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1.
R. P. Wilson B. Alvarrez L. Latorre D. Adelung B. Culik R. Bannasch 《Polar Biology》1998,19(6):407-413
The movements of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) in Antarctica were studied by equipping a total of 37 birds captured at Ardley Island, South Shetlands between December
1991 and May 1996 with position-determining devices. Information on area usage was derived from 20 of these devices and covered
the incubation period (N = 3 birds), the chick-rearing period (N = 14 birds) and the over-wintering period (N = 3 birds). During incubation birds only ventured further than 50 km from the colony 20% of the time and no individual ranged
further than 200 km from the colony. In contrast, no individuals attending chicks ranged further than 16 km from the colony.
During winter the maximum distance ranged from the colony was 268 km. Mean distances between the birds and the colony were
80, 81 and 127 km. Individual birds tended to associate with one spot, making short (10 day) forays away before returning
to nodal areas. The ranging capacity of gentoo penguins appears considerably less than that of sympatric congeners and may
reflect the ability of gentoo penguins to dive deeper and thus exploit prey not accessible to congeners.
Received: 1 October 1997 / Accepted: 3 February 1998 相似文献
2.
Antarctic and sub-Antarctic seabirds, marine mammals, and human fisheries concentrate their foraging efforts on a single
species, Antarctic krill (Euphausiasuperba). Because these predators may have a significant effect on krill abundance, we estimated the energy and prey requirements
of Adelie (Pygoscelisadeliae), chinstrap (Pygoscelisantarctica), and gentoo (Pygoscelispapua) penguins and female Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalusgazella) breeding on the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica and compared these estimates with catch statistics from the Antarctic
krill fishery. Published data on field metabolic rate, population size, diet, prey energy content, and metabolic efficiency
were used to estimate prey requirements of these breeding, adult, land-based predators and their dependent offspring. Due
to their large population size, chinstrap penguins were the most significant krill predators during the period examined, consuming
an estimated 7.8 × 108 kg krill, followed by Adelie penguins (3.1 × 107 kg), gentoo penguins (1.2 × 107 kg), and Antarctic fur seals (3.6 × 106 kg). Total consumption of all land-based predators on the South Shetland Islands was estimated at 8.3 × 108 kg krill. The commercial krill fishery harvest in the South Shetland Island region (1.0 × 108 kg) was approximately 12% of this. Commercial harvest coincides seasonally and spatially with peak penguin and fur seal prey
demands, and may affect prey availability to penguins and fur seals. This differs from the conclusions of Ichii et al. who
asserted that the potential for competition between South Shetland predators and the commercial krill fishery is low.
Received: 26 August 1997 / Accepted: 16 December 1997 相似文献
3.
Mao-feng Yue Ren-chao Zhou Ye-lin Huang Guo-rong Xin Su-hua Shi Li Feng 《Journal of Plant Biology》2010,53(2):165-171
High levels of genetic variation enable species to adapt to changing environments and provide plant breeders with the raw
materials necessary for artificial selection. In the present study, six AFLP primer pairs were used to assess the genetic
diversity of Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. from 12 populations in South China. A high percentage of polymorphic loci (P = 76.16%) and high total gene diversity (H
T = 0.310) were found, indicating that the genetic diversity of D. triflorum is high at the species level. Genetic diversity was also relatively high at the population level (P = 55.85%, H
e = 0.230). The coefficient of gene differentiation among populations (G
ST) was 0.255, indicating that while most genetic diversity resided within populations, there was also considerable differentiation
among populations. AMOVA also indicated 24.29% of the total variation to be partitioned among populations (ΦST = 0.243). UPGMA clustering analysis based on genetic distances showed that the 12 populations could be separated into three
subgroups: an eastern, a western, and a central-southern subgroup. However, a Mantel test revealed no significant correlation
(r = 0.286, p = 0.983) between the geographical distances and genetic distances separating these populations; mountain barriers to gene
flow and human disturbance may have confounded these correlations. The present study has provided some fundamental genetic
data that will be of use in the exploitation of D. triflorum. 相似文献
4.
