神农架大九湖湿地公园及周边区域两栖动物和爬行动物概况

神农架大九湖湿地公园独具特色的高山湿地生态系统孕育了独具特色的动植物资源,但其两栖动物和爬行动物物种多样性尚未报道.为此,2016至2018年对该区域的两栖动物和爬行动物进行了调查.共记录两栖动物21种,隶属于2目8科.其中,东洋种17种,古北种1种,广布种3种;湖北省级保护动物12种;IUCN收录21种,其中棘腹蛙(...     

大小兴安岭地区伞菌和牛肝菌类区系

2014-2016年间, 对大小兴安岭地区伞菌和牛肝菌类的物种多样性和区系组成等进行了研究。对野外采集的3,363份标本整理鉴定, 共鉴定出661种(包括变种), 隶属于1门4纲18目61科180属。其中食用菌185种, 药用菌92种, 有毒菌110种。区系组成上, 含有10种及以上的优势科有16科, 共计519种, 占大小兴安岭地区伞菌和牛肝菌类总科数的27.87%, 总种数的78.51%。含有10种以下的共有45科, 而种数仅为142种, 占总种数的21.48%, 在本区系中为从属地位。含有5种及以上的优势属有29个, 占总属数的16.11%, 共计412种, 占总种数的62.33%。物种的地理区系组成上主要以北温带分布种、世界广布种和欧亚大陆分布种为主, 其中北温带分布种216种, 占大小兴安岭地区大型真菌总种数的32.68%; 世界广布种167种, 所占比例为25.26%; 欧亚大陆分布种161种, 所占比例为24.36%。     

Management Effects on Bryophytes in Estonian Forests

Bryophyte species richness and composition of six different forest types and three different management rates was analysed in 36 Estonian forests. Analyses were done separately for six different bryophyte species groups: total species number, hepatic, hemerophobic, common, non-epigeic and epigeic species. The differences in species richness between unmanaged and moderately managed forests were significant for all species groups, while the differences between moderately and intensively managed forests were significant only for total species number, and numbers of common and non-epigeic species. Our results showed also that in comparison of unmanaged and moderately managed forests, management effect was significant for species richness of all species groups except non-epigeic species, while in comparison of moderately and intensely managed forests, management rate remained significant only for total species richness and richness of common species. Also the species composition was affected by forest management. Only the compositions of unmanaged forest types were found to be significantly different between each other. In conclusion, even moderate management eliminates a significant number of bryophyte species, and the species composition of different forest types become more similar.     

江西庐山国家级自然保护区珍稀濒危植物优先保护定量研究

为制定江西庐山国家级自然保护区珍稀濒危植物的保护策略,采用濒危系数、遗传系数及物种价值系数等评价指标对58种珍稀植物的濒危程度和优先保护顺序进行评估。结果表明,自然保护区珍稀植物的综合评价值(VS)为0.153～0.742,濒危等级为安全的11种,占该区珍稀保护植物总数的19%;稀有的28种(48%);渐危的18种(31%);濒危的1种(2%)。优先保护顺序为Ⅰ级的8种,占该区珍稀保护植物总数的14%,急需保护;Ⅱ级的22种(38%),需要保护;Ⅲ级的23种(40%),可以一般保护;IV级的5种(8%),较为安全。生境破坏和人为干扰是该区珍稀植物保护面临的主要威胁。     

浙江天童枫香树群落不同垂直层次物种间的联结性与相关性

种间关系是植物群落重要的数量和结构特征之一, 分析群落不同垂直层次物种的种间联结和相关性对于理解群落结构、动态和分类等具有重要的生态意义。该研究选取浙江省天童处于演替前期的枫香树(Liquidambar formosana)群落乔木层3个物种、亚乔木层3个物种以及灌木层28个物种为研究对象, 应用基于二元数据的方差比率法、χ²统计量检验和基于数量数据的Spearman秩相关系数检验研究了3个垂直层次间物种的联结性与相关性。结果发现: (1)乔木层与亚乔木层物种总体间存在不显著正联结, 乔木层与亚乔木层主要物种间相互独立的种对较多, 较少种对显著联结或相关; (2)乔木层与灌木层物种总体显著正联结, 显著关联或相关的种对较多, 种对间依赖性较强; (3)亚乔木层与灌木层物种总体同样存在显著正联结, 种对间关系较为紧密。该研究结果表明: 群落垂直层次间物种生态习性和对生境适应的趋同性, 以及在垂直方向上对生境要求的互补性差异是决定演替前期种对关系的主要因素。     

