The effect of adrenaline and acetylcholine on the hypothalamic-hypophysial neurosecretion in the rat

Summary The present investigation was undertaken to study the effects of adrenaline and acetylcholine on the hypothalamic-hypophysial neurosecretory system in rats.The drugs were injected intraperitoneally and into the lateral brain ventricle. The water diuresis was measured (I group). The animals were killed 45 min after intraperitoneal and 20 min after intraventricular administration of the drugs for the histological observations on the neurosecretory system and the histochemical studies of catecholamines in this area (II group).The antidiuretic effect of adrenaline and acetylcholine was established. The antidiuresis was more remarkable following intraventricular treatment.There was no direct relationship between the amount of neurosecretory substance and ADH activity in the posterior pituitary in the short term experiment after intraperitoneal administration of these drugs.The rapid release of ADH from the posterior pituitary was accompanied with a remarkable output of neurosecretory substance from the neurosecretory cell bodies into the axons and these effects were considerable after intraventricular introduction of the drugs. Some neurosecretory cells in the state of the initial hyperfunction were observed. In the posterior pituitary the initial mobilisation of the neurosecretory material from the neurosecretory terminals following intraventricular introduction of the drugs was observed.The supraoptic nucleus seems to be more sensitive to acetylcholine and the paraventricular nucleus to adrenaline treatment.The significant vasodilatation in the posterior pituitary and in the area of the supraoptic nucleus following intraventricular acetylcholine introduction was established.According to the data described it is possible to expect the existence of control of the hypothalamic neurosecretory activity by means of adrenergic and cholinergic structures.I am very obliged to Prof. W. Bargmann for his stimulating interest in this Study. I am grateful to Dr. G. Leontieva and Dr. V. Govyrin for the possibility to use the fluorescence catecholamine method, to Dr. E. Zeimal and Prof. M. Michelson for using the method for intraventricular injections.     

Electron microscope observations of some peripheral synapses in the sensory pathway of the sucker of Octopus vulgaris

Summary A synaptic axo-dendritic linkage is described between primary receptors lying in the epithelia of the sucker of Octopus and encapsulated nerve cells found near the rim of the sucker in the subepithelial connective tissue. These synapses are postulated to perform a drastic reduction of inputs between the primary receptors of the order of more than ten thousand and the subjacent encapsulated nerve cells of the order of some hundreds. The morphology of these cells as well as that of the synaptic structures are described from electron microscope studies. Aknowledgement. This work was done at University College London, while I was in receipt of a Medical Research Council grant.I am deeply indebted to Prof. J. Z. Young F. R. S. for support and criticism, and to Dr. E. G. Gray for advice and discussion. My thanks are due to Mr. A. Aldrich for the photographs.     

A cytochemical method for fixation and staining of lipids in frozen-dried mouse pancreas for study with light and electron microscopes

Summary A method is described for the cytochemical identification of lipids in acinar cells of the pancreas based chiefly on reactions of their carboxyl ester linkages and their double bonds. The method involves the reaction in vacuo of certain amine and hydrazine vapors with lipids in the solid state. The method is useful for studies with the light and electron microscopes.This research was supported in part by grants from the Public Health Service (GM 08328) and the Commonwealth Fund.I have been guided throughout by the perceptive advice of Professor Herbert S. Anker, Department of Biochemistry, University of Chicago. I am indebted also to the tireless work and support of Mrs. Faustina Manelis and Mrs. Elizabeth Vilkas.Dedicated to Professor Friedrich Wassermann with admiration and affection on the occasion of his eightieth birthday.     

Ultrastructure of the tube foot sucker of a regular echinoid,Diadema antillarum Philippi,with especial reference to secretory cells

Summary Suckers of principal tube feet of a regular echinoid,Diadema antillarum, are described in an electron microscopic study. Reference is made to secretory cells and nervous elements in the sucker and their possible significance in adhesion is considered and discussed. In particular, a granule-filled secretory cell-type is described that possesses long tracts down which the granules pass to terminate on the contact edge of the sucker in secretion packets. A second cell condition is described that may represent the secretory cells in a degranulated state. The appearance and significance of mucus-producing cells in the sucker is also considered.I am indebted to ProfessorN. Millott for his help and encouragement during the course of this work, to Mr.Raynor L. Jones for his expert technical assistance, and to Dr.H. G. Vevers and the Zoological Society of London.     