Elongate loach (Leptobotia elongata (Bleeker)), an endemic fish species to China, is a famous ornamental freshwater fish. Here, a comparative study of mtDNA
control region (D-loop) (835 bp) sequences was performed to analyze its wild population structure and evaluate the genetic
diversity for 110 individuals from five locations in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, China. A total of 49 polymorphic
sites and 45 haplotypes yielded high haplotype diversity (h = 0.952), but low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00454) as that of many fish species. Sequence divergences between haplotypes ranged from 0.0033 ± 0.0011 to 0.0050 ± 0.0012
in intra-groups, and from 0.0037 ± 0.0.0011 to 0.0050 ± 0.0012 between groups. Significant values of Tajima’s D (−1.86383, P < 0.01) and Fu’s F
S (−25.93, P < 0.01), together with uni-modal mismatch distribution, indicated a recent genetic bottleneck or population expansion of
the species. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated a small amount of differentiation among groups (1.7%); most
of the total variation occurred within groups (98.3%). Also, there was no significant population structure (F
ST = 0.017, P > 0.05), and estimates of gene flows among groups were extremely high (Nm = 28.88), suggesting low genetic divergence between populations in the species. The lack of genetic differentiation among
groups is most likely due to the combined gene flow from the downstream movement of eggs and larvae with currents and the
upstream or downstream migration of adults throughout the distribution. These groups of L. elongata distributed in upper reaches of the Yangtze River should be considered as a single management unit. 相似文献
5.
Rodrigues PC Aguiar O Serpieri F Lima AP Uetanebaro M Recco-Pimentel SM 《Journal of genetics》2011,90(1):31-37
Dendrobatid frogs have undergone an extensive systematic reorganization based on recent molecular findings. The present work
describes karyotypes of the Brazilian species Adelphobates castaneoticus, A. quinquevittatus, Ameerega picta, A. galactonotus and Dendrobates tinctorius which were compared to each other and with previously described related species. All karyotypes consisted of 2n = 18 chromosomes, except for A. picta which had 2n = 24. The karyotypes of the Adelphobates and D. tinctorius species were highly similar to each other and to the other 2n = 18 previously studied species, revealing conserved karyotypic characteristics in both genera. In recent phylogenetic studies,
all Adelphobates species were grouped in a clade separated from the Dendrobates species. Thus, we hypothesized that their common karyotypic traits may have a distinct origin by chromosome rearrangements
and mutations. In A. picta, with 2n = 24, chromosome features of pairs from 1 to 8 are shared with other previously karyotyped species within this genus. Hence,
the A. picta data reinforced that the C-banding pattern and the NOR location are species-specific traits in the genus Ameerega. Moreover, the Ameerega monophyletism proposed by previous phylogenetic studies indicates that the karyotypic differences among species in this genus
result from a long divergence time. 相似文献
6.
High levels of genetic divergence and inbreeding in populations of cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum)
Rafael M. Alves Alexandre M. Sebbenn Angela S. Artero Charles Clement Antonio Figueira 《Tree Genetics & Genomes》2007,3(4):289-298
Theobroma grandiflorum (cupuassu) is an important fruit tree native to the Brazilian Amazon. Establishing the genetic diversity and structure of
populations is critical to define long-term strategies for cupuassu conservation presently threatened by rapid deforestation.
Three natural populations collected at the putative center of diversity, three groups of accessions established at a germplasm
collection, and one derived from commercial plantings were analyzed. The genetic diversity was assessed using 21 polymorphic
microsatellite loci originally developed for Theobroma cacao, disclosing a total of 113 alleles. The estimated genetic diversity parameters averaged over cupuassu populations (A = 3.53 alleles per locus; H
e = 0.426; H
o = 0.346) were lower than the values reported for other Neotropical tree species. The three natural populations presented
a positive and significant fixation index (f), ranging from 0.133 to 0.234. Cupuassu apparently adhered to a general pattern of genetic diversity structure of some Neotropical
tree species occurring at low densities, with a low intrapopulation genetic diversity and important levels of endogamy, possibly
due to biparental inbreeding derived from the presence of spatial genetic structure in the populations. A high level of genetic
divergence was detected among the natural populations (θ
p = 0.301), a strong differentiation caused by limited gene flow, and suggesting that human interference in spreading and/or
stimulating plantings might have had a smaller effect than expected. The approximate location of the T. grandiflorum center of diversity could not be confirmed by analyzing natural populations from the putative region. 相似文献
7.
