白果油的提取工艺及其化学成分研究

采用正交实验对超临界CO2萃取白果油的工艺条件进行优化,比较超声波提取、索氏提取、超临界CO2萃取3种方式对白果油提取率的大小,用最佳提取方式分析不同品种白果中油脂的含量,并用GC-MS分析其成分.结果表明: (1)3种提取方式对白果油提取率的大小顺序为:超临界CO2萃取(添加夹带剂)＞索氏提取＞超声波提取.(2)超临界CO2萃取白果油的最佳工艺条件为:温度40℃、压力20 MPa、流速15 L/h、时间3 h并添加石油醚夹带剂,不同品种白果干粉中油脂得率为3.6%～7.11%.(3)GC-MS分析表明:从超临界萃取白果油中鉴定出17种化学成分,其中不饱和脂肪酸占85.4%;超声波和索氏提取相似,分别从提取的白果油中鉴定出10种和9种化学成分,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为90.3%和90.1%;不饱和脂肪酸以十六、十八碳的为主.     

花椒籽油的提取和组分分析

选用石油醚、无水乙醇、正己烷三种溶剂对花椒籽油进行索氏提取,结果青花椒籽油的得率分别为:5.34%、5.49%、4.80%;红花椒籽油的得率分别为:18.69%、24.41%、17.20%;红花椒籽油得率是青花椒籽油得率的3~4倍。花椒籽油经皂化后采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析不同溶剂提取的花椒籽油脂肪酸组分,并用峰面积归一化法测定各种组分相对含量。结果鉴定的主要组分为棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、油酸和亚油酸,这四种组分占95%以上;青花椒籽油中不饱和脂肪酸含量在83.43%以上;其中棕榈油酸占60%以上,油酸占20%左右,亚油酸占5%左右。红花椒籽油中不饱和脂肪酸含量在69%以下;其中棕榈油酸占12%余,油酸占40%左右,亚油酸占10%左右。而红花椒籽油中棕榈酸含量在30%左右,约是青花椒籽油中棕榈酸含量(11%左右)的3倍。     

用GC-MS分析不同采收和贮存时期的麻疯树种子油的脂肪酸

将采收于青果期、黄果期、黑果期及储存1a、2a的麻疯树种子提油,测定其理化性质,并利用GC-MS分析这5个不同时期的种子所提取的麻疯树种子油成分。结果表明:5个油样的水分、酸值、出油率有较大差异,主要化学成分、碘值、皂化值差异不大。青果的出油率为13.13%,水分为0.66%,酸值为69.21,不饱和脂肪酸含量最低。新采成熟果实的出油率为54.64%,水分为0.36%,酸值为1.51,不饱和脂肪酸含量也相对较高。因此,新采的成熟果实较为适合作生物柴油的原料。     

杜仲种仁化学成分研究

对杜仲种仁中油脂含量、理化性质、脂肪酸组成、蛋白质的氨基酸组成以及粗蛋白、粗纤维、淀粉、灰分等成分进行了分析.杜仲种仁中粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维含量分别为23.59%、40.63%和13.25%.杜仲油的不饱和脂肪酸含量高达90.6%,其中亚麻酸含量为66%,碘值和皂化值分别为180.5和182.7.种仁中含有18种氨基酸,其中人体必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的32.3%.     

大鲵油的水酶法提取及精制过程中脂肪酸组成的变化

为研究大鲵油脂肪酸的营养价值,通过水酶法提取大鲵油,采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析粗大鲵油及其精制(脱胶、脱酸、脱臭)过程中脂肪酸组成的变化以及精制草鱼油中脂肪酸组成的差异。研究结果表明:水酶法提取大鲵油的最佳条件为酶解温度60℃,pH6.5,酶添加量0.75%,酶解时间90 min。所得粗大鲵油达到SC/T 3502-2016粗鱼油二级标准。研究发现,在粗大鲵油中共检出脂肪酸20种,精制过程中脂肪酸组成基本不变,精制后大鲵油中不饱和脂肪酸和必需脂肪酸的相对含量分别达74.76%和25.17%,均高于精制草鱼油中不饱和脂肪酸(61.08%)与必需脂肪酸(18.90%)的相对含量,由此可知,当前方法对大鲵油的提取较为有效,且大鲵油营养价值较草鱼油高。     

