麦双尾蚜与麦田中生物和非生物因子的灰色关联分析

利用灰色系统理论,将麦双尾蚜Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) 种群消长动态与麦田生物群落中主要生物因子和非生物因子进行灰色关联分析。结果表明影响麦双尾蚜及其它麦蚜种群消长的关键因子主要为麦蚜间的竞争和天敌的捕食压力。非生物因子的作用较小,其中较重要的因子有平均相对湿度和降水量。在塔城小麦田中关键天敌类群为瓢虫类,寄生天敌的影响较小;在伊犁小麦田中,麦双尾蚜及其它麦蚜的关键天敌类群为蚜小蜂类,大麦田中斑腹蝇类较重要,燕麦田中瓢虫类占优势。     

小麦-油菜邻作对麦田主要害虫和天敌的影响

应用昆虫群落生态学的群落特性分析方法,于2008年和2009年在河北省邯郸市调查了小麦与油菜邻作对麦田蚜虫及主要天敌群落的构成、丰富度和稳定性的影响.结果表明：小麦与油菜田间昆虫群落的组成相似,主要田间害虫为蚜虫,其捕食性天敌包括瓢虫类、草蛉类、蜘蛛类和食蚜蝇,寄生性天敌为蚜茧蜂;两年间田间昆虫群落的组成有一定的变化,但均表现为邻近油菜的麦田蚜虫丰富度最低,捕食性天敌和寄生性天敌的丰富度最高;邻近油菜的麦田昆虫群落、麦蚜亚群落、捕食性天敌亚群落的稳定性高,远离油菜的稳定性低.该模式可以有效保护和利用天敌,增强田间自然天敌对害虫的控制能力.     

区域农田景观格局对麦田天敌瓢虫群落的影响

【目的】明确农田景观格局对麦田天敌瓢虫种群的影响,为开展区域性害虫生态调控提供理论依据。【方法】以山东省22个县市区域的小麦种植区为研究对象,基于遥感影像与土地覆盖分类数据以及田间调查的瓢虫种群数据,计算景观格局指数,使用负二项分布的广义线性模型从农田景观、非作物生境景观和区域景观3个方面分析区域农田景观格局对麦田天敌瓢虫群落的影响。【结果】麦田瓢虫种群数量与草地的平均斑块面积(mean patch area,AREA_MN)和面积加权平均斑块分维数(area-weighted mean patch fractal dimension,FRAC_AM)、区域景观的斑块丰富度密度(patch richness density,PRD)呈正相关,与非作物生境的面积加权平均几何最邻近距离(areaweighted mean Euclidean nearest neighbor distance,ENN_AM)呈负相关。草地、聚集的非作物生境以及多样性的区域景观有利于天敌瓢虫种群数量的增加。使用草地的平均斑块面积和非作物生境的面积加权平均几何最邻近距离可以预测瓢虫的发生量。【结论】作为非作物生境的草地、非作物生境的空间分布及区域景观的多样性是影响麦田天敌瓢虫发生的重要因素。     

天敌对新疆麦双尾蚜的控制作用

在新疆塔城和哈密春麦田,用笼罩法研究的结果表明,7月份天敌因素对麦双尾蚜Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) 自然种群具有明显的控制作用。在试验观察期间,当部分自然种群出现负增长时,笼罩的麦双尾蚜增长了4.4～8.3倍。塔城春麦田天敌数量变化和麦双尾蚜增长率的相关性分析表明,1994年蚜小蜂Aphelinus albipodus和斑腹蝇Leucopisannulipes等天敌的控制能力明显,1996年捕食性的蜘蛛类、瓢虫类天敌作用较强。不同年份天敌优势种类和数量存在明显差异。     

棉田少量蚜虫的存在对保护利用自然天敌的意义

<正> 棉田蚜虫Aphis gosspii Glver被天敌控制是常见的现象。蚜虫数量消长伴随天敌数量消长,蚜虫是多种天敌的基本饲料,而繁殖起来的天敌又能捕食其它多种害虫(见图)。这一蚜     