Attitudes towards the management of the natural environment have been described mainly as building on individuals’ images
of nature and the human–nature relationship. However, in previous qualitative research I found strong evidence that in order
to understand public views on environmental policies we also need to understand individuals’ beliefs about their fellow humans.
The present study tested the hypothesis that beliefs about human nature and preferences for certain governance approaches—such
as regulations and collective action—are related to individuals’ attitudes towards concrete management measures. Survey results
(n = 155), analysed by means of structural equation modelling, suggest that effects of beliefs about human nature are discernible,
but not significant. I could, however, identify generic preferences for particular approaches to environmental governance.
These significantly explained variation in attitudes towards environmental governance in an applied context, suggesting a
strong need for further research in this politically highly relevant field. 相似文献
8.
Anthony D. Genovesi Russell W. Jessup Milton C. Engelke Byron L. Burson 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2009,45(6):659-666
St. Augustinegrass is one of the most important warm season turfgrasses in the southern United States because of its shade
tolerance. Most cultivars are diploids (2n = 2x = 18) and are susceptible to various diseases and insects. Polyploid cultivars in the species have some resistance to pests,
but most lack cold tolerance. In this study, eight polyploid genotypes were crossed with six diploid cultivars to transfer
pest resistance to the diploids. Because interploid crosses often result in aborted seed, it was necessary to use in vitro techniques. Using embryo rescue, 268 plants were recovered from 2,463 emasculated and pollinated florets (10.88% crossability).
Because of the heterogeneous nature of the species, these purported hybrids could not be verified by phenotype. DNA markers
were used for hybrid identification. A subset of 25 plants from crosses between the aneuploid cultivar Floratam (2n = 4x = 32) and five diploid cultivars were analyzed using 144 expressed sequence tags–simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) developed
from buffelgrass cDNA sequence data. Chi-square tests for paternal-specific markers revealed that all analyzed progeny were
true F1 hybrids and none originated from self-fertilization or unintended outcrossing. In addition to identifying DNA polymorphism,
the EST-SSRs revealed that genetic variation exists among all analyzed cultivars and is not partitioned between ploidy levels.
The findings demonstrate that these embryo rescue techniques will enable the entire spectrum of St. Augustinegrass genetic
variation to be better used through the recovery of interploid hybrids. 相似文献
9.
Novikov I Kalter-Leibovici O Chetrit A Stav N Epstein Y 《International journal of biometeorology》2012,56(1):121-127
Global climate changes affect health and present new challenges to healthcare systems. The aim of the present study was to
analyze the pattern of visits to the medical wing of emergency rooms (ERs) in public hospitals during warm seasons, and to
develop a predictive model that will forecast the number of visits to ERs 2 days ahead. Data on daily visits to the ERs of
the four largest medical centers in the Tel-Aviv metropolitan area during the warm months of the year (April–October, 2001–2004),
the corresponding daily meteorological data, daily electrical power consumption (a surrogate marker for air-conditioning),
air-pollution parameters, and calendar information were obtained and used in the analyses. The predictive model employed a
time series analysis with transitional Poisson regression. The concise multivariable model was highly accurate (r
2 = 0.819). The contribution of mean daily temperature was small but significant: an increase of 1°C in ambient temperature
was associated with a 1.47% increase in the number of ER visits (P < 0.001). An increase in electrical power consumption significantly attenuated the effect of weather conditions on ER visits
by 4% per 1,000 MWh (P < 0.001). Higher daily mean SO2 concentrations were associated with a greater number of ER visits (1% per 1 ppb increment; P = 0.017). Calendar data were the main predictors of ER visits (r
2 = 0.794). The predictive model was highly accurate in forecasting the number of visits to ERs 2 days ahead. The marginal
effect of temperature on the number of ER visits can be attributed to behavioral adaptations, including the use of air-conditioning. 相似文献
10.