Species association and correlation between vertical layers in the Liquidambar formosana community in Tiantong region,Zhejiang Province

Aims Interspecific relationship is one of the most important properties in plant communities. Analyzing species association and correlation between vertical layers in plant communities is ecologically crucial for understanding community structure, dynamics and classification. The objective of this study was to test how plant species in contrasting vertical layers of plant communities associate and correlate. Methods The study sites are located in Tiantong region in Zhejiang Province. Community structure and species composition were measured in an early successional community of Liquidambar formosana. Interspecific relationships were examined between 3 tree species and 3 sub-tree species, between 3 tree species and 28 shrub species, and between 3 sub-tree species and 28 shrub species. Interspecific relationships were analyzed by using χ²-test for 2 × 2 contingency table, variance ratio (VR) test and spearman rank correlation test.Important findings With respect to tree and sub-tree layers, positive significant association was not observed for overall species. Species were independent with each other for most species pairs. Few species pairs showed significant association or correlation. Regarding tree and shrub layers, there were significant positive associations between overall species. Species between tree and shrub layers were more dependent on each other, with the most species showing significant association or correlation. Similarly, positive significant association existed for overall species between sub-tree and shrub layers, displaying a close interspecific relationship. These results suggest that the convergences of species behavior and habitat acclimatization, and complementary differences in habitat requirement over species between vertical layers might be the main driver affecting patterns of species association and correlation in the early successional community.     

四川省湿地水鸟资源现状与保护

为保护四川省湿地生境及生物多样性提供科学依据,于2014年12月至2018年12月对四川省湿地水鸟资源与栖息地进行了调查。在川西高原区、川西南山地区和四川盆地区共设置调查区域(点) 27个。调查记录湿地水鸟141种,加上以前有记录而本调查没有记录到的24种,四川湿地鸟类共计165种。实地调查到的141种湿地鸟类隶属于11目、23科,分别占全国水鸟目、科、种的73. 33%、65. 71%和43. 79%,其中国家一级保护鸟类7种,二级保护鸟类9种,四川省保护鸟类19种,CITES附录Ⅰ有3种,附录Ⅱ有8种。留鸟20种,夏候鸟23种,冬候鸟41种,旅鸟56种,迷鸟1种。区系组成包括古北界79种(59.57%)、东洋界33种(23.40%)、广布种29种(20.57%)。四川盆地区的物种数和种群数量最丰富,其次为川西高原区。四川盆地区与川西南山地区主要以冬候鸟和旅鸟为主,川西高原区则以夏候鸟为主。四川省湿地水鸟物种丰富,但人类活动导致湿地资源遭到破坏,影响了物种多样性,必须加强保护。     

罗霄山脉大型真菌区系分析与资源评价

本文采用踏查法对罗霄山脉地区大型真菌资源进行了为期5年的调查, 共采集标本5,100多号。结合形态学与分子生物学方法, 鉴定出大型真菌2门7纲20目72科218属672种, 其中幕阜山脉115种、九岭山脉168种、武功山脉77种、万洋山脉220种、诸广山脉193种; 新增罗霄山脉新记录属37个、新记录种514种。对罗霄山脉大型真菌物种组成分析表明, 含10种以上的优势科有18科, 其物种数占物种总数的73.36%, 为多孔菌科、蘑菇科、粉褶蕈科等; 含5种以上的优势属有34属, 其物种数占物种总数的55.36%, 包括粉褶蕈属(Entoloma)、鹅膏属(Amanita)、小皮伞属(Marasmius)等; 在该山脉发现中国特有属2个, 中国特有种46个。大型真菌资源利用价值评估表明, 罗霄山脉有食用菌133种、药用菌136种、毒菌87种, 部分种类具有良好的应用前景。本研究为该地区大型真菌资源的保护、利用和管理提供了较重要的科学依据。     

Bryophyte and vascular plant species richness in boreo-nemoral moist forests and mires

We compare species richness of bryophytes and vascular plants in Estonian moist forests and mires. The material was collected from two wetland nature reserves. Bryophyte and vascular plant species were recorded in 338 homogeneous stands of approximately 1 ha in nine forest and two mire types. Regional species pools for bryophytes and vascular plants were significantly correlated. The correlations between the species richnesses of bryophytes and vascular plants per stand were positive in all community types. The relative richnesses (local richness divided by the regional species pool size) were similar for bryophyte species and for vascular plant species. This shows that on larger scales, conservation of the communities rich in species of one taxonomic plant group, maintains also the species richness of the other. The minimum number of stands needed for the maintenance of the regional species pool of typical species for the every community type was calculated using the species richness accumulation curves. Less stands are needed to maintain the bryophyte species pools (300–5300 for bryophytes and 400–35 000 for vascular plants).     

