的实验研究

目的：B族维生素以辅酶的形式参与糖、脂肪和蛋白质代谢,本文观察硫胺素、核黄素和烟酰胺补充对高脂饲料诱导大鼠肥胖的影响。方法：采用预防肥胖模型法,2×2×2析因设计分为8组：高脂对照组（F0组）,高脂＋硫胺素（F1组）,高脂＋核黄素（F2组）,高脂＋烟酰胺（F3组）,高脂＋硫胺素＋核黄素（F4组）,高脂＋硫胺素＋烟酰胺（F5组）,高脂＋核黄素＋烟酰胺（F6组）,高脂＋硫胺素＋核黄素＋烟酰胺（F7组）,每组12只大鼠,给予高脂饲料喂养,同时硫胺素（100mg／kgbw／d）、核黄素（100mg／kgbw／d）、烟酰胺（250mg／kgbw／d）灌胃,另设正常对照组（C组）12只,普通饲料喂养,自来水灌胃,15周后,分析其体重、摄食量、体脂重量、血脂等实验前后的变化情况及各组动物之间的差别。结果：经过15周喂养后,高脂喂养大鼠体重比正常对照组平均增加了15．7％;而补充烟酰胺（F3）及联合硫胺素（F5）或核黄素（F6）以及三者联合补充（F7）组高脂喂养大鼠与高脂对照组（F0）相比,体重分别降低了35．0％,30．0％,30．1％和30．6％（P值均小于0．05）;甚至比正常对照组大鼠平均体重分别下降了22．8％,17．0％,17．0％和17．7％（P值均小于0．05）;而补充核黄素或和硫胺素组大鼠体重没有明显增加或降低（P值均大于0．05）。血脂分析结果显示高脂喂养并联合补充核黄素或／和烟酰胺和／或硫胺素组大鼠血清CHOL和LDL水平明显低于高脂对照组;而高脂喂养并联合补充烟酰胺（F3）及联合硫胺素（F5）或核黄素（F6）以及三者联合补充（F7）组大鼠LDL／HDL比值分别0．29、0．26、0．25和0．26,明显低于F0组的0．37（P值均小于0．05）。结论：大剂量烟酰胺可有效地调节血脂水平和控制肥胖大鼠的体重增长,而核黄素及硫胺素对控制肥胖     

硫胺素、核黄素和烟酰胺对大鼠体重增长及脂代谢影响的实验研究(英文)

目的:B族维生素以辅酶的形式参与糖、脂肪和蛋白质代谢,本文观察硫胺素、核黄素和烟酰胺补充对高脂饲料诱导大鼠肥胖的影响。方法:采用预防肥胖模型法,2×2×2析因设计分为8组:高脂对照组(F0组),高脂+硫胺素(F1组),高脂+核黄素(F2组),高脂+烟酰胺(F3组),高脂+硫胺素+核黄素(F4组),高脂+硫胺素+烟酰胺(F5组),高脂+核黄素+烟酰胺(F6组),高脂+硫胺素+核黄素+烟酰胺(F7组),每组12只大鼠,给予高脂饲料喂养,同时硫胺素(100 mg/kg bw/d)、核黄素(100mg/kg bw/d)、烟酰胺(250 mg/kg bw/d)灌胃,另设正常对照组(C组)12只,普通饲料喂养,自来水灌胃,15周后,分析其体重、摄食量、体脂重量、血脂等实验前后的变化情况及各组动物之间的差别。结果:经过15周喂养后,高脂喂养大鼠体重比正常对照组平均增加了15.7%;而补充烟酰胺(F3)及联合硫胺素(F5)或核黄素(F6)以及三者联合补充(F7)组高脂喂养大鼠与高脂对照组(F0)相比,体重分别降低了35.0%,30.0%,30.1%和30.6%(P值均小于0.05);甚至比正常对照组大鼠平均体重分别下降了22.8%,17.0%,17.0%和17.7%(P值均小于0.05);而补充核黄素或和硫胺素组大鼠体重没有明显增加或降低(P值均大于0.05)。血脂分析结果显示高脂喂养并联合补充核黄素或/和烟酰胺和/或硫胺素组大鼠血清CHOL和LDL水平明显低于高脂对照组;而高脂喂养并联合补充烟酰胺(F3)及联合硫胺素(F5)或核黄素(F6)以及三者联合补充(F7)组大鼠LDL/HDL比值分别0.29、0.26、0.25和0.26,明显低于F0组的0.37(P值均小于0.05)。结论:大剂量烟酰胺可有效地调节血脂水平和控制肥胖大鼠的体重增长,而核黄素及硫胺素对控制肥胖大鼠体重增长的作用不明显,尚待进一步研究;核黄素只能够降低血脂水平,提示大剂量烟酰胺可通过增加机体的能量代谢来控制体重的增长。     

