平菇菌丝体与子实体营养成分的分析比较

采用现代化学分析手段对平菇菌丝体和子实体的营养成分进行分析比较。结果表明,用PDA固体培养的菌丝体的灰分、可溶物、总糖和粗蛋白的含量均明显低于子实体,而粗脂肪和粗纤维的含量则显著高于子实体;菌丝体的Fe、Ca、Zn的含量显著高于子实体,而Mg和K的含量明显低于子实体,Na的含量两者比较接近;菌丝体和子实体的氨基酸组成相似,都含有17种氨基酸,但子实体的各氨基酸的含量均高于菌丝体,从各项氨基酸含量的比值来看,菌丝体则更优于子实体。两者都不失是极好的营养食品源。     

Glutamine metabolism during aerial mycelium growth of Neurospora crassa

During vegetative growth, glutamine is accumulated in the mycelium of Neurospora crassa. This high pool of glutamine seems to be required for aerial mycelium growth. Enzymes responsible for the synthesis and catabolism of glutamine were measured before and during the partial transformation of a mycelial mat into aerial mycelium. In the transforming mycelial mat,considerable activities of the biosynthetic NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase (predominantly β polypeptide) and also some activity of glutamate synthase were observed. In the aerial mycelium, glutamine synthetase (predominantly β polypeptide) was detected, but very low activities of NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate mycelium could derive from glutamine. No glutaminase activity could be detected. It is suggested that glutamate is formed through the activities of the glutamine transaminase-ω -amidase pathway and another transaminase. High activities of glutamine and alanine transaminases were observed in the aerial mycelium. These results are discussed in terms of the possible role of glutamine as a nitrogen carrier from the mycelium to the growing aerial hyphae.     

Conditions of cultivation, composition, and biological activity of mycelium of Flammulina velutipes (Fr.) P. Karst

A study is made on a strain of higher basydiomycete Flammulia velutipes (Fr.) P. Karat. The conditions of maximum biomass production by Flammulia velutipes were studied. Soluble and insoluble fractions were isolated from mycelium. The composition of cultured mycelium and aqueous extracts from mycelium were investigated. These objects mainly contained carbohydrates (65.3 and 84.0% in insoluble and soluble fractions, respectively, and 56% mycelium), proteins (7.5-10.0% in fractions and 17.5% in mycelium), as well as an insignificant amount of mineral substances. The main carbohydrate component of fractions was glucose (53.6-78.8%); galactose and mannose were also present, as well as fucose and xylose in insignificant amounts. The aqueous extracts from mycelium demonstrated immunomodulating activity. They rendered a stimulating effect on the functional activity of macrophages--central cells of the reticluoendothelial system. The soluble fraction had a more pronounced effect than the insoluble fraction.     

杏鲍菇最佳培养基的筛选

研究了不同的母种、原种和栽培种培养基对杏鲍菇菌丝生长、子实体产量及生物学效率的影响。结果表明,杏鲍菇在不同配方的培养基上菌丝的生长存在明显差异,其中菌丝生长速度最快、最健壮的母种培养基为PDYA培养基;菌丝生长速度最快、子实体产量最高、生物学效率达91.7%的原种及栽培种培养基为配方2。原种及栽培种培养基的含水率为60%时,菌丝生长快而健壮,在生产上最适宜采用。     

Study of the carbohydrate content in the mycelia of an active strain producing oxytetracycline and in an inactive mutant]

The content of carbohydrates in the mycelium of the active strain and inactive mutant of the oxytetracycline-producing organism under conditions favourable (starch medium) and unfavourable (glucose medium) for the antibiotic biosynthesis was studied. The mycelium of both organisms was fractionated and carbohydrate distribution according to the mycelium fractions and carbohydrate content in every fraction were investigated. No significant differences were observed between the active strain and inactive mutant with respect to the characteristics studied. The carbon source in the medium had the dominating effect on the chemical composition of the mycelium. The mycelium of both strains grown on the starch medium contained much more carbohydrates than that grown on the glucose medium. The carbohydrates of the mycelium grown on the starch medium were mainly found in fraction III and must be represented by polysaccharides.     

Conditions of cultivation,composition, and biological activity of mycelium of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Flammulina velutipes</Emphasis> (Fr.) P. Karst

A study is made on a strain of higher basydiomycete Flammulia velutipes (Fr.) P. Karst. The conditions of maximum biomass production by Flammulia velutipes were studied. Soluble and insoluble fractions were isolated from mycelium. The composition of cultured mycelium and aqueous extracts from mycelium were investigated. These objects mainly contained carbohydrates (65.3 and 84.0% in insoluble and soluble fractions, respectively, and 56% mycelium), proteins (7.5–10.0% in fractions and 17.5% in mycelium), as well as an insignificant amount of mineral substances. The main carbohydrate component of fractions was glucose (53.6–78.8%); galactose and mannose were also present, as well as fucose and xylose in insignificant amounts. The aqueous extracts from mycelium demonstrated immunomodulating activity. They rendered a stimulating effect on the functional activity of macrophages—central cells of the reticluoendothelial system. The soluble fraction had a more pronounced effect than the insoluble fraction.     