The rarity concept and the commonness of rarity in freshwater zooplankton

1. Regional distribution, frequency of occurrence and relative abundance were scored in 2467 Norwegian lakes for all the recorded 130 species of crustacean zooplankton. The majority of species were rare in the sense that 65% of species were recorded in fewer than 10% of localities. Only six species were recorded in more than 50% of localities, and the median number of species in a given locality was 14 (i.e. 10% of the total species pool). 2. Abundances of all species were scored according to the fraction of lakes in which they were recorded, their geographical range of distribution, and their numerical abundance. Typically the most rare species were rare by all three criteria, and vice versa for the common species, pointing to rarity as an inherent property of some species. For some species this rarity reflects being on the edge of their distributional range, while for others rarity seems to be a consequence of their life cycle strategies. 3. Some of the truly rare species have high dispersal rates and high colonization abilities, but are rapidly replaced by other species. Others are confined to specific habitats, often highly eutrophic, pointing to highly specialized niche adaptations. 4. A major cause for the few truly common species seems to be the limited number of species that are able to coexist within a given locality, reflecting ‘the ghost of competition past’ and predation pressure. 5. While species composition and species richness may reflect colonization abilities and stochastic events, the presence or absence of species is not only a random lottery but also a consequence of species‐specific attributes.     

中国两栖、爬行动物更新名录

本文在2015年发表的爬行动物名录及同年《中国两栖类信息系统》发布的两栖动物名录的基础上, 通过整理新发表的分类学研究及先前名录遗漏的部分早期文献, 更新了截至2019年底中国现生本土两栖、爬行动物物种名录。2015-2019年间, 中国两栖动物新记录1科, 新描述2属, 恢复1属有效性, 新记录1属, 新描述或恢复有效种74种, 新增国家纪录18种; 另6属、8种的有效性未得到近年研究证据支持(在此视为次定同物异名而未做收录, 后同)。同期, 中国爬行动物新恢复5科, 新描述1亚科, 新描述1属, 恢复3属有效性, 新记录3属, 新描述、恢复或提升有效种43个, 新增国家纪录10种; 另有5属、4种的有效性未得到近年研究证据支持, 并移除1属、4种在我国的分布纪录。此外, 通过整理2015年前文献, 爬行动物增补3属, 提升3亚种至种级地位, 增补国家新纪录3种, 另有3属、2种的有效性未得到近年研究证据支持, 同时移除1种在我国的分布纪录。综上, 截至2019年底, 我国共记录现生本土两栖动物3目13科62属515种(蚓螈目1科1属1种, 有尾目3科14属82种, 无尾目9科47属431种), 爬行动物3目35科135属511种(鳄形目1科1属1种, 龟鳖目6科18属34种, 有鳞目蛇亚目18科73属265种、蜥蜴亚目10科43属211种)。此外, 本文还对先前名录中部分爬行动物的中文名提出了修改建议, 建议恢复部分物种的惯用中文名。2015-2019年, 新物种及新纪录已知物种数量占现两栖、爬行动物物种总数的17.1%和10.2%。近年来, 我国发表的两栖、爬行动物新物种和已知物种的新纪录数量持续增加, 分类体系也在研究中不断完善, 建议今后及时地进行阶段性总结, 同时对存在的问题提出讨论, 以推动中国两栖、爬行动物分类学研究工作的进一步开展。     

Commonness,rarity, and oligarchies of woody plants in the tropical dry forests of Mexico

We assessed woody plant communities in two widely separated forests in the tropical dry forest (TDF) biome of Mexico for evidence of similar patterns of species commonness and rarity. We used belt transects laid out along contour lines (i.e., constant elevation) and stratified across elevation gradients at sites in Jalisco and Oaxaca to sample woody plant species diversity, abundance, relative frequency and basal area. We assembled a combined species list and compared species found in both sites (shared) to species found in only one site, assessing whether the most and least common species at a site tended to be shared or unshared. Of the 8242 individuals sampled, 370 species or morpho‐species were identified, with 222 species recorded at the Jalisco site and 270 at the Oaxaca site—122 (33%) species were shared across sites. Abundance, frequency and basal area of shared species were greater on average than for unshared species, and were positively correlated across sites. A subset of 68 shared species (18%) accounted for over half of all individuals encountered at the two sites. Species in the most common quartile were more likely to be shared than expected by chance, while species in the least common quartile were less likely. A genus‐level analysis found similar patterns. Our findings suggest that the TDF of Pacific coast Mexico shows evidence of widespread dominance by a small subset of species. These findings have potentially important implications for predicting species composition, understanding the role of oligarchic species in ecological processes, and conserving rare species.     