麦蚜与龟纹瓢虫在麦田的空间格局分析

【目的】为保护麦田天敌并合理利用天敌对麦蚜进行控制。【方法】通过田间网格式取样调查,应用生态位和地统计学方法研究了麦田中麦蚜及其主要天敌龟纹瓢虫Proplaea japonica的时空分布格局。【结果】麦蚜及瓢虫时间序列上的种群动态分析显示,麦田中龟纹瓢虫发生期比麦蚜滞后,麦蚜与龟纹瓢虫的种群数量动态趋势相似,种群相关系数为0.930,表明龟纹瓢虫与麦蚜种群呈明显的跟随关系。在空间上,麦蚜和龟纹瓢虫两者的生态位重叠度随着麦蚜的发生量增多而增高,最高达0.52。麦蚜与龟纹瓢虫的空间格局在时间序列上,随着种群数量改变而变化。在低种群密度下,麦蚜的半变异函数为线性模型,呈随机分布;在高密度下,麦蚜和龟纹瓢虫的的半变异函数均为指数模型,呈聚集分布。Block Kriging空间插值分析,得到二维空间插值模拟图,较好反映了麦蚜和龟纹瓢虫种群在麦田的时空分布。【结论】麦田生态系统中麦蚜与其天敌——龟纹瓢虫在时空分布上具有较强的相似性。同时研究结果提示,评价自然天敌对害虫的控害功能时,要综合分析两者的数量关系和空间分布关系及其控害功能的协同作用,才能提出可靠的防治策略。     

四川南充市春季麦田昆虫群落结构初步调查

通过巴氏罐诱法及网捕法、目测法,对南充市4月份的麦田昆虫群落进行分层调查,结果显示地表昆虫5目14科30种,其中天敌昆虫1目2科5种;麦田中上层昆虫7目10科21种,其中天敌昆虫4目5科16种。调查表明南充市麦田昆虫种类较多,天敌昆虫种类丰富,不同种类天敌昆虫占据不同的生态位,各自发挥作用,应保护利用。     

豆田刺吸类害虫、天敌自然种群消长规律及其群落结构的研究

在豆田群落中,常见的天敌昆虫及有益生物为12科13种,它们对寄主均有很强的选择性．小花蝽是大豆蚜的主要天敌,系优势种,其次是龟纹瓢虫．大青叶蝉的主要天敌是蜘蛛类,三突花蛛和草间小黑蛛为优势种．在长期不施用农药的环境下,天敌自然种群对控制害虫发生危害的作用明显．经数学分析,建立了12个数学模型,进一步揭示了两种刺吸类害虫与其天敌之间的关系;天敌种群消长、害虫种群消长与时间变动的关系．尤其通过对豆田群落生物的多样性、稳定性动态分析,表明豆田群落在8月9日至8月29日多样性指数和稳定性指数最大;同时亦表明豆田群落的多样性指数愈高,群落的稳定性愈强．     

小麦收割对新疆北部集约化棉区主要天敌昆虫种群数量的影响

于2009年6—8月小麦成熟至收割期对新疆北部奎屯垦区124团集约化棉区进行了调查,通过扫网法采集了棉区麦田和棉田的昆虫,并对其种群数量进行了统计分析。结果表明:随着小麦逐渐成熟,麦田中的天敌昆虫数量持续下降;当小麦全部收割后,麦田中只有极少数天敌昆虫生存。而与麦田相邻的棉田中的天敌昆虫数量在小麦收割后迅速上升,平均百网虫量达到59.23头,高于对照组连片棉田(平均百网虫量15.33头);小麦的收割比例与棉田天敌昆虫的种群数量存在显著正相关关系(P<0.05),4类主要天敌昆虫(草蛉科、姬蜂科、瓢虫科、食蚜蝇科)种群数量变化趋势之间没有显著差异。小麦收割会驱使失去生境的天敌昆虫转移进入相邻的棉田,姬蜂科、瓢虫科、食蚜蝇科等活动能力强的天敌昆虫类群更容易进入新的生境,而活动能力相对较弱的类群(草蛉科)则难以转移至棉田中。深入研究集约化棉区麦田与棉田中天敌昆虫的库源关系,将有助于集约化农业体系的进一步发展。     

Influence of wheat harvesting on populations of the main natural enemies of cotton pests in northern Xinjiang

