福建薯芋皂素植物资源的调查研究

福建省内薯芋科薯芋属根茎组的薯芋皂素植物计有6种和1变种,多适生于杂木林间或林沿,土壤湿润肥沃的山地居多。分析结果薯芋皂素均为白色结晶,其含量在各种植物中分别为:叉蕊薯芋约为2%,粉背薯芋(变种)1.5%,纤细薯芋1.5%,山萆薢1.5%,细柄薯芋1.2%,绵萆薜0.3%,福州薯芋0.3%,前五者基本上可提供工业上提取和合成有关药品,并已初步获得成功。     

利用薯芋生产酒精及提取皂素

薯芋是一种野生药用植物,其根内含有薯芋皂素和丰富的淀粉。薯芋皂素是医药工业中生产甾体类药物的主要原料。我国的皂素生产一直采用“直接酸水解法”,即原料经酸水解,将所含的薯芋皂甙分解成皂素,再从水解物中提取皂素。但由于原料内所含之淀粉经酸水解后,随水解液流失,而得不到利用。遵照伟大领袖毛主席关于“深挖洞、广积粮、不称霸”的教导,我们将薯芋先发酵生产酒精,再将酒糟用“直接酸水解法”提取皂素,进行了薯芋植物的综合利     

综合利用薯芋淀粉生产肌苷的研究

本文报道综合利用野生薯芋属植物盾叶薯芋(Dioscorea zingibensisC.H.wright)和穿龙薯芋(Dioscorea nipponica Makino)中的淀粉生产肌苷(Inosine)的方法。将薯芋原料带水磨碎,在水中筛分得到皂甙淀粉浆,用稀酸水解该物质使淀粉糖化,分离后得到糖液和糖渣。糖液加氮源和无机盐,发酵生产肌苷。糖渣再水解提取薯芋皂甙元。     

薯芋厌氧发酵产氢的研究

薯芋是野生植物,根茎中含有皂素,是制取甾体激素类药物的重要药源。我所在沼气发酵研究中发现,在污泥的富集培养物中,添加4—6%的薯芋粉,能大量地产氢,并分离到几株产氢菌株。本文主要报道薯芋产氢及皂素综合利用的结果。材料与方法1.样品:四川绵阳栽培的盾叶薯芋(Dio-     

《山药营养全粉》的开发研究

一、前言山药为薯芋科植物。全世界有九个属650余种。中国只有薯芋一个属,80余种。我国黄河以南各省均有自然分布。而江苏丰县早已建立了山药大面积的栽培种植基地。山药据“本草纲目”记载:“薯芋本经上品。[释名]薯芋、土薯、山芋、山药、玉延。根[气味]甘、平、无毒。[主治]伤中,补虚赢,除寒热邪气,补中,益气力,长肌肉,     

我国薯芋皂甙元的工业生产和资源的回顾与展望

本文对我国薯芋皂素(Diosgenin)的工业生产进行了概略回顾,对各种工艺流程进行了比较,并介绍了薯芋属植物的资源现状。     

滇产四种薯芋植物的薯芋皂甙元和约茂皂甙元

在我国有相当数量的野生薯芋植物,其皂甙元含量是符合工业生产要求的,但因其皂甙元熔点偏低,一直未被利用。为了查明皂甙元熔点偏低的原因,我们对滇产的小花盾叶薯芋(Dioscorea parviflora Ting)、黄山药(D.panthaica Prain et Burk.)、叉蕊薯芋(D.collettii Hook.f.)及粉背薯芋[D.collettii Hook f.var.hypoglauca(Palibin)Pei et Ting]中的甾体皂甙元进行了分离鉴定,并对其利用问题进行了研究和讨论。     

植物激素对盾叶薯芋(Dioscorea zingiberensis G.H.Wright)皂素收率的影响

盾叶薯芋是我国的特有种,根茎中的地奥配基(简称皂素,Diosgenin)是制取甾体激素类药物的重要药源。我国是薯芋最丰富的国家,随着激素、避孕药物需要量的增加,国内外都较重视对皂素的研究。前报及北京医学院报导,盾叶薯芋经预发酵后,能显著提高皂素收率,并证实与植物中存在的酶有关。     

对影响薯芋皂甙元收率和熔点因素的探讨

本文比较全面地介绍了工业生产中影响薯芋皂甙元收率和熔点的各种因素及其解决的方法。     

闭鞘姜根中的甾体皂甙

从闭鞘姜「Ｃｏｓｔｕｓ ｓｐｅｃｉｏｓｕｓ（Ｋｏｅｎｉｇ）Ｓｍｉｔｈ」根茎中分离出五个化合物。经波谱解析和化学降解,证明其化学结构分别为胡萝卜甙（Ａ）：薯芋皂甙元３－Ｏ－ａ－Ｌ鼠李吡喃糖基（１－２）－β－Ｄ－葡萄吡喃糖甙（Ｂ）;薯芋皂甙元３－Ｏ－ａ－Ｌ－鼠李吡喃糖基（１－２）「ａ－Ｌ－鼠李吡喃糖基（１－４）」β－Ｄ葡萄吡喃糖甙（Ｃ）;薯芋皂甙元－３－Ｏ－ａ－Ｌ－鼠李吡喃糖基（１－２）「β－Ｄ－葡萄     