It has been suggested that the karyotype of the marsupials derived from a low diploid number (2n = 14) which originated, through
fissions of biarmed chromosomes, the karyotypes with a higher 2n. The telomeric sequence (T2AG3)nwas in situhybridized to the chromosomes of Gracilinanus microtarsusand G. emiliae, Micoureus demeraraeand Marmosa murina, species with 2n = 14, in Monodelphissp., M. domestica, M. kunsiand M. brevicaudatawith 2n = 18, and in Lutreolina crassicaudata, Didelphis albiventris, Chironectes minimus, Philander opossumand P. frenata, all of them with 2n = 22. The probe hybridization occurred in the telomeric regions of both arms, short and long, of all
chromosomes of the complement of all individuals of all species analysed. However, in some pairs of the karyotypes of Gracilinanus microtarsusand Micoureus demerarae(with 2n = 14), and in Monodelphissp., M. domestica, M. kunsiand M. brevicaudata(2n = 18) ectopic signs of hybridization were detected proximal to the centromeres, suggesting the retention of this telomeric
sequence in the centromeric regions of some chromosomes of these species. Based on these results, it is proposed that the
karyotype of marsupials evolved from a 2n = 22 to a 2n = 14, by means of chromosomal fusions.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
The diving behaviour of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) was studied with time-depth recorders at Dumont D'Urville, Antarctica, during the breeding seasons in 1995/1996 and 1996/1997.
We studied penguins foraging at all breeding stages, in various sea-ice conditions. For the first time in this species we
observed nocturnal patterns of diving as the penguins dived more frequently and spent more time underwater around midnight
than around noon. This behaviour may be related to the abundance of neritic krill, Euphausia crystallorophias, in the diet. Dive depth and duration varied extensively over the cycle, and appeared related to sea ice conditions rather
than representative of the locality (22 m/78 s and 40 m/102 s with and without sea-ice, respectively). Comparisons with other
studies showed that different diving behaviour previously observed in different localities can also occur at the same locality,
and in some cases over a single foraging trip of a single penguin when short-term variation of external conditions occurred.
Accepted: 27 September 1999 相似文献
12.
The overlapping ranges of closely related species provide a natural setting for the investigation of reticulate hybridization
and other evolutionary processes. In the present study, we examined the pattern of genetic variation and interspecific gene
flow in seven Actinidia species across ten localities in which sympatry among at least two species occurs. Our results showed that 48.7% of the alleles
across the nine nuclear microsatellite loci examined were shared among the seven Actinidia species. Moreover, at the species level, Actinidia chinensis and Actinidia deliciosa exhibited the highest genetic similarity, with a large percentage of shared alleles (P
s = 81.3%) and a significant consistency between the distribution frequency of their allele sizes (r = 0.859, P = 0.045). Yet, the genetic distinctions between species are obvious except for the species pair A. chinensis and A. deliciosa. Interspecific introgression was detected among the two main species pairs (Actinidia latifolia–Actinidia eriantha and A. chinensis–A. deliciosa), but more apparent in the latter in which 30% of the A. chinensis individuals and 49% of the A. deliciosa individuals showed genetic admixture in the STRUCTURE analysis. Possibly active hybrid zones relating to the two main species
pairs were discussed at last, which are expected to pave the way for the introgression breeding of kiwifruit from natural
sympatric populations. 相似文献
13.
The chromosomes of 31 species of Passiflora, distributed throughout the subgenera Astrophea, Calopathanthus, Distephana, Dysosmia, Passiflora, Plectostemma and Tacsonia were analysed. Three different karyotypes were observed: 2n = 12, 24, 36; 2n = 18, 72 and 2n = 20. The karyotype of these
species was almost always constituted of metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes with variable karyotype symmetry. In the
group with x = 6, represented by the subgenus Plectostemma, six diploid species with 2n = 12, one tetraploid with 2n = 24 (P. suberosa) and an intraspecific polyploid with 2n = 12, 36 (P. misera) were analysed. P. pentagona (subgenus Astrophea) may also be included in this karyological group since it presents 2n = 24 and may be of polyploid origin, with x = 6. The
interphase nuclei in this group were areticulate, except those of P. morifolia and P. pentagona with semi-reticulate characteristics. Two small terminal heterochromatic blocks, positive for chromomycin A3, were identified in the largest chromosome pair of P. capsularis and P. rubra, species very closely related, while P. tricuspis displayed four chromosomes with proximal blocks. In the group with x = 9, represented mainly by subgenus Passiflora, 20 species with 2n = 18 and one with 2n = 72 were studied. They presented chromosomes larger than those species with x = 6
and interphase nuclei of semi-reticulate type, except for P. mixta with areticulate nuclei. Four terminal CMA+ blocks were observed in P. edulis, six blocks in P. caerulea and P. racemosa, while five blocks were observed in the single P. amethystina plant analysed. P. foetida (subgenus Dysosmia), the only species with 2n = 20, exhibited six chromosomes with CMA+ blocks and interphase nuclei of the areticulate type. The meiotic analysis of representatives of the three groups (P. foetida, P. suberosa, P. cincinnata and P. racemosa) always presented regular pairing and regular chromosome segregation, except in P. jilekii where a tetravalent was observed. The analysis of the chromosome variation within the genus and the family suggests that
the base number of Passiflora may be x1 = 6 or x1 = 12, whereas x2 = 9 is only an important secondary base number.