Ultrastructure of the tube foot wall of a regular echinoid,Diadema antillarum Philippi

Summary An ultrastructural study of the tube foot wall of a regular echinoid,Diadema antillarum, was made. Ciliated microvillous epithelial cells, their inclusions, amoebocytes, and the arrangement of collagen and muscle in the tube feet are described. The neuropile, together with its vesicular components and possible neurosecretory elements, is considered and discussed as are connective tissue bridges across the lumen. Consideration is given to possible functions for the various components of the tube foot.I am indebted to ProfessorN. Millott for his help and encouragement during the course of this work, to Mr.Raynor L. Jones for his expert technical assistance, and to Dr.H. G. Vevers and the Zoological Society of London.     

Thyroidal radioiodine uptake and thyrotropic potency of the pituitary in a freshwater catfish,Mystus vittatus (Bloch), in response to L-thyroxin,antithyroid drugs,and heavy doses of 131I

Summary Experiments were conducted to ascertain the thyroidal ¹³¹I uptake and thyrotropic potency of the pituitary gland in a freshwater catfish, in response to L-thyroxine, antithyroid drugs and heavy doses of radioiodine. L-thyroxine treatments slightly lowered thyroidal radioiodine uptake, and there was at least a trend of lowered TSH content in the pituitaries of these animals. Administration of antithyroid drugs (propylthiouracil, thiourea, KSCN) caused a significant decrease in radioiodine uptake and a highly significant increase in TSH content of the pituitary. Heavy doses of I¹³¹ almost completely blocked thyroidal iodine uptake but they were as effective as antithyroid drugs in elevating TSH content of the pituitary.I am greatly indebted to Dr. G. E. Pickford, Yale University, U.S.A. for her helpful suggestions; to Dr. A. G. Sathyanesan, Banaras Hindu University, India, for encouragements; to Professor S. P. Ray-Chaudhuri, Banaras Hindu University, India, for providing laboratory facilities. I am also grateful to Baxtor Laboratories Inc., Morton Grove, Illinois, U.S.A. for the gift of Crystalline L-thyroxine which was made available through the courtesy of Professor Paul Starr and Dr. Thomas Garrett.     

Zur Zwergmännchenfrage bei Leucobryum Glaucum SCHPR. I

Zusammenfassung Auf Grund experimenteller Untersuchungen erwies sichLeucobryum glaucum Schpr. als heterothallisch=echt haplo-diözisch, d. h. jede Spore vermag nur einen eingeschlechtigen Gametophyten hervorzubringen.Es liegt ferner beiL. glaucum Geschlechtsdimorphismus vor, der in der Gestaltung der und Stämmchen klar hervortritt. Die antheridientragenden Stämmchen bleiben, wenn beide Geschlechtspartner unter den gleichen Vegetationsbedingungen gehalten werden, hinter den Stämmchen an Größe mehr oder weniger zurück.Während die archegontragenden Stämmchen in den Kulturen annähernd gleich kräftig entwickelt sind, ist das bei den Stämmchen nicht der Fall.Während am Anfang verhältnismäßig große Männchen in den Kulturen entstehen, bleiben die später hinzukommenden Stämmchen hinter den zuerst gebildeten an Größe zurück und zuletzt entwickeln sich am Protonema nur winzige, bisweilen nur noch 1/2 mm große Stämmchen: die Zwergmännchen. Die Zahl der Antheridien kann bei den Zwergmännchen sogar bis auf 1 reduziert werden.Es wurde ferner geprüft, ob sich der Sexualdimorphismus beiLeucobryum glaucum nur auf die verschiedene Ausbildung der und Stämmchen erstreckt, oder ob auch die übrigen Abschnitte der Gametophyten: Sporen, Protonemata, morphologische Unterschiede aufweisen. Wie umfangreiche, unter besonderen Vorsichtsmaßregeln durchgeführte Sporenmessungen zeigten, scheint Heterosporie im Sinne von Größenunterschieden nicht wahrscheinlich zu sein. Zur Klärung der Frage der Heterosporie diözischer Moose wurden im Anschluß an die Untersuchungen vonLeucobryum glaucum noch von einigen anderen diözischen Moosen Sporengrößenkurven aufgestellt: vonPogonatum aloides P. B.,Barbula unguiculata Hedw. undSplachnum pedunculatum (Huds) Lindb. Alle Sporengrößenkurven waren eingipfelig. Wenn man auch aus der Eingipfeligkeit dieser Kurven, selbst bei geringer Streuung derselben, nicht den endgültigen Beweis für das Fehlen der Heterosporie bei diesen Moosen erbringen kann, so kann man doch mit einiger Sicherheit annehmen, daß Heterosporie im Sinne von Sexualdimorphismus nicht wahrscheinlich ist.Ob sich sekundäre Geschlechtsmerkmale auch an primären und sekundären und Protonemata finden lassen, muß noch geprüft werden.Mit 5 Textabbildungen (10 Einzelbildern).     

