茉莉酸甲酯对水稻幼苗生长的影响(简报)

2．5×10－7mol·L-1茉莉酸甲酯促进水稻幼苗生长,而高于2．5×10-5mol·L－1则抑制。不同水稻品种对茉莉酸甲酯的反应不同。     

茉莉酸甲酯对水稻幼苗叶片中碳水化合物含量及苯丙氨酸解氨酶和多酚氧化酶活性的影响(简报)

2．5×10－7及2．5×10－4mol·L－1茉莉酸甲酯处理均能降低水稻幼苗叶片中可溶性糖及淀粉的含量,尤其是后者;但对纤维素和木质素的含量以及PAL和多酚氧化酶的活性则有促进作用,且随处理时间的延长而有增强的趋势。     

低温对水稻幼苗叶片质膜5′-核苷酸酶活性的影响(简报)

水稻幼苗经冷处理（1℃,150μmol／m2s,2d）处理后,叶片质膜5′-核苷酸酶活性明显下降,而经低温锻炼（14℃,75μmol／m2s,3d）的叶片质膜5′-核苷酸酶活性则有提高,锻炼后的幼苗再经冷处理,其5′-核苷酸酶活性与冷害前相近。CaCl2浸种可减轻冷对5′-核苷酸酶活性的伤害程度。     

光对水稻(Oryza sativa)幼苗乙醇酸氧化酶活性的影响

水稻黄化幼苗用白光照射3～5小时后可诱导出乙醇酸氧化酶活性。绿色水稻幼苗在黑暗中乙醇酸氧化酶活性逐渐下降以至消失,再给以照光又恢复酶活性。亚胺环己酮对光的诱导及再诱导均有抑制作用。在黑暗中真空渗入乙醇酸于黄化幼苗可诱导出乙醇酸氧化酶活性,渗入乙醇酸加FMN能使酶活性迅速增强。弱的白光以及红、绿,蓝光均有诱导作用。因此认为光的诱导作用是使黄化幼苗形成乙醇酸——作为诱导物,以诱导乙醇酸氧化酶的新合成。光也可以加速叶组织内FMN的合成,从而提高乙醇酸氧化酶的活性。     

兰属植物光合途径的研究

本文对兰属（Cymbidium）植物的七个种中的10个栽培种的光合途径进行了生理生化研究。结果表明,这些兰属植物叶片的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPCase）和丙酮酸磷酸双激酶（PPDK）的活性很低,乙醇酸氧化酶的活性较高。在光下用α-羟基吡啶甲烷磺酸（α－HPMS）处理叶片后,乙醇酸积累量明显高于对照。叶绿素a／b比值在1．24—2．69之间。光合速率最低为0.96—3.33μmlCO2m-2S-1。这些结果表明所研究的几种兰属植物均为C3植物。     

产乙醇酸氧化酶的重组毕赤酵母的构建及催化合成乙醛酸的研究

乙醇酸氧化酶（Go）是植物光呼吸途径中的一种关键酶,可以催化乙醇酸生产乙醛酸。从新鲜菠菜叶中提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR技术获得编码GO基因的cDNA片断。通过基因重组将GO基因克隆到载体pA0815中,构建了胞内表达载体pA0815／GO,重组质粒经电转整合至甲醇营养酵母GS115染色体。在混合碳源为10g/L山梨醇和0．5g/L甲醇的培养条件下,细胞的GO酶活达到474IU／g（DCW）。利用该重组毕赤酵母作为催化剂生产乙醛酸,结果表明：在乙醇酸浓度为0．25mol／L,重组酵母湿菌体为10dL,黄素单核苷酸（FMN）浓度为0．01mmol／L,pH8．0,20℃,反应18h后乙醛酸的产率达到51．8％。     

茉莉酸甲酯对水稻幼苗光合作用的影响

２．５×１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ茉莉酸甲酯处理水稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）幼苗叶片,可明显地降低Ｃｈｌａ、Ｃｈｌｂ的含量及叶片的光合速率,抑制ＲｕＢＰＣａｓｅ的活性,抑制幼苗叶片中ＲｕｂｉｓＣＯ大亚基的合成,降低小亚基的含量。对幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量、叶片的光合速率及ＲｕＢＰＣａｓｅ的活性没有影响。     