于2009年6-8月小麦成熟至收割期对新疆北部奎屯垦区124团集约化棉区进行了调查,通过扫网法采集了棉区麦田和棉田的昆虫,并对其种群数量进行了统计分析.结果表明:随着小麦逐渐成熟,麦田中的天敌昆虫数量持续下降;当小麦全部收割后,麦田中只有极少数天敌昆虫生存.而与麦田相邻的棉田中的天敌昆虫数量在小麦收割后迅速上升,平均百网虫量达到59.23头,高于对照组连片棉田(平均百网虫置15.33头);小麦的收割比例与棉田天敌昆虫的种群数量存在显著正相关关系(P＜0.05),4类主要天敌昆虫(草蛉科、姬蜂科、瓢虫科、食蚜蝇科)种群数量变化趋势之间没有显著差异.小麦收割会驱使失去生境的天敌昆虫转移进入相邻的棉田,姬蜂科、瓢虫科、食蚜蝇科等活动能力强的天敌昆虫类群更容易进入新的生境,而活动能力相对较弱的类群(草蛉科)则难以转移至棉田中.深入研究集约化棉区麦田与棉田中天敌昆虫的库源关系,将有助于集约化农业体系的进一步发展.     

Density-dependent population regulation detected in short time series of saproxylic beetles

Understanding the regulation of natural populations has been a long-standing problem in ecology. Here we analyze the population dynamics of 17 species of saproxylic beetles in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan collected over 11–12 years using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. We first examined the dynamics for indications of the order of the ARIMA models and evaluated the time series to determine that it was not simply a random, white noise sequence. All species dynamics were not mere random noise, and ARIMA models up to lag 3 were considered. The best model was selected from the possible ones using several criteria: model convergence, weak residual autocorrelation, the small sample AIC must be among the smallest that were not significantly different, and the lag indicated by the cutoff values in the detrended partial autocorrelation function. We found significant and nearly significant direct density-dependence for 14 of the 17 species, varying from −0.709 and stronger. The characteristic return rates were strong and only one species had a weak return rate (>0.9), implying that these species were strongly regulated by density-dependent factors. We found that populations with higher order ARIMA models (lag 2 and 3) had weaker return rates than populations with ARIMA models with only one lag, suggesting that species with more complex dynamics were more weakly regulated. These results contrast with previous suggestions that 20+ years are needed to detect density dependence from population time series and that most populations are weakly regulated.     

EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF INSECT COMMUNITY ON PINE CATERPILLAR DENSITY IN DIFFERENT STAND CONDITIONS

Abstract  Natural enemies play an important role in inhibiting population growth of pine caterpillar, but they are difficult to be used in systematic management models. This paper attempts to use some forest stand factors to substitute the effect of natural enemies, which could be used in management models. Through the studies from more than 200 stand plots with different stand conditions in Qu County, Changshan County, and Longyou County of Zhejiang Province, 16 predominant species groups from insect community were selected, and the canonical correlation coefficient between the diversity index, species number, individual number of predominant species and the stand factors was analyzed. The results indicated that the canopy density and ground vegetation were the key stand factors for characterizing the function of insect community. The forest area was divided into four types according to the variation of canopy and vegetation conditions by using cluster analysis. The regression models between the rate of variation of pine caterpillar density and the forest factors including canopy density and vegetation covers were developed in each type of forests. There were significant differences in diversity index, species number, individual number of insect community and population density of pine caterpillar among four types of forests, and correlation coefficients of the four regression models were rather high ( r =0. 924 — 0. 964). This means that the classification of the forest stands is reasonable and the stand factors can characterize the effect of natural enemies in practice.     

氮肥影响节肢动物天敌对褐飞虱种群的自然控制作用

氮肥在增加粮食产量的同时也可能对整个农田生态系统产生负面影响。稻田过量施用氮肥后,会提高水稻对害虫的敏感性、改变害虫与天敌之间的关系,最终影响到天敌对害虫的自然控制功能,导致害虫大发生。为了合理、公正地评价施用氮肥对稻田节肢动物天敌对害虫自然控制能力的影响,探索性地应用笼罩的方法在菲律宾国际水稻研究所试验农场稻田中研究了害虫天敌在不同氮肥施用水平(0,100 kg N/hm~2和200 kg N/hm~2)稻田中对褐飞虱的捕食能力及自然控制作用。试验结果表明,旱季田间的捕食性天敌对褐飞虱若虫的捕食能力和主要天敌对褐飞虱种群的自然控制能力均随稻田氮肥施用量的增加而减弱。在雨季,虽然天敌对褐飞虱种群的自然控制能力也随稻田氮肥施用量的增加而减弱,但捕食性天敌对褐飞虱若虫捕食能力的差异不明显。本研究表明,天敌对褐飞虱自然控制能力的减弱是稻田过量施用氮肥后褐飞虱种群猖獗的主要原因之一。     

Is there any evidence that aphid alarm pheromones work as prey and host finding kairomones for natural enemies?