On the alleged presence of non-argyrophile argentaffin cells in the human gastro-intestinal tract

Summary The relationship between the argentaffin and argyrophile cells of the human gastrointestinal tract has been studied, in foetal and adult material, by a technique involving the staining of sections first by an argentaffin method (Gomori-hexamine silver, Schmorl, Diazonium) and subsequently by an argyrophile method (Bodian). A comparison of the cells staining by the two methods shows that all argentaffin cells of the human gastrointestinal tract are also argyrophile and that there is no evidence to support the claim of Hellweg (1952) and of HamPerl (1952) regarding the presence of non-argyrophile argentaffin cells.W. H. O. fellow from the Department of Anatomy, Medical College, Rohtak, India. — I am very grateful to Professor J. D. Boyd and to the World Health Organisation for having made it possible for me to carry out this research at the Anatomy School, Cambridge. I am indebted to Dr. G. A. Gresham and his staff for their very willing cooperation in providing material from surgical resections. My thanks are also due to Mr. J. F. Crane for the photographs and to Mr. J. W. Cash and Mr. R. Smith for helpful discussions on staining techniques.     

Cytoplasmic microtubules in rabbit platelets

Summary A system of microtubules 200–250 Å in diameter is described in the cytoplasm of rabbit platelets. In thin sections they are seen most frequently cut in cross section and at opposite ends of the elliptical platelet where they form a compact bundle containing 10 to 30 microtubules. In other platelet sections they describe a circumferential course 500 to 600 Å deep to the plasma membrane. Occasional microtubules pass between the marginal band and the centre of the platelet.The relationship of the microtubule system to fibres previously observed in the hyaloplasm of platelets spread on films is discussed, and the marginal band of microtubules in platelets equated to that present in nucleated erythrocytes.I am indebted to Dr. E. H. Mercer for his helpful criticisms and to Miss N. Carroll and Mr. R. G. Hill for technical assistance.     

Ultrastructural observations on the parathyroid glands of Xenopus laevis Daudin

Summary The fine structure of the parathyroid glands of the anuran, Xenopus laevis Daudin is described during the metamorphosis of larvae and in young adults. Two distinct forms of epithelial cells are found viz.: dark and light cells and the significance of these cell conditions is considered and discussed. Parathyroid glands from young untreated toads are compared and contrasted with glands from toads maintained for prolonged periods in high concentrations, up to 1%, of calcium chloride in aqueous solution. The development of unusual membranous inclusions in the cytoplasm of the experimentally-treated toads is described.I am grateful to Messrs. R. L. Jones and Z. Podhorodecki for their expert technical assistance. I would also like to thank Professor N. Millott for his help and encouragement during the course of this work.     

A possible rôle for acid phosphatase in γ-amino-n-butyrate uptake in Aspergillus nidulans

Previously published work from another laboratory has shown that the mutation pacC-5 in the ascomycete Aspergillus nidulans leads to loss of an acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) activity and is probably located in the structural gene for this enzyme. Here, we show that, pleiotropically, pacC-5 considerably reduces -amino-n-butyrate transport levels as shown both by direct uptake measurements and two kinds of growth tests. A reduction in expression of the permease specified by the gabA gene is almost certainly reponsible for the -amino-n-butyrate uptake defect in pacC-5 strains. pacC-5 does not reduce l-proline uptake, mainly mediated by the prnB permease, or -alanine uptake. This work and our previously published results suggest that, although it does not uniquely reduce -amino-n-butyrate uptake, pacC-5 is highly selective in its effects on transport processes. It is therefore probable that the acid phosphatase specified by the pacC gene plays some rôle in the synthesis, membrane integration or functioning of a particular class of permeases. A rôle for acid phosphatases in membrane processes casts an intriguing new light on the fact that these enzymes are periplasmic and extracellular in many micro-organisms including A. nidulans.Non-Standard Abbreviations GABA -amino-n-butyrate - P5C l-¹pyrroline-5-carboxylate     

Seasonal changes in radioiodine uptake and epithelial cell height of the thyroid gland in the freshwater teleosts Esomus danricus (Ham.) and Mystus vittatus (bloch) under varying conditions of illumination