冬瓜子油的提取及其成分研究

为了明确冬瓜子油的含量与组成,本研究采用单因素实验与正交实验综合评定相结合的方法,以称重法和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,对冬瓜子中油脂的提取及其组成进行了研究。结果显示冬瓜子油的最佳提取工艺为:使用12倍(V/W)量的复合溶剂,于80℃,提取2 h,提取率可达16.0%;GC-MS分析显示冬瓜子油含有14种脂肪酸,亚油酸为主要成分,含量为84.7%,不饱和脂肪酸总含量为88.6%。多种不饱和脂肪酸的存在,为冬瓜子油的开发利用奠定了物质基础。     

绞股蓝种子油的提取、成分分析和急性毒性实验

以石油醚为提取剂、料液比为1∶7,进行单因子和正交试验及急性毒性实验。结果表明:超声波辅助提取绞股蓝种子油的最适工艺条件为提取的温度60℃、功率200 W和时间50 min,此条件下种子油提取率为28.13%;绞股蓝种子油的密度为0.895 g·mL-1、折光值1.518 n D20、酸值0.85和皂化值180.2 mg KOH·g-1、碘值135.7 g I2·100g-1,为优良的干性油;绞股蓝种子油含有10种脂肪酸成分,主要为亚麻酸(80.49%)、油酸(8.05%)、亚油酸(7.08%)、硬脂酸(1.79%)和棕榈酸(1.28%),不饱和脂肪酸质量分数达总脂肪酸的96.48%;以剂量65 mL·(kg·d)-1的绞股蓝种子油灌胃小鼠,在连续14 d的实验期内,没有发现小鼠的中毒症状和死亡现象。初步判定绞股蓝种子油无急性毒性,有望作为营养保健油源进一步开发。     

凤丹籽油理化特性及脂肪酸GC-MS分析

凤丹,因产于安徽铜陵凤凰山而得名。采用索氏提取法提取得到凤丹籽油,并对其部分理化特性进行测定;经甲酯化处理后,应用气相色谱/质谱(GC-MS)联用仪分析鉴定其组分,采用峰面积归一化法确定各组分含量。结果表明:凤丹籽含油率为34.86%;凤丹籽油的相对密度(d204)0.91、酸值(KOH)3.85 mg/g、碘值(I)175.63 g/100 g、皂化值(KOH)113.66 mg/g、过氧化值2.91 meq/kg;凤丹籽油中共分离鉴定出21种组分,主要是亚油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸等,不饱和脂肪酸占89.00%,饱和脂肪酸占10.77%;除脂肪酸外,还检测出少量的酚类和烷烃。凤丹籽油是一种高不饱和脂肪酸含量的油脂,可作为油脂新资源进行深度开发。     

华山松籽油的制取及性质研究

华山松籽有机溶剂萃取出油率为41％。油的相对密度(25℃)0.9243、折光率(25℃)1.4770、皂化值153.4、酸值0.24、碘值142.1,过氧化值9.9。油的主要脂肪酸有:亚油酸(44.60％)、油酸(22.42％)、亚麻油酸(19.14％)、异油酸(4.68％)、棕榈酸(4.62％)、硬脂酸(1.87％)、花生酸(2.02％)和其他酸(2.61％)。不饱和脂肪酸含量较高(占90.9％)。与药用沙棘籽油进行了性质和脂肪酸组成比较,初步证明其质量指标优于沙棘油,脂肪酸组成与沙棘油相似。推断华山松籽油可作为医疗保健、食品工业等油源加以开发利用。     

葡萄籽油和饼粕的化学成分及特性研究

本文报道了葡萄耔油和饼粕的化学组成及特性。经测定,葡萄籽中粗蛋白、脂肪和纤维素的含量分别为8.4%、15.0%和37.2%;葡萄籽油中,不饱和脂肪酸为89.6%,其中亚油酸占72—76%,碘值、皂化值和酸值分别为138.3、191.5和1.68。我们还对重要矿物元素Ca、Mg和K的含量进行了测定。在葡萄酿酒后的下脚料中,葡萄籽占20—26%,对其进行二次深加工,不仅可以减少环境污染,还可以增加社会经济效益。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.