Content and Composition of Branched-Chain Fatty Acids in Bovine Milk Are Affected by Lactation Stage and Breed of Dairy Cow

Dairy products contain bioactive fatty acids (FA) and are a unique dietary source of an emerging class of bioactive FA, branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA). The objective of this study was to compare the content and profile of bioactive FA in milk, with emphasis on BCFA, among Holstein (HO), Jersey (JE), and first generation HO x JE crossbreeds (CB) across a lactation to better understand the impact of these factors on FA of interest to human health. Twenty-two primiparous cows (n = 7 HO, n = 7 CB, n = 8 JE) were followed across a lactation. All cows were fed a consistent total mixed ration (TMR) at a 70:30 forage to concentrate ratio. Time points were defined as 5 days in milk (DIM), 95 DIM, 185 DIM, and 275 DIM. HO and CB had a higher content of n-3 FA at 5 DIM than JE and a lower n-6:n-3 ratio. Time point had an effect on the n-6:n-3 ratio, with the lowest value observed at 5 DIM and the highest at 185 DIM. The content of vaccenic acid was highest at 5 DIM, yet rumenic acid was unaffected by time point or breed. Total odd and BCFA (OBCFA) were higher in JE than HO and CB at 185 and 275 DIM. Breed affected the content of individual BCFA. The content of iso-14:0 and iso-16:0 in milk was higher in JE than HO and CB from 95 to 275 DIM. Total OBCFA were affected by time point, with the highest content in milk at 275 DIM. In conclusion, HO and CB exhibited a higher content of several bioactive FA in milk than JE. Across a lactation the greatest content of bioactive FA in milk occurred at 5 DIM and OBCFA were highest at 275 DIM.     

Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation during Lactation on Vitamin D Status and Body Composition of Mother-Infant Pairs: A MAVID Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective

The optimal vitamin D intake for nursing women is controversial. Deterioration, at least in bone mass, is reported during lactation. This study evaluated whether vitamin D supplementation during lactation enhances the maternal and infant’s vitamin D status, bone mass and body composition.

Design and Methods

After term delivery, 174 healthy mothers were randomized to receive 1200 IU/d (800 IU/d+400 IU/d from multivitamins) or 400 IU/d (placebo+400 IU/d from multivitamins) of cholecalciferol for 6 months while breastfeeding. All infants received 400 IU/d of cholecalciferol. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], iPTH, calcium, urinary calcium, and densitometry were performed in mother-offspring pairs after delivery, and at 3 and 6 months later.

Results

A total of 137 (79%) (n = 70; 1200 IU/d, n = 67; 400 IU/d) completed the study. 25(OH)D was similar in both groups at baseline (13.7 ng/ml vs. 16.1 ng/ml; P = 0.09) and at 3 months (25.7 ng/ml vs. 24.5 ng/ml; P = 0.09), but appeared higher in the 1200 IU/d group at 6 months of supplementation (25.6 ng/ml vs. 23.1 ng/ml; P = 0.009). The prevalence of 25(OH)D <20 ng/ml was comparable between groups at baseline (71% vs. 64%, P = 0.36) but lower in the 1200 IU/d group after 3 months (9% vs. 25%, P = 0.009) and 6 months (14% vs. 30%, P = 0.03). Maternal and infants’ iPTH, calciuria, bone mass and body composition as well as infants’ 25(OH)D levels were not significantly different between groups during the study. Significant negative correlations were noted between maternal 25(OH)D and fat mass (R = −0.49, P = 0.00001), android fat mass (R = −0.53, P = 0.00001), and gynoid fat mass (R = −0.43, P = 0.00001) after 6 months of supplementation.