Large-scale environmental correlates of forest tree distributions in Catalonia (NE Spain)

Aim To explore the environmental correlates of tree species distributions in Catalonia according to the chorological status of the species. Location The study area is the region of Catalonia, in north‐eastern Spain. Methods We used presence‐absence data for 24 species, sampled in random plots distributed throughout forests of Catalonia. A climate model for the Catalonia region provided environmental variables. We used classification tree analysis to explore the environmental correlates of the realized niches of tree species. The predictive accuracy of the models was assessed using the ROC curve approach. Potential distribution maps of tree species were generated for the whole Catalonia region. Results Models were ranked from low to high accuracy for the 24 species. Differences in accuracy among species were related to the chorological status of species. Zonal species, or species at the core of their range (Mediterranean and Sub‐Mediterranean species), were generally well predicted, while extrazonal species, or species at the edge of their range, were predicted only moderately well. Mediterranean species distributions showed good correlations with extreme temperatures and annual precipitation. Main conclusions The above trends confirmed the difficulty of identifying the realized niche of species at the edges of their ranges. In contrast, Mediterranean and Sub‐Mediterranean species, which were at the core of their range, were well‐predicted, confirming the importance of extremes of temperature and annual precipitation as effective surrogates for variables having more direct physiological roles in limiting the ability of plants to survive and grow. Maps of potential tree distributions allowed us to define suitable habitats and to highlight areas where species have been planted outside their natural distribution.     

麦积山肉鞭毛虫的物种多样性

用活体观察法对迄今缺乏了解的麦积山肉鞭类原生动物的物种多样性进行了调查,共鉴定出水生肉鞭虫100种,包括2个未知种。鞭毛亚门（Mastigophora）有2纲9目15科31属59种。植鞭纲（Phytomastigophorea）有52种,其中眼虫目(Euglenida) 36种,占鞭毛虫物种总数的61.02%,为优势类群;动鞭纲（Zoomastigophorea）仅有7种,没有明显的优势类群。肉足亚门（Sarcodina）有4纲6目19科32属41种。叶足纲（Lobosea）有31种,其中变形目（Amoebida）16种,占肉足虫物种总数的39.02%,为优势类群;表壳目（Arcellinida）12种,占29.27%,为次优势类群。在麦积山风景名胜区的南坡（为嘉陵江水系）分布有71种,北坡（为渭河水系）分布有56种,分水岭分布有13种,水生肉鞭毛虫的群落组成也显著不同;与国内典型的长江水系、雅鲁藏布江水系和黄河水系相比,麦积山分布的水生肉鞭毛虫群落组成均存在显著性差异。结果表明,麦积山水生肉鞭毛虫物种十分丰富,特有和稀有物种繁多,具有鲜明的独特性。     

Vertebrate hosts of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in California.

The western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls, is an important parasite and vector of disease agents that affect human and animal health in the western United States. This paper presents a review of all published California host records for I. pacificus. Unpublished data from public health, academic, and vector control agencies and researchers were reviewed as well. Host species were identified for each active life stage (larvae, nymph and adult). A total of 108 vertebrate species in three classes (Mammalia, Aves, and Reptilia) were identified as hosts for at least one life stage of I. pacificus. Adult I. pacificus were recorded from 29 species of mammals, 2 species of birds, and 1 reptile species. Nymphal I. pacificus were recorded from 30 species of mammals, 38 species of birds, and 8 reptile species. Larval I. pacificus were recorded from 29 species of mammals, 43 species of birds, and 8 species of reptiles. A table depicting the taxonomic classification of host species is provided. This review adds eight new host records to the California list of recognized vertebrate host species for I. pacificus.     