He—Ne激光辐照与UV-B辐射对小麦幼苗细胞器中Na^＋／K^＋-ATP酶活性的影响

分别采用5mJ·s^-1·mm^-2He-Ne激光辐照、10．08kJ·m·^-2,d^-1增强UV-B辐射及二者组合对小麦（Triticum aestivum）晋麦8号（Triticum aestivum‘Jinmai8’）幼苗进行处理。第5天开始测定各处理小麦幼苗叶片中线粒体、叶绿体及细胞溶质中Na^＋／K^＋-ATP酶活性的变化。结果表明,随着处理天数的增加,小麦幼苗叶片线粒体、叶绿体及细胞溶质中Na^＋／K^＋-ATP酶活性均在第6天下降,第7天升高,而后又逐渐下降。在处理的第7天,仅He—Ne激光辐照可使小麦幼苗叶片线粒体、叶绿体及细胞溶质中Na^＋／K^＋-ATP酶活性升高：增强UV-B辐射使各细胞器中Na^＋／K^＋-ATP酶活性下降：复合处理后小麦各细胞器中Na^＋／K^＋-ATP酶活性均高于UV-B单独辐射处理。实验结果表明,一定剂量的He-Ne激光辐照能够部分修复UV-B辐射对小麦幼苗细胞器中Na^＋／K^＋-ATP酶造成的损伤。     

菠菜叶片乙醇酸氧化酶的氧化甘油酸活性

首先从菠菜叶片中纯化了乙醇酸氧化酶（GO）。通过鉴定反应中氧的消耗以及反应产物H2O2的生成,证实菠菜GO具有氧化光呼吸途径中间代谢物甘油酸的活性。该氧化活性依赖于辅因子FMN和FAD,而不依赖核黄素和光黄素;其最适反应pH值为8．0,Km（甘油酸）值为7．14mmol／L,kcat值为1．04s^-1,活化能为17．29kJ／mol;草酸和丙酮酸对该氧化活性有明显的抑制作用,其中前者为典型的竞争性抑制。进一步通过两底物竞争作图表明：菠菜叶片GO氧化甘油酸反应和氧化乙醇酸反应为同一活性中心所催化。     

黄瓜叶片胞间隙几丁质酶与抗霜霉菌侵染关系的研究

采用高抗霜霉病的‘津春4号’和易感霜霉病的‘长春密刺’黄瓜的温室穴盘幼苗为材料,研究了接种霜霉菌对黄瓜叶片胞间隙几丁质酶累积变化及幼苗生长的影响.结果显示:(1)与易感品种相比,抗病品种叶片胞间隙液蛋白浓度升高快、含量高;同时几丁质酶活性上升的速度快、幅度大,于接种后第2天达到峰值,且高活性维持至第7天;(2) SDS-PAGE电泳分析发现,抗病品种有一种27 kD的酸性几丁质酶在接种后第2天迅速积累,并在接种后第4、7天呈现出较高的表达量;Western blotting的结果也证实了上述胞间隙几丁质酶积累的变化.(3)与未接种对照相比,接种处理后第4、7天,易感黄瓜幼苗鲜重、干物质积累量均出现显著降低,但在接种后第7天抗病品种的上述生长指标要显著高于易感病品种.研究表明,接种霜霉菌后,抗病黄瓜叶片胞间隙几丁质酶迅速累积且活性快速升高,以减轻霜霉病对幼苗生长的侵害,这可能是黄瓜抗霜霉菌侵染的一种防御机制.     

茉莉酸甲酯对水稻幼苗抗冷性的影响

测定茉莉酸甲酯（MJ）对冷胁迫条件下水稻幼苗生长和与抗冷性相关生理生化指标影响的结果表明：较高浓度的MJ（10^-3mol·L^-1）明显抑制冷胁迫下的水稻幼苗生长,增加细胞膜的渗透性;浓度低一些的MJ（10^-4、10^-5、10^-6、10^-7mol·L^-1）对冷胁迫下水稻幼苗的生长和细胞膜有不同程度的保护作用,其中以10～mol·L^-1MJ的效果为佳。10～mol·L^-1 MJ处理的叶中叶绿素降解程度小,可溶性糖、可溶性总蛋白和脯氨酸的含量以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性均增加,丙二醛（MDA）含量降低,因而水稻幼苗的抗冷性提高。     

不同因子对荞麦中草酸含量的影响

用不同化合物从根部喂养麦幼苗,测定其根叶中草酸含量的变化。结果表明：异柠檬酸、抗坏血酸及其前体物均可不同程度地降低荞麦根叶中草酸含量;而乙醇酸与乙醛酸则显著提高其草酸含量,表明荞麦叶片草酸合成主要来自乙醇酸途径,而非来自抗坏血酸等途径。水培条件下,以铵态氮或尿素等作唯一氮源时,荞麦中草酸含量远低于以硝态氮培养的;将谷氨酸或丝氨酸加到含硝态氮培养液中也能显著降低其草酸含量,不同氮素影响荞麦草酸含量可能与乙醇酸途径有关。     