Conclusions

Vitamin D supplementation at a dose of 400 IU/d was not sufficient to maintain 25(OH)D >20 ng/ml in nursing women, while 1200 IU/d appeared more effective, but had no effect on breastfed offspring vitamin D status, or changes in the bone mass and the body composition observed in both during breastfeeding.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01506557","term_id":"NCT01506557"}}NCT01506557     

Dependence of Vitamin Content in Saccharomyces Yeasts on the Composition of Nutrient Media

The qualitative and quantitative composition of water-soluble B group vitamins in Saccharomyces yeasts cultivated on various nutrient media was studied by high-performance liquid chromatography. New strains of Saccharomyces oviformis Y-2635 and Saccharomyces vini F-5, grown in a nutrient medium with geothermal water, are characterized by increased biological value due to high intracellular concentrations of riboflavin, LB, nicotinic acid, and folic acid.     

Elements in Sera of Elite Taekwondo Athletes: Effects of Vitamin E Supplementation

Many researchers have emphasized the relation between nutrition and development and sustaining performance. Two methods are commonly employed to identify the interaction between physical activity and nutrition. The first consists of administering food with a variety of contents to people engaged in physical activity and observing their performance responses, and the other is concerned with determining the effects of physical activity on nutrition. Therefore, it can be said that there has been a growing interest in the explorations into the relation between exercise and vitamins, minerals, and elements. The present study reports the effects of 6 weeks administration of 300 mg/day vitamin E on the distribution of serum elements in elite taekwondo athletes. Seven male athletes, mean ages 22.1 ± 0.5 years weighing on average 66.4 ± 2.4 kg were included in the study. The athletes had been practicing taekwondo for 10–12 years. Resting blood samples were collected in duplicate before and after supplementation for determination of serum levels of cobalt, boron, cadmium, chromium, nickel, manganese, sulfur, copper, iron, zinc, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and calcium. Supplementation resulted in significant increases of all elements relative to values before supplementation (p < 0.001), with the exception of boron and sulfur, which remained without change. The results of the present study demonstrate that vitamin E supplementation crucially influences the element and mineral metabolism in elite athletes.     

Effect of Concentrate Crude Protein Level on Grass Silage Intake,Milk Yield and Nutrient Utilisation by Dairy Cows in Early Lactation

Twenty-one multiparous dairy cows were fed concentrates containing three levels (119, 154 and 191g/kg DM) of crude protein (CP) during the first ten weeks of lactation. Part of the grain and molassed sugar beat pulp was substituted with 0% (RSM0), 15% (RSM15) or 30% (RSM30) rapeseed meal. Wilted grass silage was fed ad libitum after calving. The average response between RSM0 and RSM15 was +1.66kg milk/d per percentage unit change in concentrate CP content. No further response occurred between RSM15 and RSM30. The positive effect of RSM inclusion was seen throughout the experimental period and was associated with increased plasma non esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and decreased plasma insulin concentration one week after calving, and higher efficiency of metabolisable energy utilisation for milk production. Digestibility of the diet remained unaffected. Milk and plasma urea tended to increase with RSM30 indicating excessive supply of rumen degradable protein. Because of the limited potential of cows to compensate for a deficit in feed protein supply by mobilising tissue protein, a substantial milk yield response can be achieved with a moderate level of protein supplementation during early lactation.     

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Selenium and Vitamin E on Growth Performance,Nutrient Apparent Digestibility and Blood Parameters in Female Sika Deer (Cervus nippon)

Biological Trace Element Research - To evaluate the effects of selenium (Se) and vitamin E (Vit E) on female sika deer. This study was conducted using a 3 × 2 + 1 factorial experiment....     

Prefeedîng Plasma Acetoacetate and Glucose in Healthy,Lactating Heifers. Variations Related to Milk Yield,Metabolic Balances and Stage of Lactation

When measured before morning feeding plasma acetoacetate (ACAC) increased and glucose (GL) decreased significantly with increasing milk yield (fat corrected, FCM) within 2 groups of half-sister related heifers which did not suffer from clinical ketosis. The groups received respectively A: 7 kg and B: 4 kg/d of concentrates in addition to grass silage ad libitum (each group 88 animals). Correlation coefficients of the same magnitude between the 3 variables mentioned were obtained in the 1st and 3rd month of lactation in spite of a narrowing of the ACAC range from 0.024 - 0.66 to 0.019 - 0.16 mmol/1. Reproducibility of differences between animals in milk yield and in the plasma components was evidenced by significant correlations between measurements in the 1st and 3rd month. The B-animals produced 2.4 kg/d less FCM than the better fed A group (A, 1st month of lactation 19.8 ±3.1 kg/d) while the mean values for ACAC and GL remained practically unaffected by the difference in feeding. B cows gave consistently 5-6 % lower GL means (p< 0.01) than A animals with identical yields. Animals which showed marked ACAC increment during the first 5-6 weeks of lactation produced 3-4 kg more FCM/d than equally fed animals with constantly low ACAC levels. The estimated energy deficit of this ketonaemic, high-producing category corresponded to the production of 4.5 - 6 kg FCM/d from body reserves. Low ACAC values (<0.05 mmol/1) were reproduced with a standard deviation of ± 4% with the automated nitroprusside method described.     

