Personality disorder: a new global perspective

Personality disorder is now being accepted as an important condition in mainstream psychiatry across the world. Although it often remains unrecognized in ordinary practice, research studies have shown it is common, creates considerable morbidity, is associated with high costs to services and to society, and interferes, usually negatively, with progress in the treatment of other mental disorders. We now have evidence that personality disorder, as currently classified, affects around 6% of the world population, and the differences between countries show no consistent variation. We are also getting increasing evidence that some treatments, mainly psychological, are of value in this group of disorders. What is now needed is a new classification that is of greater value to clinicians, and the WPA Section on Personality Disorders is currently undertaking this task.     

A synopsis of the vestimentiferan system

This paper presents a review of the vestimentiferan system and provides amended diagnoses for all the taxons. The class of vestimentiferans comprises two orders. Lamellibrachiida and Tevniida. The family Alaysiidae is considered to be a group of uncertain systematic position. A map of the geographical distribution of the vestimentiferans is presented.     

A synopsis of the biology of the Ascomycotina

A synopsis of the biology of the Ascomycotina. A wide variety of classifications of the Ascomycotina has been proposed but a consensus is being reached on the main orders that it is appropriate to recognize. Most of these orders are well characterized with respect to their ecology and nutritional requirements although defined primarily on morphology. The 43 orders are displayed diagrammatically to illustrate their host and substratum requirements. This display is intended to stimulate argument and research by broadening the consideration of evolutionary pathways to include ecological and nutritional factors. It will also be of value as a teaching aid; overlays can be constructed to show additional features not treated here.     

A synopsis of the neotropical species of Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae)

WEBSTER, G. L. & ARMBRUSTER, W. S., 1991. A synopsis of the neotropical species of Dalechampia ( Euphorbiaceae ). The characters used in inferring phylogenetic relationship in Dalechampia are discussed, and a consistent terminology is devised for the parts of the distinctive pseudanthial inflorescences. The infrageneric classification is radically modified, with the 92 provisionally accepted binomials for the neotropical taxa referred to six sections: Rhopalostylis, Dioscoreifoliae, Cremophyllum, Coriaceae, Tiliifoliae and Dalechampia. As here interpreted, section Dalechampia includes 53 species in five subsections; one new subsection, Convolvuloides , is described.     

PTSD症状与人格特征的关联及性别差异

目的:探究在中国人群中使用气质性格问卷(TCI)评测出的人格特质和PTSD的症状之间的关联,并在此基础上验证两者之间的关联是否也存在性别差异.方法:应用气质性格问卷中文版(TCI-144)及事件影响量表(IES-R)评估个体的人格和PTSD症状,以303名经历过5·12地震的大学生为调查对象,通过对两个调查量表的得分进行PTSD和人格的相关性分析.结果:①被调查者中有13.2％为PTSD可疑者,其中女性为35人(占女生总数的15.8％)男性为5人(占男生总数的7.8％).②在女性样本中,除了合作性因子与回避症状两者之间无关联外,性格维度的三因子与PTSD三症状均有相关;对于气质维度,追求刺激因子显示出了与闯入或过度警觉两个症状间有正相关;而回避损害和坚持性因子都只显示出了与过度警觉症状有正相关.③在男性样本中,除了性格维度的自我超越因子与PTSD三症状都显示了正相关之外,只有气质维度上的坚持性因子与回避症状之间存在正相关.结论:人格特质与PTSD存在显著关联,但是男女两性表现的是各自不同的相关关系.     

Efficacy of Biofeedback-Based Treatments for Temporomandibular Disorders

Bibliographic searches identified 14 controlled and uncontrolled outcome evaluations of biofeedback-based treatments for temporomandibular disorders published since 1978. This literature includes two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of each of three types of biofeedback treatment: (1) surface electromyographic (SEMG) training of the masticatory muscles, (2) SEMG training combined with adjunctive cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques, and (3) biofeedback-assisted relaxation training (BART). A detailed review of these six RCTs, supplemented with information from non-RCT findings, was conducted to determine the extent to which each type of intervention met treatment efficacy criteria promulgated by the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB). We conclude that SEMG training with adjunctive CBT is an efficacious treatment for temporomandibular disorders and that both SEMG training as the sole intervention and BART are probably efficacious treatments. We discuss guidelines for designing and reporting research in this area and suggest possible directions for future studies.     