The production of toxic metabolites by Chaetomium spp. isolated from solis of permanent pasture.

One hundred and two isolates of Chaetomium spp. have been identified from 2563 soil samples collected from permanent pasture at Nappan, Nova Scotia. Chaetomium umbonatum was the Chaetomium species most commonly isolated. Fifty-six of the Chaetomium isolates were grown in the laboratory and the cultures examined for the production of toxic metabolites. The culture filtrates of 12, and extracts of mycelium of 18, of these isolates inhibited bacterial growth. Chetomin was detected in nine mycelium extracts and isolated from four of the mycelium extracts. Chaetoglobosins were isolated from three mycelium extracts.     

Factors affecting the elicitation of sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin accumulation by eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids in potato

Eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids in extracts of Phytophthora infestans mycelium were identified as the most active elicitors of sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin accumulation in potato tuber slices. These fatty acids were found free or esterified in all fractions with elicitor activity including cell wall preparations. Yeast lipase released a major portion of eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids from lyophilized mycelium. Concentration response curves comparing the elicitor activity of the polyunsaturated fatty acids to a cell-free sonicate of P. infestans mycelium indicated that the elicitor activity of the sonicated mycelium exceeded that which would be obtained by the amount of eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids (free and esterified) present in the mycelium. Upon acid hydrolysis of lyophilized mycelium, elicitor activity was obtained only from the fatty acid fraction. However, the fatty acids accounted for only 21% of the activity of the unhydrolyzed mycelium and the residue did not enhance their activity. Centrifugation of the hydrolysate, obtained from lyophilized mycelium treated with 2n NaOH, 1 molarity NaBH₄ at 100°C, yielded a supernatant fraction with little or no elicitor activity. Addition of this material to the fatty acids restored the activity to that which was present in the unhydrolyzed mycelium. The results indicate that the elicitor activity of the unsaturated fatty acids is enhanced by heat and base-stable factors in the mycelium.     

Respiratory Activity of the Mycelium of Eremothecium ashbyii

The respiratory activity of the mycelium of Eremothecium ashbyii from submerged cultures was manometrically determined at different stages of its development and the results were statistically analyzed. The experiments were performed in a manner designed to diminish the endogenous respiration without affecting the response to the addition of an exogenous substrate. Lactose was the carbohydrate tested that produced the lowest oxygen consumption. The oxidation of maltose, which was high at 24 hr, decreased by more than 50% at 48 and 55 hr. Glucose and sucrose were actively oxidized by mycelium of three ages. From the intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism, 24-hr mycelium did not produce oxygen consumption with malate, lactate, citrate, fumarate, and α-ketoglutarate. At 48 hr, mycelium did not oxidize either lactate or citrate; 55-hr mycelium showed oxygen consumption with all intermediates tested. Acetate and pyruvate always produced high oxygen consumption. Ethyl alcohol produced high oxygen consumption with mycelium of all tested ages.     

Physiological studies on Phymatotrichum omnivorum VI. Lipid composition of mycelium and sclerotia

The lipid composition of the mycelium and sclerotia ofPhymatotrichum omnivorum was compared. The lipids of the mycelium contained 47.9 % polar lipids as compared to 21.4 % in the sclerotia. Sterols represented 10 % of the lipids in sclerotia as contrasted to 3.6 % of the mycelium. More monoglycerides (17.5 %) were detected in the sclerotia as compared to the mycelium (1.6 %). Fatty acid analysis indicated that linoleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in the total fatty acids fraction in both the mycelium and the sclerotia. Palmitic acid was the major free fatty acid in the mycelium, whereas myristic acid was the predominant free fatty acid in the sclerotia. In the fatty acids of the diglycerides of sclerotia, palmitic acid represented 71 % of that fraction, as compared to 6.6 % of the fatty acids of the diglycerides in the mycelium. The major fatty acid in the diglycerides of the mycelium was oleic acid.     

Evidence from mycelial studies for differences in the sterol biosynthetic pathway of Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora cinnamomi.