1. The aphid alarm pheromone (E)‐β‐farnesene (EBF) is often considered to be used by natural enemies as a prey/host finding kairomone. However, studies show opposing results, some appear to confirm an attraction of aphid natural enemies by EBF whereas others do not provide any evidence for the kairomone function of EBF. 2. To clarify if aphid natural enemies are attracted by the amounts of EBF naturally emitted by aphids, the existing literature was reviewed about EBF attractiveness to aphid natural enemies with consideration of the amounts of EBF used in the studies. 3. Thirty‐one publications that investigated the ability of EBF, aphid cornicle secretion, and attacked aphids, to attract aphid natural enemies were found. Several studies showed an attraction by EBF, but these used much higher amounts of EBF than usually emitted by aphids during a predator attack. Studies investigating EBF amounts similar to what is emitted by aphids are rare and failed to show attraction. Only two studies document an attraction of natural enemies by attacked aphids. 4. As EBF is emitted in very low amounts, not very stable, and only present after an attack, we suggest that aphid‐derived EBF is not a suitable kairomone for most natural enemy species, especially when they are able to use alternative cues. As EBF, amongst other volatiles, is also emitted by herbivore‐induced plants, we propose that natural enemies might use plant‐derived EBF as a synomone to identify aphid‐infested plants via an altered plant volatile bouquet.     

菜豆田两种潜叶蝇和主要天敌生态位研究

从生态位研究角度出发 ,采用 Hurlbert( 1978)生态位重叠和 L evins( 1968)生态位宽度指标 ,对严重危害菜豆的两种潜叶蝇 :美洲斑潜蝇 L iriomyza sativae Blanchard和豌豆潜叶蝇 Phytomyza atricor-nis Meig与主要天敌在时间和空间维度上的生态位重叠和生态位宽度作了定量分析。评价了天敌对猎物的时间及空间跟随作用和控制效果。研究表明 :寄生蜂、蜘蛛、龟纹瓢虫、异色瓢虫对豌豆潜叶蝇有较强的跟随作用和控制效果     

农药对捕食性天敌的影响研究进展

捕食性天敌在害虫的自然控制方面起着重要作用。当害虫大发生时,需使用化学农药来进行有效控害,但化学农药会对捕食性天敌的生存造成影响。因此,了解农药对捕食性天敌的影响有利于协调化学防治和生物防治的关系。大部分农药对捕食性天敌的生长发育和繁殖表现为抑制作用,但有的为促进作用。在农药的干扰下,多数捕食性天敌的信息识别能力会降低,少部分会通过提高雄虫接收性信息素的能力或增加雌虫性信息素的释放来诱导求偶行为、增加交配频率。有的杀虫剂会影响捕食性天敌的捕食行为及捕食功能,部分杀虫剂会直接使其捕食功能模型由Holling-Ⅱ型转变为Holling-Ⅰ型。在农药胁迫下,捕食性天敌会产生抗药性,其解毒酶活性升高、保护酶活性改变及靶标部位敏感性下降可能是抗药性产生的机理。农药对捕食性天敌的影响研究在协调害虫化学防治和生物防治中有着重要的理论和现实意义,可以有效地推进捕食性天敌在害虫综合治理中的应用。     

Diversity of natural enemies in Central Otago,New Zealand apple orchards: a practical measure of sustainability in pest management?

