640. QUERCUS CASTANEIFOLIA

Quercus castaneifolia C.A. Mey. is described and illustrated from a tree growing at Kew. Its habitat, distribution, variation in the wild and its relationships with similar species, are discussed. A summary of the history and conservation of some of the oldest trees at Kew is included.     

Asexual propagation in the marine bryozoan Cupuladria exfragminis

Colonies of the free-living bryozoan Cupuladria exfragminis [Herrera-Cubilla, A., Dick, M.H., Sanner, J., Jackson, J.B.C., 2006. Neogene Cupuladriidae of Tropical America. I:. Taxonomy of Recent Cupuladria from opposite sides of the Isthmus of Panama. Journal of Paleontology. 80, 245-263.] from the Gulf of Panama are observed to separate into viable fragments without external force. The process, termed autofragmentation, involves the development of distinctive morphologies designed to assist in colony division. Culturing C. exfragminis shows that fragments that are a consequence of autofragmentation are significantly better able to regenerate than fragments originating from mechanical fragmentation. However, the relative importance of auto- versus mechanical fragmentation in natural populations remains unknown. Autofragmentation in C. exfragminis is found to be stimulated by cooling waters, and analysis of growth in natural populations demonstrates that colonies undergo periodic fragmentation coincident with lowered water temperatures during seasonal upwelling in the Gulf of Panama. These observations suggest that C. exfragminis uses the drop in temperature that occurs during upwelling as a cue to indicate times of increased food availability which may assist in the successful regeneration of fragments. These results are discussed in the context of the morphological, ecological and evolutionary significance of autofragmentation as a method of asexual propagation in cupuladriids.     

Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus.

During the third decade of the 19th century, 21 authors described 35 Recent and 11 fossil species of Conus , in 26 separate publications. This brought to 532 the number of species-group names in the genus introduced up to 1830. Only five fossil and seven Recent species are now considered valid. Two additional valid Recent species were described but were given preoccupied names. The remaining nominal species are concluded to be junior or contemporaneous synonyms (19), nomina dubia (11), of infrasubspecific rank (1), or not now considered Conus (1). At present 160 valid species of Conus are recognized from the species-group names described between 1758 and 1830. Of these, 138 are extant and 22 are known only as Tertiary fossils. Nine otherwise valid species, six Recent and three fossil, were described but were given preoccupied names.     

Revision of the aerea group of Chrysobothris (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

Abstract. The aerea group of the genus Chrysobothris Eschscholtz, as characterized for the first time, includes eight species which occur in the south-western United States and in Mexico. The complicated taxonomic history and confused identity of some species is discussed in depth. Four Mexican species are redescribed in detail from type material: aerea Chevrolat, quadriplagiata Water-house, simplex Waterhouse, stellifera Waterhouse. Lectotypes are designated for the last two species. C.costifrons Waterhouse is considered to comprise three subspecies; two, C.c.rubiterga and C.c.baja are newly described. The remaining species in the group are C.bispinosa, chalcophoroides and serripes . Illustrations and keys to species and subspecies are provided.     

The systematics of the radula-less gastropod Clathromangelia (Caenogastropoda, Conoidea)

On the basis of foregut anatomy and embryonic/larval shell morphology, the radula-less conoidean gastropod genus Clathromangelia Monterosato, 1884 is transferred to the subfamily Daphnellinae (family Turridae). The Lower Pliocene to Recent species arc reviewed. The type species is Pleurotoma granum Philippi, 1844, Recent from Sicily. C. quadrillum Dujardin, 1837 a fossil species described from the Miocene (and ranging to the Lower Pliocene) is here considered a distinct species, with planktotrophic larval development. Clathromangelia strigillata Pallary, 1904 from the Gulf of Gabè (Tunisia) is figured and redescribed. Clathromangelia loiselieri Oberling, 1970 (lectotype here selected) is a senior synonym of C. fehrae (emend. pro C. fehri ) Aartsen & Zenetou, 1987. Three new species are described and figured from the Italian Pliocene: C. tavianii sp. n., C. elvirae sp. n. and C. marinae sp. n.     