Effects of Pre-Natal Vitamin D Supplementation with Partial Correction of Vitamin D Deficiency on Early Life Healthcare Utilisation: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Background

Some observational studies have suggested that higher prenatal Vitamin D intake may be associated with improved health outcomes in childhood. However there have been mixed results in this area with some negative studies, especially for effects on atopic and respiratory outcomes. We examined the effect of prenatal Vitamin D on healthcare utilisation in the first three years of life.

Methods

In an ethnically stratified randomised controlled trial conducted at St Mary’s Hospital London, 180 women at 27 weeks gestation were allocated to no Vitamin D, 800 IU ergocalciferol daily until delivery, or a single oral bolus of 200,000 IU cholecalciferol. Participants were randomised in blocks of 15 using computer-generated numbers and investigators were blinded to group assignment. Supplementation increased maternal and cord blood 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations, but levels remained lower than current recommendations. Primary health economic outcome was overall cost of unscheduled healthcare utilisation in the first three years of life as documented in the child’s electronic health record. Secondary outcomes included cost attributable to: primary and secondary healthcare visits, respiratory and atopic complaints, cost in years 1, 2 and 3 of life and cost and frequency of prescribed medication. All costs were calculated as pounds sterling. Differences between groups were analysed using unpaired t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, and analysis of variance for adjusted analyses.

Results

We assessed 99/180 (55%) complete electronic health records, control (n = 31), daily (n = 36) and bolus (n = 32). We found no difference in total healthcare utilisation costs between the control and daily (mean difference in costs in pounds sterling 1.02, 95%CI -1.60, 1.65; adjusted 1.07, 95%CI -1.62, 1.86) or control and bolus groups (mean difference -1.58, 95%CI -2.63, 1.06; adjusted –1.40, 95%CI -2.45, 1.24). There were no adverse effects of supplementation reported during the trial.

Conclusions

We found no evidence that prenatal vitamin D supplementation from 27 weeks gestation to delivery, at doses which failed to completely correct maternal vitamin D deficiency, influence overall healthcare utilisation in children in the first 3 years.

Trial Registration

Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN68645785     

Effects of Vitamin C Supplementation on Performance,Iron Status and Immune Function of Weaned Piglets

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of vitamin C supplementation on performance, iron status and immune function of pigs during the 21-day post-weaning period. In experiment one, 48 crossbred pigs (Chester White ‐ Large White ‐ Yorkshire), weaned at 30 days of age and weighing 7.7 ± 0.9kg, were allotted to diets containing either 0 or 300 mg/kg vitamin C. In experiment two, 96 crossbred pigs (Chester White ‐ Large White ‐ Yorkshire), weaned at 20 ± 2 days and weighing 7.1 ± 0.5kg, were allotted to diets containing 0,75 or 300 mg/kg vitamin C. Six replicate pens were assigned to each treatment in experiment one while experiment two had eight replicates. All pens housed two barrows and two gilts. In both experiments, no improvement (P > 0.05) in growth rate, feed intake or feed conversion was observed as a result of vitamin C supplementation. Plasma iron concentration increased (P < 0.10) with increased vitamin C in the diet while free and total iron binding capacity were unaffected by treatment. There were no differences in the intradermal response to the mitogen phytohemaggutinin used as an indicator of cellular immunity (P > 0.05). In trial 2, the plasma levels of the immunoglobulin IgG showed a linear (P = 0.07) increase with increasing levels of vitamin C and the same trend was noted in trial 1. Antibody titers to bovine serum albumin also tended to increase in both trials but the increases were not statistically significant. In conclusion, the overall results of these experiments indicate that weanling pig performance is not improved as a result of vitamin C supplementation. Whether or not vitamin C plays a role in stimulating humoral immune function in pigs requires further study since the results of our experiments do not completely rule out the possibility that such a role exists.     