Phytophthora cinnamomi, a member of the Pythiacease, does not synthesize sterols. Small amounts of squalene, but no squalene epoxide or sterol, were isolated from the dried mycelium of this fungus after growth in sterol-free medium. The dried mycelium of Rhizoctonia solani, a sterol-synthesizing fungus grown under the same conditions, contained small amounts of squalene and squalene epoxide and large amounts of ergosterol. When the two organisms were grown in the presence of [14C]acetate, only labelled geraniol, farnesol and squalene were recovered from the P. cinnamomi mycelium, whereas labelled geraniol, farnesol, squalene, squalene epoxide and ergosterol were recovered from the R. solani mycelium. Similar results were obtained when the organisms were incubated in the presence of [2(-14)C]mevalonate; in this case, labelled lanosterol was also detected in the R. solani mycelium. Both organisms, when incubated in the presence of unlabelled squalene, squalene epoxide or lanosterol, incorporated these compounds into their mycelia; however, only the R. solani mycelium was able to convert these substrates into products further along the sterol pathway. It appears that squalene is the terminal compound in the sterol biosynthetic pathway of P. cinnamomi.     

不同碳氮比对薄盖灵芝液体培养的影响

采取液体深层发酵的方法 ,研究了不同碳氮比对薄盖灵芝 [Ganodermacapense (Lloyd)Teng]液体培养的影响。结果表明 ,在氮量固定的情况下 ,随碳量的增加 ,薄盖灵芝菌丝体干重逐渐增大 ,各处理发酵液的pH值呈“上升→下降→平稳”的变化趋势 ;当碳量固定时 ,各处理的pH值变化基本呈“双峰”型。不同碳氮比对薄盖灵芝液体发酵影响较大 ,通过对菌丝生长量、pH值的测定以及对发酵液及菌球培养性状的观察 ,认为碳氮比在 2 0∶1～ 4 0∶1(C3～C7)对薄盖灵芝的液体发酵均较适宜。其中以 30∶1(C5 )为最适宜 ,在此条件下 ,终止发酵的pH值为 3 4 ,菌球数量虽为 113个 10mL发酵液 ,但菌丝体干重为 6 83 4mg dL。发酵液澄清度高 ,呈真溶液状 ,菌球大小均匀。     

发酵茯苓菌丝体和天然茯苓多糖的研究

本文对发酵茯苓菌丝体和天然茯苓中多糖的提取分离进行了研究,并分别测定了二者总多糖的提取率及总糖的平均含量。发酵茯苓菌丝体和天然茯苓中总多糖的提取率分别为24.47%和82.93%;发酵茯苓菌丝体和天然茯苓总糖的平均含量分别为45.17%和87.24%。     

沙棘根瘤内生菌的多型性

用透射电子显微镜观察了春、夏、秋、冬四个季节的沙棘根瘤,以及瘤瓣上、中、下三个部位。结果表明,不同季节,不同部位的瘤瓣内,根瘤内生菌有7种不同形态。即侵染菌丝体、繁殖菌丝体、营养菌丝体、春孢子及春孢子囊、泡囊,冬孢子及冬孢子囊和类菌体。在多年生珊瑚状的根瘤中,它们的世代交替是:春夏季以侵染菌丝、繁殖菌丝、营养菌丝、春孢子囊及春孢子、泡囊为主;秋冬季以衰退的营养菌丝、衰老泡囊、冬孢子囊和冬孢子、类菌体为主。冬孢子和类菌体是休眠体。     

灵芝深层发酵优良菌株的筛选

灵芝种类多,种间与品种间的不同均可能引起有效成分在产量表达上的差异,为了能筛选适宜深层发酵法生产的灵芝菌株,以8个灵芝菌株为研究对象,比较不同菌株在固体培养基上的菌丝体及液体发酵的菌球萌发菌丝生长速度、液体发酵产物、子实体多糖等指标。结果表明:8个菌株菌丝体生长速度有一定差异,以灵芝G9、红芝早萌发且生长速度快,甜芝、紫芝、灵芝G8、血芝其次,灵芝5760、黑芝最慢。8个菌株深层发酵产物由于生物学特性不同而有差别,同时菌株菌丝体生物量与次生代谢产物多糖之间无必然的联系,甜芝菌丝体生物量最大但自溶速度最快,灵芝5760菌球细小,速度最慢,血芝次生代谢产物多糖最高。菌丝体多糖与子实体多糖比较,各个菌株的菌丝体多糖含量均高于子实体多糖含量。提取多糖工艺以超声波辅助破壁处理后,再以热水浸提法提取多糖的得率明显提高,紫芝、黑芝提高了2倍以上。     

11beta-Hydroxylation of Cortexolone (Reichstein Compound S) to Hydrocortisone by Curvularia lunata Entrapped in Photo-Cross-Linked Resin Gels