Chemical regulators of plant hormones and their applications in basic research and agriculture*

Plant hormones are small molecules that play versatile roles in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to the environment. Classic methodologies, including genetics, analytic chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology, have contributed to the progress in plant hormone studies. In addition, chemical regulators of plant hormone functions have been important in such studies. Today, synthetic chemicals, including plant growth regulators, are used to study and manipulate biological systems, collectively referred to as chemical biology. Here, we summarize the available chemical regulators and their contributions to plant hormone studies. We also pose questions that remain to be addressed in plant hormone studies and that might be solved with the help of chemical regulators.     

化学基因组学和化学蛋白质组学用于细胞自噬研究

化学基因组学和化学蛋白质组学作为后基因组时代的新技术,是以化学小分子为工具,对细胞的生理过程进行精确干扰,研究有机体和细胞的功能,同时也是新药开发的重要手段。本文综述了化学基因组学和化学蛋白质组学征自噬相关靶点的特异性小分子的发现,及小分子存自噬机理研究中的应用。     

Empirical correlation between protein backbone <Superscript>15</Superscript>N and <Superscript>13</Superscript>C secondary chemical shifts and its application to nitrogen chemical shift re-referencing

The linear analysis of chemical shifts (LACS) has provided a robust method for identifying and correcting ¹³C chemical shift referencing problems in data from protein NMR spectroscopy. Unlike other approaches, LACS does not require prior knowledge of the three-dimensional structure or inference of the secondary structure of the protein. It also does not require extensive assignment of the NMR data. We report here a way of extending the LACS approach to ¹⁵N NMR data from proteins, so as to enable the detection and correction of inconsistencies in chemical shift referencing for this nucleus. The approach is based on our finding that the secondary ¹⁵N chemical shift of the backbone nitrogen atom of residue i is strongly correlated with the secondary chemical shift difference (experimental minus random coil) between the alpha and beta carbons of residue i − 1. Thus once alpha and beta ¹³C chemical shifts are available (their difference is referencing error-free), the ¹⁵N referencing can be validated, and an appropriate offset correction can be derived. This approach can be implemented prior to a structure determination and can be used to analyze potential referencing problems in database data not associated with three-dimensional structure. Application of the LACS algorithm to the current BMRB protein chemical shift database, revealed that nearly 35% of the BMRB entries have δ ¹⁵N values mis-referenced by over 0.7 ppm and over 25% of them have δ ¹H^N values mis-referenced by over 0.12 ppm. One implication of the findings reported here is that a backbone ¹⁵N chemical shift provides a better indicator of the conformation of the preceding residue than of the residue itself. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Chemical convergence between a guild of facultative myrmecophilous caterpillars and host plants

1. Ants exert strong selective pressure on herbivorous insects, although some caterpillars can live in symbiosis with them using chemical defensive strategies.
2. We investigated the adaptive resemblance of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) in multitrophic systems involving a guild of facultative myrmecophilous caterpillar species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), tending ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and host plants from three families. We hypothesised that the CHCs of the caterpillars would resemble those of their host plants (chemical camouflage).
3. We analysed CHCs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Morisita's similarity index (SI) was used to compare CHC profiles of caterpillar species with different types of ant associations (commensal or mutualistic), ants, and host plants.
4. We found strong convergence between caterpillars' CHCs and plants, especially for commensal species that do not provide secretion rewards for ants. Moreover, we found unexpected chemical convergence among mutualistic (trophobiotic) caterpillar species that offer caloric reward secretions to ants.
5. These results show that the studied caterpillars acquire CHCs through their diet and that they vary according to host plant species and type of ant association (commensalism or mutualism). This ‘chemical camouflage’ of myrmecophilous caterpillars may have arisen as a defensive strategy allowing coexistence with ants on plants, whereas ‘chemical conspicuousness’ may have evolved in the context of honest signalling between mutualistic partners.
6. We suggest the existence of chemical mimicry among myrmecophilous species, especially between mutualistic caterpillars. Cuticular chemical mixtures can play a key adaptive role in decreasing ant attacks and increasing caterpillar survival in multimodal sensory systems.