The diversity of the arthropod fauna in apple orchards in Central Otago was recorded from 1994 to 1999 using beating trays, pitfall traps, and sticky traps and the data analysed by the Shannon–Wiener Index. Three different fruit production systems were compared, conventional (CFP), integrated (IFP), and biological (BFP), to determine whether total arthropod diversity and/or the diversity of natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) could be used to measure the sustainability of their pest management practices. The contribution of natural enemies to the diversity indices was also examined to determine if they reflected the key species essential for sustainable pest management. The diversity of natural enemies in beating trays was found to be the measure most sensitive to changes in pest management. The diversity of both the total arthropod fauna and natural enemies was much lower under CFP than under either IFP or BFP, due to the use of broad-spectrum pesticides. This practice made the CFP programme unsustainable and it is no longer used. During the transition from CFP to IFP, the diversity indices rose to become similar to that in the BFP programme by the third season. The introduction of frequent applications of fungicides in BFP, including lime sulphur, appeared to reduce total arthropod and natural enemy diversity. Falls in the diversity indices for natural enemies were shown to reflect reduced numbers, range, and evenness of natural enemies but not necessarily the key species known to be critical for sustainable pest management. It is proposed that a Shannon–Wiener Index for natural enemies in beating trays of 0.2 or less in summer is strongly indicative of unsustainable pest management in Otago apple orchards. On the other hand, indices of 0.3–0.8, as found under IFP and BFP, do not give unequivocal or quantitative indications of the sustainability of pest management. A suite of other measures of sustainability are more useful, notably combining lower pesticide use, reduced pest damage and presence at harvest, the greater roles of key natural enemies, more effective plant resistance to pests and diseases, and higher profitability.     

我国烟粉虱主要捕食和寄生性天敌控制能力研究进展

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Gennadius是一种广泛分布于世界各地的多食性害虫,对我国多个省市区的农作物和观赏植物造成了严重的危害。化学杀虫剂的大量使用在杀伤天敌的同时使烟粉虱产生了不同程度的抗性,防治越来越困难;相较于化学防治,在不同地区筛选有效的天敌对烟粉虱进行生物防治是对烟粉虱进行有效控制的重要方法。我国报道的捕食性天敌共计26科109种,寄生性天敌共计2科59种。烟粉虱防治过程中由于单一的防治效果不理想,联合多个天敌资源的利用是增加对烟粉虱的生物防治效果的重要手段。本文通过对我国烟粉虱捕食性和寄生性天敌种类系统全面的整理,同时对烟粉虱优势种天敌中的单种或者多种组合利用后对烟粉虱的的控害潜能进行综述,以期为烟粉虱天敌昆虫种类的筛选和实现高效的生物防治提供科学依据。     

Natural enemies act faster than endophytic fungi in population control of cereal aphids

1. Fast-growing populations of phytophagous insects can be limited by the presence of natural enemies and by alkaloids that are produced by symbiotic associations of many temperate grass species with endophytic fungi. It is unclear if and how acquired plant defences derived from endophytic fungi interact with natural enemies to affect phytophagous insect populations. 2. To assess the relative importance of endophytic fungi compared to that of natural enemies on the population dynamics of phytophagous insects, we carried out a fully factorial field experiment, in which the presence of natural enemies and the presence of endophytic fungi were manipulated simultaneously. Target colonies of aphids were monitored for 8 weeks starting from their natural appearance in the field to the end of the aphid season. 3. We show that on Lolium perenne increased natural enemy densities reduced the individual numbers of two common cereal aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi and Metopolophium festucae. 4. The presence of the endophytic fungi Neotyphodium lolii reduced the number of M. festucae but did not affect the number of R. padi. The reduction in R. padi numbers by predators and parasitoids was not influenced by the presence of endophytes. For adult M. festucae, however, the negative effects of natural enemies were significant only in the absence of endophytes. 5. Over the duration of the experiment, the effect of natural enemies on aphid colony growth was much stronger than the effect of the endophytic fungi N. lolii, presumably because predator and parasitoid action on aphid colonies is much faster than any effects of endophytes. 6. Our results demonstrate that with simultaneous action of acquired endosymbionts and natural enemies, both factors can control aphid colony growth but they generally act independently of each other.     

烟草害虫天敌及其自然控制作用

介绍了云南省烟草主要害虫天敌资源和天敌昆虫的自然控制作用。在云南省烟田内 ,控制烟草害虫发生的生物因子大致可归纳为寄生性和捕食性两大类。充分发挥自然因素的生态调控作用 ,对保护利用天敌、维护烟田生态平衡、提高害虫综合治理效果、保护生态环境都有重要意义