Received April 11, 2000 Accepted October 5, 2000 相似文献
14.
Christof Janko Stefan Linke Thomas Romig Dorothea Thoma Wolfgang Schröder Andreas König 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2011,57(5):1033-1042
This study investigated the epidemiological and ecological factors to assess the infection pressure of alveolar echinococcosis
to human which are living in villages and small towns. Foxes and fox faeces were examined for Echinococcus multilocularis and foxes were observed by radio telemetry in Upper Bavaria, Germany. Forty-three percent of the village foxes (n = 65) had been infected with E. multilocularis. This prevalence rate did not differ significantly from the prevalence among rural foxes, which was 39% (n = 33; χ
2 = 0.12, df = 1, p = 0.727) determined by the intestinal scraping technique. PCR analyses of fox faeces showed a higher infection rate of 35%
(n = 26) among rural foxes than among foxes in villages and small towns (26%, n = 69; χ
2 = 0.68, df = 1, p = 0.411). One quarter of the fox faecal samples come from private gardens of residents. The radio-tracking study on 17 foxes
showed that foxes preferred the built-up area and grassland outside the villages. Village foxes concentrated their activity
within a range of 500 m around the settlement. Sixty-four percent of all bearings for radio-tracked foxes showed positions
in areas outside the town, and 36% of bearings were within the settlement. Village foxes, which are infected with E. multilocularis, are able to carry the parasite continuously into settlements and fox faeces present an immediate source of infection to
humans, especially within their gardens. Therefore, foxes are responsible for environmental E. multilocularis egg contamination in the vicinity of humans, leading to an infection risk to inhabitants of villages and small towns. 相似文献
15.
Fengjuan Zhao Fuli Liu Jidong Liu Put O. AngJr. Delin Duan 《Journal of applied phycology》2008,20(2):191-198
Sargassum muticum is important in maintaining the structure and function of littoral ecosystems, and is used in aquaculture and alginate production,
however, little is known about its population genetic attributes. In this study, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and
inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to investigate the genetic structure of four populations of S. muticum and one outgroup of S. fusiforme (Harv.) Setchell from Shandong peninsula of China. The selected 24 RAPD primers and 19 ISSR primers amplified 164 loci and
122 loci, respectively. Estimates of genetic diversity with different indicators (P%, percentage of polymorphic loci; H, the expected heterozygosity; I, Shannon’s information index) revealed low or moderate level of genetic variations within each S. muticum population, and a high level of genetic differentiations were determined with pairwise unbiased genetic distance (D) and fixation index (F
ST
) among the populations. The Mantel test showed that two types of matrices of D and F
ST
were highly correlated whether from RAPD (r = 0.9706, P = 0.009) or ISSR data (r = 0.9161, P = 0.009). Analysis of molecular
variance (AMOVA) was conducted to apportion the variations among and within the S. muticum populations. It indicated that variations among populations were higher than those within populations, being 55.82% verse
44.18% by RAPD and 55.21% verse 44.79% by ISSR, respectively. Furthermore, the Mantel test suggested that genetic differentiations
among populations were related to the geographical distances (r > 0.6), namely, conformed to the IBD (isolation by distance)
model, as expected from UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages) cluster analysis. On the whole, the
high genetic structuring among the four S. muticum populations along the distant locations was clearly indicated in RAPD and ISSR analyses (r > 0.9, P < 0.05) in our study. 相似文献
16.