Summary The thyroid gland of Mystus vittatus and Esomus danricus showed seasonal activity in its epithelial cell height and radioiodine uptake. These two indices of activity agree in E. danricus. Under normal photoperiods both species exhibited two phases of optimum activity, one in April through May, the other in September. The active periods were characterized by high iodine uptake and increased follicular cell height. These peaks of activity alternated with more quiescent phases, minimal iodine uptake and low follicular epithelium. In specimens exposed to constant illumination the active and quiescent phases were advanced by two months. But for this change the general pattern of activity was the same as that in animals kept under normal photoperiodic conditions. Specimens subjected to total darkness showed a higher level of activity throughout the year in comparison to the other two groups. However, a distinct seasonal cycle, which was evident with normal photoperiods and continuous illumination, was absent in total darkness.I am greatly indebted to Dr. A. G. Sathyanesan, Banaras Hindu University, for his encouragement, and to Professor S. P. Ray-Chaudhuri, Banaras Hindu University, for providing laboratory facilities.     

Nikolaj Ivanovič Vavilov (26. 11. 1887–2. 8. 1942)

Ohne ZusammenfassungGekürzte Fassung eines Vortrages, gehalten auf der Sitzung der Sektion Genetik der Moskauer Gesellschaft der Naturforscher am 26. 11. 1957, auf der gemeinsamen Sitzung der Geographischen Gesellschaft der UdSSR und der Allunionsbotanischen Gesellschaft am 6. 12. 1957 in Leningrad und am 11. 2. 1958 in Moskau vor Studenten der Timirjasev-Akademie. Aus dem Russischen übersetzt von I.Grebenikov undF. Scholz, Gatersleben. F. Kh. Bakhteyev     

The effect of metopirone and aldactone on the interrenal tissue of intact and pars distalis-ectomized common frogs Rana temporaria

Summary The effects of metopirone (SU-4885) and aldactone (SC-9420) on the histology and histochemistry of the interrenal tissue of male common frogs, Rana temporaria, have been studied. From the changes in nuclear and cellular size, mitotic rate, and lipid and cholesterol content it has been concluded that in intact animals the administration of metopirone as well as of aldactone resulted in an increase of the interrenal secretory activity. The effects were very similar to that of ACTH. Ablation of the pars distalis prevented the interrenal activation by metopirone. The effect of aldactone was markedly reduced in operated frogs, but some stimulation remained. It is suggested that both substances act by way of enhancing pituitary ACTH ouput. The dependence of the secretion of corticosteroids on pituitary ACTH is discussed.I wish to thank Dr. W. J. van Dongen for his cooperation and criticism and for enabling me to do this work in his laboratory. I am endebted to Prof. Dr. P. G. W. J. van Oordt for his valuable and constructive suggestions. Thanks are also due to Miss Mieke Roelofsen and Miss Ineke Wienen for their conscientious technical assistance.     

Cytologic and metabolic parameters of pineal inhibition by continuous light in the rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Summary Adult rats (Rattus norvegicus) were subjected to continuous light or control conditions (14 hours light/day) for six weeks or longer, and quantitative cytological and metabolic studies were made of the pineal organs. After 11 weeks of continuous light, the pineal parenchymal cell's largest nucleolar eosinophilic mass is significantly reduced in diameter, especially in the medulla of the organ. Evidence of metabolic inhibition includes reduction of pineal glycogen content, succinic dehydrogenase activity, and respiration in the absence of exogenous substrates. Pineal ATP content, P³²-phosphate uptake and 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid content did not appear to be affected. Pineal serotonin content and melatonin-forming activity in the continuously lighted animals were measured but could not be interpreted metabolically, due to the diurnal fluctuations of these in control animals. Results provided here and elsewhere suggest that pineal inhibition by continuous light involves primarily the citric acid cycle, the accumulation of metabolites and lipid, and the synthesis of protein.This investigation was supported by grant GM-05219 from the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service.I am grateful to Mrs. Virginia Green Bowers, Mrs. Ann Richards, Mr. Peter Charles Baker and Mr. Jorge Antonio Alvarado for laboratory assistance, and to Dr. Richard Strohman and Mr. David Epel, for advice on the determination of ATP.     