     

干、湿化学法在乳糜血中的应用比较

目的探讨乳糜血对干、湿化学法检测结果的影响,以期找到一种适合于在乳糜血中应用的检测方法。方法分别用干、湿化学法检测乳糜血中总蛋白、血糖,比较两种方法检测结果差异。结果湿化学法测定结果高于乙醇处理法(P0.05),干化学法与乙醇处理法结果比较差异无显著性(P0.05)。结论在乳糜血检测中干性化学法与湿性化学法比较更接近真实值。     

Identification of new candidate drugs for lung cancer using chemical–chemical interactions,chemical–protein interactions and a K-means clustering algorithm

Lung cancer, characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in the lung tissue, is the leading cause of global cancer deaths. Until now, effective treatment of this disease is limited. Many synthetic compounds have emerged with the advancement of combinatorial chemistry. Identification of effective lung cancer candidate drug compounds among them is a great challenge. Thus, it is necessary to build effective computational methods that can assist us in selecting for potential lung cancer drug compounds. In this study, a computational method was proposed to tackle this problem. The chemical–chemical interactions and chemical–protein interactions were utilized to select candidate drug compounds that have close associations with approved lung cancer drugs and lung cancer-related genes. A permutation test and K-means clustering algorithm were employed to exclude candidate drugs with low possibilities to treat lung cancer. The final analysis suggests that the remaining drug compounds have potential anti-lung cancer activities and most of them have structural dissimilarity with approved drugs for lung cancer.     

魔芋葡甘露聚糖化学结构及改性研究进展

本文综述了魔芋葡甘露聚糖的理化性质、化学结构及改性的研究进展     

Chemical defensive substances of soft corals and gorgonians

Despite lack of efficient physical protection in the highly competitive and hostile environment, the marine invertebrates including soft corals and gorgonians can survive, mainly relying on their chemical defensive system by a series of secondary metabolites accumulating in their bodies or releasing to their surroundings. The chemical defensive functions of these secondary metabolites were found to serve as antipredatory, antimicrobial, allelopathy and antifouling agents. Study on chemical defensive substances from corals and gorgonians is one of the most important topics in marine chemical ecology. The research results could help us to understand the chemical ecological relationships between corals and their surrounding organisms. The research strategy and methodology played an enlightening role in the discovery of bioactive natural products and the generation of new drug lead compounds from marine sources. The chemical defensive substances from soft corals and gorgonians were reviewed. This review focused on the structures of these secondary metabolites as well as their functions including antipredatory, allelopathy and antifouling activities.     

Chemical defensive substances of soft corals and gorgonians

Despite lack of efficient physical protection in the highly competitive and hostile environment, the marine invertebrates including soft corals and gorgonians can survive, mainly relying on their chemical defensive system by a series of secondary metabolites accumulating in their bodies or releasing to their surroundings. The chemical defensive functions of these secondary metabolites were found to serve as antipredatory, antimicrobial, allelopathy and antifouling agents. Study on chemical defensive substances from corals and gorgonians is one of the most important topics in marine chemical ecology. The research results could help us to understand the chemical ecological relationships between corals and their surrounding organisms. The research strategy and methodology played an enlightening role in the discovery of bioactive natural products and the generation of new drug lead compounds from marine sources. The chemical defensive substances from soft corals and gorgonians were reviewed. This review focused on the structures of these secondary metabolites as well as their functions including antipredatory, allelopathy and antifouling activities.     

匹拉米洞法、邻联甲苯胺法和联苯胺法检测林麝便隐血的比较

圈养林麝(Moschusberezovskii)长期受困于消化道类疾病,尤其是肠道炎症性疾病患病率和死亡率一直居高不下。粪便检测是评估野生动物消化系统是否存在出血情况的有效方法之一,并且在圈养林麝肠道健康状况评估及肠道炎症性疾病临床诊断等方面提供了一定的诊断依据。粪便隐血在消化道出血诊断中有广泛的临床诊断价值。基于此,本研究用新鲜的林麝血液进行稀释,来探究匹拉米洞法、邻联甲苯胺法和联苯胺法三种方法对林麝血液浓度的灵敏度范围。检测结果显示,匹拉米洞法的最低敏感性检测浓度为0.05 mg/L,敏感性范围远大于邻联甲苯胺法(0.40 mg/L)和联苯胺法(100.00 mg/L)。分别利用三种检测方法对林麝粪便潜血进行检测,比较检测结果的阳性率,结果显示,匹拉米洞法的检测效果优于其他两种方法,阳性率分别为匹拉米洞法检测法10.13%、邻联甲苯胺法检测法2.56%和联苯胺法检测法0,差异有诊断学意义(P <0.05)。而且在操作上,匹拉米洞法更加简便快捷。故在诊断林麝消化道出血时,采用匹拉米洞法进行林麝便隐血的检测更加准确便捷。