Construction of a carbon-conserving pathway for glycolate production by synergetic utilization of acetate and glucose in Escherichia coli

Glycolate is a bulk chemical which has been widely used in textile, food processing, and pharmaceutical industries. Glycolate can be produced from sugars by microbial fermentation. However, when using glucose as the sole carbon source, the theoretical maximum carbon molar yield of glycolate is 0.67 mol/mol due to the loss of carbon as CO₂. In this study, a synergetic system for simultaneous utilization of acetate and glucose was designed to increase the carbon yield. The main function of glucose is to provide NADPH while acetate to provide the main carbon backbone for glycolate production. Theoretically, 1 glucose and 5 acetate can produce 6 glycolate, and the carbon molar yield can be increased to 0.75 mol/mol. The whole synthetic pathway was divided into two modules, one for converting acetate to glycolate and another to utilize glucose to provide NADPH. After engineering module I through activation of acs, gltA, aceA and ycdW, glycolate titer increased from 0.07 to 2.16 g/L while glycolate yields increased from 0.04 to 0.35 mol/mol-acetate and from 0.03 to 1.04 mol/mol-glucose. Module II was then engineered to increase NADPH supply. Through deletion of pfkA, pfkB, ptsI and sthA genes as well as upregulating zwf, pgl and tktA, glycolate titer increased from 2.16 to 4.86 g/L while glycolate yields increased from 0.35 to 0.82 mol/mol-acetate and from 1.04 to 6.03 mol/mol-glucose. The activities of AceA and YcdW were further increased to pull the carbon flux to glycolate, which increased glycolate yield from 0.82 to 0.92 mol/mol-acetate. Fed-batch fermentation of the final strain NZ-Gly303 produced 73.3 g/L glycolate with a productivity of 1.04 g/(L·h). The acetate to glycolate yield was 0.85 mol/mol (1.08 g/g), while glucose to glycolate yield was 6.1 mol/mol (2.58 g/g). The total carbon molar yield was 0.60 mol/mol, which reached 80% of the theoretical value.     

A comparative study of the effects of methyl jasmonate and abscisic acid on some rice physiological processes

The effects of methyl jasmonate (MJ) and abscisic acid (ABA) on some physiological processes of rice were compared. MJ exhibited ABA-like effects by promoting senescence of detached leaves, by inducing acid phosphatase activity of detached leaves, by inhibiting ethylene production and shoot growth of seedlings, as well as inhibiting callus formation from anthers. However, MJ and ABA had opposite effects on 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid-dependent ethylene production in detached leaves. The regeneration ability of anther-derived callus was inhibited by MJ but not by ABA. MJ but not ABA markedly induced peroxidase activity in senescing detached leaves. It is concluded that not all physiological processes of rice affected by MJ are similar to those by ABA.Abbreviations ABA abscisic acid - MJ methyl jasmonate - ACC 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid - Apase acid phosphatase     

Carbonic anhydrase activity and photosynthetic rate in the tree species Paulownia tomentosa Steud. Effect of dimethylsulfoxide treatment and zinc accumulation in leaves

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) (EC 4.2.1.1) catalyzes the reversible conversion of CO2 to HCO3- and has been shown to be involved in photosynthesis. The enzyme has been shown in animals, plants, eubacteria and viruses, but similar reports on the evidence for CA activity in tree plants does not be appear to be available. In the preliminary analyses of the work, the CA activity in leaf extracts from the tree species Paulownia tomentosa Steud. (introduced in Bulgaria) is described. A connection between CA activity and the rate of photosynthetic CO2 fixation is shown. In the second portion of the work, the effect of 10(-4) mol/L and 10(-2) mol/L dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) on the zinc accumulation in leaves is demonstrated. It is suggested that CA activity is an indicator of the level of physiologically active zinc in leaves of P. tomentosa Steud. A connection between the process of zinc accumulation in leaves and the activity of the enzymes CA and glycolate oxidase (GO) (EC 1.1.3.1) is established.     