911. COELOGYNE KALIANA

Coelogyne kaliana from Malaysia is illustrated and the history of its collection and habitat are described. Distinctions from related species are discussed, and suggestions for its cultivation are given.     

Observations on the life histories of Paramacroderoides pseudoechinus sp. n. (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) and P. echinus Venard 1941, trematodes from the Florida gar.

Paramacroderoides pseudoechinus sp. n. is described from the intestine of Lepisosteus platyrhincus. Life history studies reveal that developmental stages previously reported for P. echinus from gars belong instead to the new species. The account of the life history of P. echinus is emended accordingly and differences in structure and behavior between that species and P. pseudoechinus are described.     

MODES OF REPRODUCTION IN RECENT AND FOSSIL CUPULADRIID BRYOZOANS

Abstract:  Cupuladriid cheilostome bryozoans can make new colonies both sexually and asexually. Sexual (aclonal) colonies are derived from larvae while asexual (clonal) colonies result from the fragmentation or division of larger colonies. A number of specialised morphologies exist which either enhance or discourage clonality, and cupuladriids preserve these in their skeletons, meaning that it is possible to count the abundances of individual modes of reproduction in fossil assemblages, and thus measure the mode and tempo of evolution of life histories using fossil colonies. In this paper we categorise, illustrate and describe the various clonal and aclonal methods of propagation in cupuladriids through the Cenozoic. Sexual reproduction is the only aclonal method of propagation, while four clonal methods are described comprising: (1) mechanical fragmentation, (2) autofragmentation, (3) colonial budding and (4) peripheral fragmentation. The processes involved in each are discussed and we explain how their prevalence can be measured in the fossil record using preservable morphologies. Compiling a record of the occurrence and distribution of the various modes of propagation through time and space we discover a general trend of evolution towards more complex modes in all three cupuladriid genera, but a geologically recent extinction of some modes of propagation that has left the present-day assemblage relatively depauperate. We see striking similarities in the general timing of expansion of modes of reproduction between the two most important genera, Cupuladria and Discoporella , although it is clear that Discoporella evolved a much wider range of special morphologies either to enhance or to discourage clonality than did Cupuladria .     

A revision of Clematis sect. Brachiatae (Ranunculaceae)

Clematis sect. Brachiatae is revised in this paper. Twenty-four species and four varieties are recognized. They are keyed, described, and illustrated in most cases, and classified into two series. Brief taxonomic history and geographical distribution of the section are given, and its systematic position and origin are discussed. A western Himalayan species, C. graveolens Lindl., which has long been misplaced in the C. orientalis group (sect. Meclatis), is transferred to sect. Brachiatae on the basis of its floral structure being identical with that of C. brachiata Thunb. and its allies. Two new combinations, sect. Brachiatae Snoeijer ser. Wightianae (W. T. Wang) W. T. Wang and ser. Dissectae (W. T. Wang) W. T. Wang, are made, and two species, C. zaireensis W. T. Wang and C. bowkeri Burtt Davy, are described as new.     