The reorganization of the hypophysial stalk following hypophysectomy in the teleost Porichthys notatus Girard

Summary Porichthys notatus has a long infundibular stalk, measuring 3 to 5 mm. The third ventricle extends into the stalk as a long infundibular funnel.In several hypophysectomised specimens the proximal cut end of the stalk enlarged to form a round or oblong body, having axonal endings with AF-positive material, glial elements, and blood sinuses. This suggests that in the absence of the pituitary the cut end of the stalk is reorganised into a neurohypophysis-like organ.The regenerated stalk seems to have the essential components for neurohypophysial function; axonal endings for the storage of secretory products, and related blood vessels for the release of the stored principles.This work was supported by the Population Council of the Rockefeller Institute, New York. I am thankful to Dr. R. L. Fernald, Director of the Friday Harbor Marine Biological Laboratories, University of Washington, for providing collection and laboratory facilities. I am indebted to Dr. Aubrey Gorbman, Department of Zoology, University of Washington for the generous hospitality in his laboratory and encouragement, which made this work possible. Material support in part for this research was received from U. S. P. H. S. grant NB 04887 awarded to Dr. A. Gorbman.     

Characterization of prolidase I and II purified from normal human erythrocytes: comparison with prolidase in erythrocytes from a patient with prolidase deficiency

The effect of various sulfur-containing amino acids on the activities of prolidase isoenzymes I and II isolated from erythrocytes of healthy individuals, and erythrocyte lysates from a patient with prolidase deficiency was investigated. The activity of prolidase I against glycylproline was strongly enhanced by d-methionine. l-Methionine and d,l-methionine slightly enhanced the activity at low concentration, but N-acetyl-l-methionine had no effect. d-Ethionine, l-ethionine, and d,l-ethionine also enhanced the activity of prolidase I. d,l-Homocysteine enhanced the activity at low concentration, but inhibited the activity at 50 mM. The activity of prolidase II against methionylproline was enhanced by d-methionine, d,l-methionine, and l-methionine, but N-acetyl-l-methionine had no effect. d-Ethionine and d,l-ethionine strongly enhanced the activity of prolidase II compared with l-ethionine; d,l-homocysteine weakly enhanced the activity. d,l-Homocysteine-thiolactone inhibited the activities of prolidase I and II in a concentration-dependent manner. The effect of various sulfur-containing amino acids on prolidase activity against methionylproline in erythrocyte lysates from a patient with prolidase deficiency was almost the same as that on prolidase II. The kinetics of the activities of prolidase I, II, and patient prolidase were also studied. Their K _m values were changed by adding sulfur-containing amino acids, but V _max values were unchanged.     

Differentiation of the membrane system in the cells of imaginai discs

Summary Imaginal discs from developing larvae of the fly Calliphora erythrocephala fixed in permanganate or osmium tetroxide and embedded in Epon 812 were observed by electron microscopy. When the larval growth ceases, the differentiation manifests itself through an enlargement of the endoplasmic reticulum, by which continuous membrane contact is established between all cell organelles. During the same time mitochondria swell up and transform into lipid granules and the intercellular contacts weaken.I am indebted to Mrs Mariann Carleson and Miss Brita Nilsson for technical aid.     

Expression of the Cellulomonas fimi cellulase genes cex and cenA from the divergent tet promoters of transposon Tn10

A cartridge was constructed which contained the divergent tet promoters of transposon Tn10 between an exoglucanase gene (cex) and an endoglucanase gene (cenA) of Cellulomonas fimi. When carried in a broad-host-range vector, the cartridge gave expression of cex and cenA in Escherichia coli, Rhodobacter capsulatus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.Abbreviations CM-cellulose carboxymethyl cellulose - MUC methylumbelliferyl--d-cellobioside - pNPC p-nitrophenyl--d-cellobioside - TBE 89 mM Tris-borate-89 mM boric acid-8 mM EDTA, pH 8.0 CFB and RAJW dedicate this paper to John L. Ingraham, stimulating teacher, wise counsel, and good friend, on the occasion of his retirement     

Nuclear membranous whorls

Summary Membranous whorls have been seen in the nuclei of peritoneal and testicular cells which had been subjected to various experimental manoeuvres. It seems likely that this is an early manifestation of cell degeneration which is demonstrated readily only by glutaraldehyde fixation, and to that extent can be regarded as a glutaraldehyde artifact. Acknowledgements. This work was supported by grants from the Medical Research Council, and the University of Sheffield Tuberculosis Research Fund, and by a grant to the Department from Unilever Ltd.I am grateful to Professor R. Barer for his advice and criticism, to Dr. G. A. Meek for guidance on electron microscopy, to Dr. E. J. Clegg for permission to use material from joint experiments. Technical and photographic assistance was provided by Messrs. P. GarLick and L. Murgatroyd and by Miss M. Tune.