植物抗逆性与光呼吸作用之间的关系

用Na_2SO_3溶液浸泡,可以影响菠菜叶片中超氧物歧化酶的活性。较低浓度(0.1、1、10ppm)的该溶液使酶活性增加,而100ppm的该溶液则降低此酶的活性。同时发现叶片中光呼吸关键酶,即乙醇酸氧化酶活性也随着发生正相关的变化。讨论植物受SO_3~(2-)胁迫后,乙醇酸氧化酶的活性变化与植物抗逆性的产生可能存在密切的关系。     

The participation of hydrogen peroxide in methyl jasmonate-induced NH(4)(+) accumulation in rice leaves

Ammonium is a central intermediate in the nitrogen metabolism of plants. We have previously shown that methyl jasmonate (MJ) not only increases the content of H(2)O(2), but also causes NH(4)(+) accumulation in rice leaves. More recently, H(2)O(2) is thought to constitute a general signal molecule participating in the recognition of and the response to stress factors. In this study, we examined the role of H(2)O(2) as a link between MJ and subsequent NH(4)(+) accumulation in detached rice leaves. MJ treatment resulted in an accumulation of NH(4)(+) in detached rice leaves, which was preceded by a decrease in the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) and an increase in the specific activities of protease and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). GS, PAL, and protease appear to be the enzymes responsible for the accumulation of NH(4)(+) in MJ-treated detached rice leaves. Dimethylthiourea (DMTU), a chemical trap for H(2)O(2), was observed to be effective in inhibiting MJ-induced NH(4)(+) accumulation in detached rice leaves. Scavengers of free radicals (sodium benzoate, SB, and glutathione, GSH), nitric oxide donor (N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone, PBN), the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (diphenyleneiodonium chloride, DPI, and imidazole, IMD), and inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (wortmannin, WM, and LY 294002, LY), which have previously been shown to prevent MJ-induced H(2)O(2) production in detached rice leaves, inhibited MJ-induced NH(4)(+) accumulation. Similarly, changes in enzymes responsible for NH(4)(+) accumulation induced by MJ were observed to be inhibited by DMTU, SB, GSH, PBN DPI, IMD, WM, or LY. Seedlings of rice cultivar Taichung Native 1 (TN1) are jasmonic acid (JA)-sensitive and those of cultivar Tainung 67 (TNG67) are JA-insensitive. On treatment with JA, H(2)O(2) accumulated in the leaves of TN1 seedlings but not in the leaves of TNG67. Ethylene action inhibitor, silver thiosulfate, was observed to inhibit MJ- and abscisic acid-induced accumulation of NH(4)(+) and changes in enzymes responsible for NH(4)(+) accumulation in detached rice leaves, suggesting that the action of MJ and ABA is ethylene dependent.     

Effects of Irradiance and Copper on the Activity of Ascorbate Oxidase in Detached Rice Leaves

The effects of copper on the activity of ascorbic acid oxidasc (AAO) in detached rice leaves under both light and dark conditions and in etiolated rice seedlings were investigated. CuSO₄ increased AAO activity in detached rice leaves in both light and darkness, however, the induction in darkness was higher than in the light. In the absence of CuSO₄, irradiance (40 μmol m^-2 s^-1) resulted in a higher activity of AAO in detached rice leaves than dark treatment. Both CuSO₄ and CuCl₂ increased AAO activity in detached rice leaves, indicating that AAO is activated by Cu. Sulfate salts of Mg, Mn, Zn and Fe were ineffective in activating AAO in detached leaves. CuSO₄ was also observed to increase AAO activity in the roots but not in shoots of etiolated rice seedlings. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cu^2＋对大蒜生长的影响及大蒜根，叶及蒜瓣对Cu^2＋的累积

研究不同浓度（10^-6-10^-4mol/L)硫酸铜（CuSO4,5H2O)溶液对大蒜（Allium satiuwn L.)根,叶和蒜瓣生影响及其这些器官对Cu^2 的积累能力,研究结果指出：在106-5-10^-4mol/L,Cu的处理下,Cu严重影响大蒜根和叶生长,大蒜具有较强吸收和积累Cu^2 的能力,随着Cu^2 处理浓度的增加,大蒜根中的Cu^2 含量递增,大蒜经10^-4mol/L,Cu处理,根部积累了大量的Cu,其含量是对照的52倍,在10^-5和10^-6mol/L Cu处理中,根中Cu的含量分别是对照的13倍和1．4倍,Cu主要积累在极中（10^-5-10^-4mol/L Cu处理）,只有少量的转移到叶子和蒜瓣中。     

茉莉酸甲酯对烟草幼苗抗炭疽病的影响

本文探讨了茉莉酸甲酯（MJ）对烟草幼苗抗炭疽病（由毁灭性刺盘孢引起）的影响。不同品种烟草抵抗毁灭性刺盘孢孢子侵染的能力不同,“巴西”品种的抗性强,“K326”品种抗性弱,“广黄55”品种抗性居中。MJ处理烟草幼苗后,可以减轻幼苗炭疽病的发病程度;同时烟草幼苗的病原相关蛋白含量有所提高,但只有“巴西”烟草的PR蛋白含量与抗病显著正相关。