铁线莲属对枝铁线莲组修订

对毛茛科铁线莲属Clematis L.的对枝铁线莲组sect. Brachiatae进行了全面修订,确定此组共含24种和4变种(包括2新种),写出了此组的分类学简史和地理分布,对其在铁线莲属中的系统位置和起源以及组下分类进行了讨论;还写出了组下分类群检索表,以及每系和每种植物的形态描述、地理分布、生长环境等,并附有多幅插图。本组各种的花构造相当一致：萼片4,镊合状排列,水平开展,白色,通常呈长圆形、卵形或披针形,只在2进化种呈宽椭圆形,外面边缘上密被短绒毛;雄蕊花丝狭条形,被柔毛,花药通常长圆形或狭长圆形,无毛,药隔顶端通常不突出;心皮密被柔毛。上述花构造与威灵仙组欧洲铁线莲亚组sect. Clematis subsect. Clematis 的花构造极为相似,与后者的区别仅在于本组被毛的雄蕊花丝。本组是在1992年由黄花铁线莲组sect. Meclatis (萼片4,通常向斜上方开展,黄色,卵形、长圆形或披针形;花丝由于下部变宽而呈狭披针形,被柔毛)中分出建立的,可能与黄花铁线莲组有亲缘关系,并可能同自威灵仙组欧洲铁线莲亚组演化而出。本组的叶变异较大,自单叶至三出复叶、1-3回羽状复叶,最后到3-4回羽状细裂,表现出一明显演化趋势。根据叶的上述特征,以及萼片形状,本组被划分为2系。第1系,对枝铁线莲系ser. Wightianae: 叶为单叶、三出复叶或1-2(-3)回羽状复叶,萼片呈长圆形至披针形,含22种,其中20种分布于科摩罗、马达加斯加、毛里求斯、非洲大陆和阿拉伯半岛西南部,另2种分别分布于印度南部和喜马拉雅山区西部。第2系,细裂铁线莲系ser. Dissectae: 叶3-4回羽状全裂,萼片呈宽椭圆形,含2种,特产马达加斯加。本组各种植物中具单叶的只有1种,即盒子草铁线莲C. actinostemmatifolia (特产科摩罗)。特产马达加斯加的伏毛铁线莲C. strigillosa和特产毛里求斯及马达加斯加的毛里求斯铁线莲C. mauritiana的叶全部为三出复叶。特产非洲大陆中部的扎伊尔铁线莲C. zaireensis的叶多数为三出复叶,有少数叶为具5枚小叶的羽状复叶;此种与产马达加斯加的伏毛铁线莲相近缘,但比后者进化,可能系由后者或后者的近缘种演化而来,并代表了非洲大陆对枝铁线莲组的原始类型,因为非洲大陆该组的其他13种均具1-2回羽状复叶。此外,特产印度南部的怀特铁线莲C. wightiana具1回羽状复叶,特产喜马拉雅山区西部的浓香铁线莲C. graveolens则具2-3回羽状复叶。根据上述,推测科摩罗、马达加斯加和毛里求斯这一群岛地区可能是对枝铁线莲组的起源中心。     

740. STAUNTONIA HEXAPHYLLA

Stauntonia hexaphylla (Thunb.) Decne. is described and illustrated from plants cultivated at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Its uses in Japan are discussed and the history of introduction of the species to Europe is described.     

Pleistocene and Recent species of the family Darwinulidae Brady & Norman, 1889 (Crustacea, Ostracoda) in Europe

Six species in two genera of Darwinulidae are herereported from Europe; two of these are known fromfossils only.Microdarwinula zimmeri (Menzel) is, in Europe,an interstitial species. Darwinula stevensoni(Brady & Robertson), the type species of thegenus, is also the most common darwinulid. Althoughit abounds in the shallow littoral of lakes, it canalso occur in rivers, bogs and springs, both infresh and saline waters. Darwinula boteaiDanielopol is found in interstitial habitats inRumania. Darwinula pagliolii Pinto & Kotzian,originally described from Recent South Americanpopulations, is reported from fossil, Germanlocalities. Darwinula brasiliensis Pinto &Kotzian, originally described as D. africanabrasiliensis, also from South America, is hereelevated to specific rank. It has been found extantin a bog in southern France and is reported from amuseum collection from a Scottish lake. The latterspecies is here reported from Europe for the firsttime. Finally, Darwinula danielopoli n.sp. isalso described from German Holocene (Subrecent)fossils. This species represents the first nominaltaxon of a distinctly separate lineage within Darwinula s.l.Global and European distribution, history,ecological tolerance ranges, brooding and clonaltaxonomy in this group are discussed.     

563. PASSIFLORA LONGICUSPIS

Summary.  Passiflora longicuspis (Passifloraceae), a new, red, large-flowered species of Passiflora from French Guiana is described; its history, taxonomy, distribution, pollination ecology and cultivation are discussed.     