Spores of Curvularia lunata were immobilized by entrapment with photo-cross-linkable resin prepolymers and incubated to form mycelium in potato dextrose broth containing cortexolone (Reichstein compound S) as an inducer of steroid 11beta-hydroxylase. In a buffer system containing 2.5% dimethyl sulfoxide, this immobilized mycelium hydroxylated cortexolone to hydrocortisone. The activity of this mycelium was comparable to the activity of free mycelium. Dimethyl sulfoxide did not inhibit hydroxylase activity at the concentration used and was effective in dissolving the product. Of the various photo-cross-linkable resin prepolymers examined, use of ENT-4000, whose main chain was polyethylene glycol 4000 (chain length, approximately 40 nm), resulted in maximum hydroxylation activity of the entrapped mycelium. The chain length of prepolymers affected markedly mycelial growth in the gels and, subsequently, the activity of the entrapped mycelium. The immobilized hydroxylation system was more stable than the system in free mycelium and could be reactivated by incubation of the entrapped mycelium in potato dextrose broth containing cortexolone. The system was tested 50 times during 100 days of operation and was found to carry out the desired transformation with overall yields of 60%.     

采用EF-1α序列及气生菌丝上的孢子形态特征对九州镰孢菌、拟枝孢镰孢菌和厚垣镰孢菌的鉴定

对九州镰孢菌Fusarium kyushuense、厚垣镰孢菌F. chlamydosporum 和拟枝孢镰孢菌F. sporotrichioides在气生菌丝上产生的孢子进行了比较。九州镰孢菌在气生菌丝上产生多隔孢子（即中型分生孢子）;厚垣镰孢菌在气生菌丝上产生的主要是0隔针叶状分生孢子;拟枝孢镰孢菌在气生菌丝上产生两种类型的分生孢子：芜菁形、单胞分生孢子以及椭圆形、0－1隔的分生孢子。多隔的气生孢子（中型分生孢子）在厚垣镰孢菌和拟枝孢镰孢菌这两个种中偶尔可以观察到,但是不应作为对这两个种进行鉴定的主要     

Production ofBeauveria bassiana [Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes] in different liquid media and subsequent conidiation of dry mycelium

Mycelium ofBeauveria bassiana can be grown in liquid culture, filtered, and the mycelium dried. After rehydration the mycelium sporulates. Two carbohydrate sources (sucrose and maltose), and one nitrogen/vitamin source (yeast extract) were tested for mycelium growth and subsequent conidial production. Maximum mycelium growth (12.31 mg/ml), in liquid culture, was in the sucrose (3.5%)/yeast extract (3.5%) medium, but mycelium from a maltose (2%)/yeast extract (0.75%) medium produced the maximum of 4.62×10⁶ conidia/mg dry mycelium after incubation in moist Petri dishes. Using the data on mycelium yield (in liquid culture) and conidial production (by dry mycelium) it is calculated that the sucrose (3.5%)/yeast extract (3.5%) and the maltose (2%)/yeast extract (0.75%) media produce most conidia per media volume (an equivalent of 3.52–3.72×10⁷ conidia/ml).      

水葫芦黑斑病菌Alternaria alternata的生物学特性研究

在不同试验条件下培养水葫芦黑斑病菌Alternaria alternata菌株,探讨其主要的生物学特性,结果表明：该菌株生长的最佳培养基为PSA,最佳C源为葡萄糖,弱碱性和中性N源对该菌菌丝生长具有明显的促进作用,而酸性N源对其具有抑制作用。菌株生长的最佳pH值为pH7,最适温度为27℃。湿度越大,对菌株生长越有利。     

Quantification of extraradical mycelium of Tuber melanosporum in soils from truffle orchards in northern Spain

Quantification of extraradical mycelium of black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) has been carried out in a natural truffle ground and in seven truffle orchards (around 20 years old) established in Tierra Estella and Valdorba sites, within the natural distribution area of the black truffles in Navarre (northern Spain). Specific primers and a Taqman® probe were designed to perform real-time PCR with DNA extracted from soil samples. Amplification of T. melanosporum DNA was obtained from 131 out of the 160 soil samples. The detection limit of the technique was 1.48 μg mycelium/g of soil. The extraradical mycelium biomass detected in the soil from the natural truffle ground was significantly greater (up to ten times higher) than the mycelium biomass detected in any of the orchards. Soil from productive, nonirrigated orchards in the Tierra Estella site contained significantly more extraradical mycelium than the rest of orchards irrigated, productive of T. brumale, or nonproductive. The comparison of soil mycelium biomass in nonirrigated evergreen oak orchards in both sites showed significantly more mycelium biomass in the Tierra Estella site. This study is the first attempt to quantify extraradical mycelium of T. melanosporum in the soil using Taqman® probes. The obtained quantitative results are of special interest to evaluate the fungal response to cultural treatments and to monitor the dynamics of the extraradical mycelium of T. melanosporum in the soil.