学业不良大学生的人格特征分析

大学生学业不良主要是指由于焦虑等心理因素影响大学生学习潜力的发挥,造成学习效果不理想的状况,并且学习成绩未达到在读高校的既定标准。学习成绩结果具有暂时性、可逆性、具体性、社会性等特征。近年来,学业不良大学生的队伍不断扩大,学者们开始关注这个特殊群体。研究表明,学生的学习成绩与人格存在一定的相关。本文从学业不良的定义入手,分析了国内外对学业不良的研究现状,然后,着重对学业不良大学生的人格特征方面的研究进行综述,并提出一些相关建议。     

Reducing the treatment gap for mental disorders: a WPA survey

The treatment gap for people with mental disorders exceeds 50% in all countries of the world, approaching astonishingly high rates of 90% in the least resourced countries. We report the findings of the first systematic survey of leaders of psychiatry in nearly 60 countries on the strategies for reducing the treatment gap. We sought to elicit the views of these representatives on the roles of different human resources and health care settings in delivering care and on the importance of a range of strategies to increase the coverage of evidence-based treatments for priority mental disorders for each demographic stage (childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age). Our findings clearly indicate three strategies for reducing the treatment gap: increasing the numbers of psychiatrists and other mental health professionals; increasing the involvement of a range of appropriately trained non-specialist providers; and the active involvement of people affected by mental disorders. This is true for both high income and low/middle income countries, though relatively of more importance in the latter. We view this survey as a critically important first step in ascertaining the position of psychiatrists, one of the most influential stakeholder communities in global mental health, in addressing the global challenge of scaling up mental health services to reduce the treatment gap.     

A synopsis of the family Lissocarpaceae

A species erroneously described as aDiospyros is here transferred toLissocarpa, asL. tetramera (Rusby) P. E. Berry. This gives a total of five species currently recognized in Lissocarpaceae. A key to the species and a discussion of the individual taxa are presented.     

Genomic Studies of Hereditary Disorders and the Genetic Diversity of Siberian Populations

The review considers the results of genome research on the Russian program Human Genome carried out in the Institute of Medical Genetics (Tomsk) since 1990. The three major fields were molecular cytogenetics and chromosomal disorders, genomics of Mendelian and common diseases, and ethnogenomics of the North Asian population. Several human genes were cytogenetically mapped, and numerical and structural abnormalities associated with human diseases were studied by fluorescence hybridization. Procedures of DNA diagnosis were developed for 15 hereditary diseases. New data were obtained on the genetic heterogeneity of idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The genetic bases of multifactorial (atopic bronchial asthma) and infectious (tuberculosis) diseases were analyzed. The North Eurasian population (41 local populations of 21 ethnic groups) was tested for genetic diversity with numerous genetic markers, including Y-chromosomal haplotypes, autosomal microsatellites, and polymorphic Alu insertions.     

经颅多普勒超声对脑血管状态与人格特征相关性研究

目的：研究脑血管状态与人格特征的相关性。方法：人格特征应用A 型行为类型量表、艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）对60 名20-35岁青年人群进行问卷调查,并划分出不同类型;脑血管状态应用经颅多普勒超声（TCD）的诊断技术测查60 人的大脑中动脉（MCV）的血流速度来判断脑血管的紧张程度。结果：脑血管紧张组：A 型人格为19 人占59.3%,对照组：A 型人格为3 人占10.7%,以A 型人格占优势（x2 =22.85,P〈0.01）。脑血管紧张组（36.2± 5.8）A 型行为问卷平均得分高于对照组（20.3± 2.4））（t=6.81,P〈0.01）。脑血管紧张组P分、N 分、L分与正常对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）;脑血管紧张组E分（内外向）高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。四种性格类型相比,外向情绪不稳定型的脑血管紧张组13（40.6%）与对照组4（14.3%）相比所占比例较高（x2 =21.91, P〈0.05）。结论：A 型人格,外向不稳定的人格特征与脑血流速度增快有关,可能是脑血管紧张的诱发因素之一。     

大学生人格特征与社交焦虑的相关研究

目的:探讨大学生人格特征与社交焦虑的关系,为高校大学生心理教育工作提供理论依据.方法:采用分层整群抽样的方法,对1600名大学生进行心理测评,测评工具包括社交焦虑量表(IAS)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ).结果:本研究发现,高社交焦虑的大学生为370人,占总体被试的25.6%;女大学生社交焦虑水平高于男大学生,农村、矿区的学生其社交焦虑水平高于城镇学生;逐步多元回归结果发现,内外向、神经质为社交焦虑的有效预测因素,联合解释变异量为23.7%.结论:高社交焦虑的大学生占总体调查人数的25.6%;人格特征、性别、家庭住址是社交焦虑的影响因素;应加强大学生健康个性的培养及社交焦虑的相关干预.     