Description of Cydia piceicola,sp. nov. (Lepidoptera,Tortricidae), feeding on Picea jezoensis in Korea

The adult and the early stages of Cydia piceicola, sp. nov., are described and illustrated from Korea. Larvae of the new species feed on Picea jezoensis (Siebold et Zucc.) Carrière, The life history and larval feeding habits are briefly discussed.     

Notes on the genus Anoteropora (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida)

Four species of the ascophoran 'sand-fauna'bryozoan genus Anoteropora arc now known from the Indian Ocean, and include A. magnicapitata, A. latirostris, A. inarmatu and A. otophora sp. n. Colonies are lunulitiform and anchored by basal rhizoids. The characters and distribution of all species, including fossil specimens, are described. Those of some related genera, including the Recent, east Atlantic Ascosia , and the Tertiary, European Kionidella and Stenosipora , are briefly discussed. A key to the species of Anoteropora is given.     

铁线莲属菝葜叶铁线莲组修订

对毛茛科Ranunculaceae铁线莲属Clematis的菝葜叶铁线莲组sect. Naraveliopsis进行了全面修订, 确定此组共含21种1亚种和1变种; 写出此组的分类学简史和地理分布, 并讨论了此组在铁线莲属中的系统位置; 将此组划分为3亚组, 写出分亚组、分种检索表, 以及各种植物的形态描述、地理分布、生长环境等, 并附有多数种的墨线图。根据对此组植物形态特征的分析, 观察到以下重要演化趋势: (1)叶从单叶演变到二回羽状复叶或二回三出复叶; (2)花从两性到单性, 从无退化雄蕊到有退化雄蕊; (3)雄蕊从无毛到有毛; (4)药隔突起从短(0.5-0.7 mm)到长(8.5-10 mm)。根据上述演化趋势,花两性、雄蕊被毛、退化雄蕊存在的荔波铁线莲亚组subsect. Liboenses(1种,特产贵州荔波)和花由两性变为单性的亚组subsect. Macgregorianae(2种,特产菲律宾)被认为是菝葜叶铁线莲组的进化群。在原始的菝葜叶铁线莲亚组subsect. Smilacifoliae(花两性,雄蕊无毛; 18种,广布亚洲热带地区)中,具单叶,花无退化雄蕊,药隔突起较短的菝葜叶铁线莲C. smilacifolia和滇南铁线莲C. fulvicoma被认为是较原始的种,而具三出复叶和退化雄蕊的C. vietnamensis和丝铁线莲C. loureiriana,以及具羽状复叶和长药隔突起(长达10 mm)的C. papillosa等3种则被认为是此亚组的进化种。自中南半岛北部山地向西经云贵高原南部至喜马拉雅东部山区集中分布有菝葜叶铁线莲组的13种植物,这一山区地带被认为是此组的分布中心。在此山区地带中,菝葜叶铁线莲的分布区和滇南铁线莲的分布区重叠部分的山区可能是此组的起源中心。     

564. PASSIFLORA GABRIELLIANA

Summary.  A new, large and fragrant-flowered species of Passiflora, P. gabrielliana (Passifloraceae), from French Guiana, is described; its history, taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation are discussed.     

A taxonomic revision of the pipunculid fly genus Chalarus Walker, with particular reference to the European fauna

Twenty-one species of Chalarus Walker are described from Europe, 11 of them new. The puparial remains of 15 species are described. Type material of all previously described Chalarus species except C. velutinus (Macquart, 1835) was examined. The status of C. holosericeus (Meigen, 1824) is revised, and exiguus (Haliday, 1833) is confirmed as a valid species. Lectotypes are designated for C. holosericeus and C. spurius (Fallén, 1816). Five species-groups are tentatively proposed. Separate keys to females and males are given. The status of Chalarus species described from outside Europe is discussed, and two of these, C. kamijoi Morakote, in Morakote & Hirashima (1990) and C. konishii Morakote, in Morakote & Hirashima (1990), are synonymized with fimbriatus Coe and exiguus (Haliday) respectively. The functional significance of some taxonomic characters, particularly of the eyes and ovipositor, is discussed.