William E. Magnusson M. Carmozina de Araújo Renato Cintra Albertina P. Lima Luiz A. Martinelli Tânia M. Sanaiotti Heraldo L. Vasconcelos Reynaldo L. Victoria 《Oecologia》1999,119(1):91-96
We studied the energy flow from C3 and C4 plants to higher trophic levels in a central Amazonian savanna by comparing the carbon stable-isotope ratios of potential
food plants to the isotope ratios of species of different consumer groups. All C4 plants encountered in our study area were grasses and all C3 plants were bushes, shrubs or vines. Differences in δ13C ratios among bushes (xˉ = −30.8, SD = 1.2), vines (xˉ = −30.7, SD = 0.46) and trees (xˉ = −29.7, SD = 1.5) were small. However the mean δ13C ratio of dicotyledonous plants (xˉ = −30.4, SD = 1.3) was much more negative than that of the most common grasses (xˉ = −13.4, SD = 0.27). The insect primary consumers had δ13C ratios which ranged from a mean of −29.5 (SD = 0.47) for the grasshopper Tropidacris collaris to a mean of −14.7 (SD = 0.56) for a termite (Nasutitermes sp.), a range similar to that of the vegetation. However, the common insectivorous and omnivorous vertebrates had intermediate
values for δ13C, indicating that carbon from different autotrophic sources mixes rapidly as it moves up the food chain. Despite this mixing,
the frogs and lizards generally had higher values of δ13C (xˉ = −21.7, SD = 1.6; xˉ = −21.9, SD = 1.8, respectively) than the birds (xˉ = −24.8, SD = 1.8) and the only species of mammal resident in the savanna (xˉ = −25.4), indicating that they are generally more dependent on, or more able to utilise, food chains based on C4 grasses.
Received: 7 May 1998 / Accepted: 30 November 1998 相似文献
17.
The effects of elevated CO2 on plant biomass and community structure have been studied for four seasons in a calcareous grassland in northwest Switzerland.
This highly diverse, semi-natural plant community is dominated by the perennial grass Bromus erectus and is mown twice a year to maintain species composition. Plots of 1.3 m2 were exposed to ambient or elevated CO2 concentrations (n = 8) using a novel CO2 exposure technique, screen-aided CO2 control (SACC) starting in March 1994. In the 1st year of treatment, the annual harvested biomass (sum of aboveground biomass
from mowings in June and October) was not significantly affected by elevated CO2. However, biomass increased significantly at elevated CO2 in the 2nd (+20%, P = 0.05), 3rd (+21%, P = 0.02) and 4th years (+29%, P = 0.02). There were no detectable differences in root biomass in the top 8 cm of soil between CO2 treatments on eight out of nine sampling dates. There were significant differences in CO2 responsiveness between functional groups (legumes, non-leguminous forbs, graminoids) in the 2nd (P = 0.07) and 3rd (P < 0.001) years of the study. The order of CO2 responsiveness among functional groups changed substantially from the 2nd to the 3rd year; for example, non-leguminous forbs
had the smallest relative response in the 2nd year and the largest in the 3rd year. By the 3rd year of CO2 exposure, large species-specific differences in CO2 response had developed. For five important species or genera the order of responsiveness was Lotus corniculatus (+271%), Carex flacca (+249%), Bromus erectus (+33%), Sanguisorba minor (no significant CO2 effect), and six Trifolium species (a negative response that was not significant). The positive CO2 responses in Bromus and Carex were most closely related to increases in tiller number. Species richness was not affected by CO2 treatment, but species evenness increased under elevated CO2 (modified Hill ratio; P = 0.03) in June of the 3rd year, resulting in a marginally significant increase in species diversity (Simpson's index; P = 0.09). This and other experiments with calcareous grassland plants show that elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations can substantially alter the structure of calcareous grassland communities and may increase plant community
biomass.
Received: 12 July 1997 / Accepted: 14 September 1998 相似文献
18.
Meal size of chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) was estimated through weighing adult breeders before and after food transfer during the crèche phase. Mean meal size delivered
by each parent was 630.2 ± 178.3 g and was independent of breeding date, number of chicks and sex. Only body size as estimated
by flipper length had a significant effect on meal size, suggesting an advantage of large body size which allows maximization
of food carried per visit.
Received: 22 September 1997 / Accepted: 16 December 1997 相似文献
19.