Aldehyde and Xanthine Oxidase Activities in Tissues of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats: Effects of Vitamin E and Selenium Supplementation

Effects of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on aldehyde oxidase (AO) and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities and antioxidant status in liver, kidney, and heart of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were examined. AO and XO activities increased significantly after induction of diabetes in rats. Following oral vitamin E (300 mg/kg) and sodium selenite (0.5 mg/kg) intake once a day for 4 weeks, XO activity decreased significantly. AO activity decreased significantly in liver, but remained unchanged in kidney and heart of vitamin E- and selenium-treated rats compared to the diabetic rats. Total antioxidants status, paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activities significantly decreased in the diabetic rats compared to the controls, while a higher fasting plasma glucose level was observed in the diabetic animals. The glutathione peroxidase activity remained statistically unchanged. Malondialdehyde and oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels were higher in the diabetic animals; however, these values were significantly reduced following vitamin E and selenium supplementation. In summary, both AO and XO activities increase in STZ-induced diabetic rats, and vitamin E and selenium supplementation can reduce these activities. The results also indicate that administration of vitamin E and selenium has hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, and antioxidative effects. It decreases tissue damages in diabetic rats, too.     

Small-Quantity Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements,Regardless of Their Zinc Content,Increase Growth and Reduce the Prevalence of Stunting and Wasting in Young Burkinabe Children: A Cluster-Randomized Trial

Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) are promising home fortification products, but the optimal zinc level needed to improve growth and reduce morbidity is uncertain. We aimed to assess the impact of providing SQ-LNS with varied amounts of zinc, along with illness treatment, on zinc-related outcomes compared with standard care. In a placebo-controlled, cluster-randomized trial, 34 communities were stratified to intervention (IC) or non-intervention cohorts (NIC). 2435 eligible IC children were randomly assigned to one of four groups:1) SQ-LNS without zinc, placebo tablet; 2) SQ-LNS containing 5mg zinc, placebo tablet; 3) SQ-LNS containing 10mg zinc, placebo tablet; or 4) SQ-LNS without zinc and 5mg zinc tablet from 9–18 months of age. During weekly morbidity surveillance, oral rehydration salts were provided for reported diarrhea and antimalarial therapy for confirmed malaria. Children in NIC (n = 785) did not receive SQ-LNS, tablets, illness surveillance or treatment. At 9 and 18 months, length, weight and hemoglobin were measured in all children. Reported adherence was 97±6% for SQ-LNS and tablets. Mean baseline hemoglobin was 89±15g/L. At 18 months, change in hemoglobin was greater in IC than NIC (+8 vs -1g/L, p<0.0001), but 79.1% of IC were still anemic (vs. 91.1% in NIC). Final plasma zinc concentration did not differ by group. During the 9-month observation period, the incidence of diarrhea was 1.10±1.03 and of malaria 0.54±0.50 episodes per 100 child-days, and did not differ by group. Length at 18 months was significantly greater in IC compared to NIC (77.7±3.0 vs. 76.9±3.4cm; p<0.001) and stunting prevalence was significantly lower in IC (29.3%) than NIC (39.3%; p<0.0001), but did not differ by intervention group within IC. Wasting prevalence was also significantly lower in IC (8.7%) than in NIC (13.5%; p = 0.0003). Providing SQ-LNS daily with or without zinc, along with malaria and diarrhea treatment, significantly increased growth and reduced stunting, wasting and anemia prevalence in young children.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00944281     

Effect of Zinc Methionine or Zinc Sulfate Supplementation on Milk Production and Composition of Milk in Lactating Dairy Cows

Eighteen lactating dairy cows were used to compare the effects of organic and inorganic Zn supplements on milk production and chemical composition of milk. Animals received three diets in a randomized block design: basal diet with no supplemental Zn (control, 42 mg Zn/kg), basal diet plus 500 mg Zn/kg of dry matter (DM) as zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZnS) and basal diet plus 500 mg Zn/kg of DM as zinc methionine (ZnM). Results showed that milk and fat-corrected milk yield in dairy cows were not significantly affected by Zn source although a numerical increase was observed. The percentages of protein, lactose, fat, solid nonfat, total solid, and density of milk were not significantly different between treatments. However, dairy cows that received ZnM tended to produce more milk and fat-corrected milk with a lower somatic cell count as compared to controls. The zinc concentration in milk in the ZnM and ZnS groups was higher (P < 0.05) than in milk from the control group, but there were no significant differences between ZnS and ZnM groups.