A taxonomic synopsis of the genus Campeiostachys Drobov

We have classified 11 species recently recognized as belonging to the genus Elymus into a resurrected and legitimate genus Campeiostachys Drobov according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Our action is based on the rationale of monophyly, discrimination, and practicality discussed in detail. Currently Elymus contains a vast number of species with different genomes which often, but not always, can be differentiated by cytological and molecular features, but are difficult to separate by tr...     

A network theory of mental disorders

In recent years, the network approach to psychopathology has been advanced as an alternative way of conceptualizing mental disorders. In this approach, mental disorders arise from direct interactions between symptoms. Although the network approach has led to many novel methodologies and substantive applications, it has not yet been fully articulated as a scientific theory of mental disorders. The present paper aims to develop such a theory, by postulating a limited set of theoretical principles regarding the structure and dynamics of symptom networks. At the heart of the theory lies the notion that symptoms of psychopathology are causally connected through myriads of biological, psychological and societal mechanisms. If these causal relations are sufficiently strong, symptoms can generate a level of feedback that renders them self‐sustaining. In this case, the network can get stuck in a disorder state. The network theory holds that this is a general feature of mental disorders, which can therefore be understood as alternative stable states of strongly connected symptom networks. This idea naturally leads to a comprehensive model of psychopathology, encompassing a common explanatory model for mental disorders, as well as novel definitions of associated concepts such as mental health, resilience, vulnerability and liability. In addition, the network theory has direct implications for how to understand diagnosis and treatment, and suggests a clear agenda for future research in psychiatry and associated disciplines.     

WPA guidance on the protection and promotion of mental health in children of persons with severe mental disorders

This guidance details the needs of children, and the qualities of parenting that meet those needs. Parental mental disorders can damage the foetus during pregnancy through the action of drugs, prescribed or abused. Pregnancy and the puerperium can exacerbate or initiate mental illness in susceptible women. After their birth, the children may suffer from the social disadvantage associated with severe mental illness. The parents (depending on the disorder, its severity and its persistence) may have intermittent or prolonged difficulties with parenting, which may sometimes result in childhood psychological disturbance or child maltreatment. This guidance considers ways of preventing, minimizing and remedying these effects. Our recommendations include: education of psychiatrists and related professions about the effect of parental mental illness on children; revision of psychiatric training to increase awareness of patients as caregivers, and to incorporate relevant assessment and intervention into their treatment and rehabilitation; the optimum use of pharmacological treatment during pregnancy; pre-birth planning when women with severe mental illness become pregnant; development of specialist services for pregnant and puerperal women, with assessment of their efficacy; community support for parenting by mothers and fathers with severe mental disorders; standards of good practice for the management of child maltreatment when parents suffer from mental illness; the importance of multi-disciplinary teamwork when helping these families, supporting their children and ensuring child protection; the development of child and adolescent mental health services worldwide.     

Systematics and biogeography of Klasea (Asteraceae–Cardueae) and a synopsis of the genus

Klasea , traditionally treated as a section in Serratula , is now widely accepted at the generic level. A classification of the genus is presented here, accommodating the 46 species in ten sections based on nuclear ribosomal DNA external and internal transcribed spacer sequence data and morphology. New combinations for five species and ten subspecies are published, and a new hybrid species is described. The genus ranges from the Iberian Peninsula and north Africa through southern and eastern Europe, west and central Asia to the Himalayas, and the Far East of Russia and China. The ancestral area is in west Asia, most probably eastern Anatolia and northern and western Iran. In this region, representatives of all sections are present. The largest section Klasea diversified most likely in the mountains of central Asia. A key to all Klasea species is provided.  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 152 , 435–464.