Rosane G. Collevatti Raquel Estolano Silmara F. Garcia John D. Hay 《Tree Genetics & Genomes》2009,6(4):555-564
We investigated pollen dispersal and breeding structure in the tropical tree species Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae), using genetic data from ten microsatellite loci. All adult trees (101) within a patch of 8.3 ha were
sampled, and from these adults 18 open-pollinated maternal progeny arrays were analyzed (280 seeds from 265 fruits). Most
fruits presented only one seed (median equal to 1.000) and mean number of ripened seeds per fruit was 1.053 (SD = 0.828).
Our results showed that C. brasiliense presents a mixed-mating system, with 11.4% of self-pollination, multilocus outcrossing rate of t
m = 0.891 ± 0.025, and high probability of full-sibship within progeny arrays (r
p = 0.135 ± 0.032). Outcrossing rate and self-pollination varied significantly among mother trees. We could detect a maximum
pollen dispersal distance of ∼500 m and a mean pollen dispersal distance of ∼132 m. However, most pollination events (80%)
occurred at distances less than 200 m. Our results also indicated that pollen dispersal is restricted to a neighborhood of
5.4 ha with rare events of immigration (∼1% N
e
m = 0.35). C. brasiliense also presents a significant but weak spatial genetic structure (Sp = 0.0116), and extension of pollen dispersal distance was greater than seed dispersal (N
b = 86.20 m). These results are most likely due to the foraging behavior of pollinators that may have limited flight range.
The highly within-population synchronous flowering, high population density, and clumped distribution reinforce pollinator
behavior and affect residence time leading to a short-distance pollen dispersal. 相似文献
20.
Ish K. Dhawan Roopali Roy Brian P. Koehler Swaranalatha Mukund Michael W. W. Adams Michael K. Johnson 《Journal of biological inorganic chemistry》2000,5(3):313-327
Thermococcus litoralis (Tl) have been investigated by using the combination of EPR and variable-temperature magnetic circular dichroism (VTMCD)
spectroscopies. The results reveal a [Fe4S4]2+,+ cluster (E
m=−368 mV) that undergoes redox cycling between an oxidized form with an S=0 ground state and a reduced form that exists as a pH- and medium-dependent mixture of S=3/2 (g=5.4; E/D=0.33) and S=1/2 (g=2.03, 1.93, 1.86) ground states, with the former dominating in the presence of 50% (v/v) glycerol. Three distinct types of
W(V) EPR signals have been observed during dye-mediated redox titration of as-isolated Tl FOR. The initial resonance observed
upon oxidation, termed the “low-potential” W(V) species (g=1.977, 1.898, 1.843), corresponds to approximately 25–30% of the total W and undergoes redox cycling between W(IV)/W(V) and
W(V)/W(VI) states at physiologically relevant potentials (E
m=−335 and −280 mV, respectively). At higher potentials a minor “mid-potential” W(V) species, g=1.983, 1.956, 1.932, accounting for less than 5% of the total W, appears with a midpoint potential of −34 mV and persists
up to at least +300 mV. At potentials above 0 mV, a major “high-potential” W(V) signal, g=1.981, 1.956, 1.883, accounting for 30–40% of the total W, appears at a midpoint potential of +184 mV. As-isolated samples
of Tl FOR were found to undergo an approximately 8-fold enhancement in activity on incubation with excess Na2S under reducing conditions and the sulfide-activated Tl FOR was partially inactivated by cyanide. The spectroscopic and redox
properties of the sulfide-activated Tl FOR are quite distinct from those of the as-isolated enzyme, with loss of the low-potential
species and changes in both the mid-potential W(V) species (g=1.981, 1.950, 1.931; E
m=−265 mV) and high-potential W(V) species (g=1.981, 1.952, 1.895; E
m=+65 mV). Taken together, the W(V) species in sulfide-activated samples of Tl FOR maximally account for only 15% of the total
W. Both types of high-potential W(V) species were lost upon incubation with cyanide and the sulfide-activated high-potential
species is converted into the as-isolated high-potential species upon exposure to air. Structural models are proposed for
each of the observed W(V) species and both types of mid-potential and high-potential species are proposed to be artifacts
of ligand-based oxidation of W(VI) species. A W(VI) species with terminal sulfido or thiol ligands is proposed to be responsible
for the catalytic activity in sulfide-activated samples of Tl FOR.
Received: 9 September 1999 / Accepted: 17 February 2000 相似文献