长春地区黏菌区系特征

为调查长春地区黏菌资源的物种多样性,便于掌握长春地区黏菌资源情况,对长春地区的黏菌进行了为期3年的系统调查,共采集到标本2,000余份,通过形态特征鉴定为5目7科23属59种。团毛菌科、绒泡菌科和发网菌科为优势科,共计49种,占长春地区黏菌总种数的83.1%,科的数目占总科数的42.8%。团网菌属、半网菌属、团毛菌属、绒泡菌属和发网菌属为优势属,共计34种,占总种数的57.6%。从种的组成上可以划分为世界广布种（67.8%）,北温带分布种（10.17%）,东亚-北美洲间断分布种（5.08%）,温带-亚热带     

千岛湖库区岛屿面积对植物分布的影响及植物物种多样性保护研究

修建大坝形成水库蓄水是造成景观破碎化的原因和形式之一.本研究选取了浙江千岛湖库区景观破碎化的典型区域小金山林场,调查了74个大小不一的岛屿,研究了面积对植物物种分布的影响,并比较了使物种多样性最大化的几种植物物种保护方案:小岛组合、中岛组合、大岛组合、大中小组合岛.调查共记录到乔木物种56种,灌木物种79种.将岛屿按照面积由大到小排序,将相对应分布的乔木、灌木绘制成植物物种分布表.结果显示:乔木中分布不受面积影响的物种有15种,受面积影响的有11种,介于两者之间的有30种;灌木物种中不受面积影响的有24种,受面积影响的有16种,介于两者之间的有39种.将乔木、灌木和总物种数分别累加,同时将相对应的岛屿面积按不同组合累加,绘制累加物种和面积关系图,发现在特定的相同累加面积下,组合岛的累加乔木、灌木、总物种数最多,小岛组合次之,大岛组合最少.因此,建立相同面积的保护区时,组合岛有利于保护更多的物种.     

Exploring arboreal ant community composition and co-occurrence patterns in plantations of oil palm Elaeis guineensis in Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia

The oil palm, Elaeis guineensis , is a native of West Africa and is now extensively grown in south-east Asia. In 2005, the crop covered four million ha of Malaysia. We examined the arboreal ant fauna in two oil palm plantations that had been farmed with integrated pest management practices for at least 10 yr. Having cut and examined palm fronds from 595 and 503 palms in Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia respectively, we studied diversity in ant assemblages, analysed composition of ant mosaics by stepwise use of null-models, and explored the influence of exotic vs native species on community structure. Altogether we sampled 52 species of canopy ants, of which 23 species were shared between Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia. Seventeen species in Borneo and 24 species in Peninsular Malaysia accounted for 95% of all species occurrences (SOCs). Fortysix percent of all SOCs belonged to 12 tramp ant species with pan-tropical distributions. Forty percent of all SOCs were exotic ants. Six dominant species were found in Borneo, five in the Peninsula. The three most abundant species, Anoplolepis gracilipes , Oecophylla smaragdina and Technomyrmex albipes were dominant in both sites. Three dominants were invasive species that were found on more palms than the native group. Dominant tramp species coexisted with non-dominants more often and tolerated more species of non-dominant ants than native dominants. Null model analyses indicated that species were arranged in mosaics at both the Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo sites. Dominant species showed much less co-occurrence than expected by chance, pointing towards species segregation (even in presence of introduced, invasive species). Similar results were obtained for all species. Non-dominant ants were either positively associated with their dominants, or co-occurred randomly in the presence of dominant species. In contrast, ant assemblages on palms without dominants showed species segregation.     

江西阳际峰自然保护区陆生贝类物种多样性

2007年11月～2008年5月调查了江西阳际峰自然保护区陆生贝类资源,共采得陆生贝类47种(含2个未定种),隶属13科27属,其中16种为江西省陆生贝类新纪录种.区系分析表明,该保护区陆生贝类以东洋界成分为主,占种类总数的63.83%.其优势种为墙草真管螺和同型巴蜗牛.分析11个采集点生物多样性指数结果表明,Margalef丰富度指数(dMA)范围为0～6.2345;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数( H ′)范围为0～3.5676;Pielou均匀度指数( Jsw )范围为0～1.3610.环境越复杂,种类组成越丰富;物种分布越均匀的地区,陆生贝类多样性指数就越高.     

Comparison of different treatments of rare species in canonical correspondence analysis

运用吕梁山南段植物群落及其环境调查数据,比较研究不同稀有种处理(剔除稀有种、稀有种不做处理与降低稀有种权重3种方法处理)对典范对应分析(CCA)排序结果的影响,并用Spearman秩相关系数检验对应排序轴的相关性。结果表明3种方法的分析效果基本一致,但它们对环境因子的解释趋势有差异。基于环境数据、物种数据和样方数据的排序轴相关分析结果显示:未处理稀有种的CCA与降低稀有种权重的CCA吻合度高于剔除稀有种的CCA与降低稀有种权重的CCA的吻合度,未处理稀有种的CCA与降低稀有种权重的CCA的前4轴呈极显著的一一对应关系;剔除稀有种的CCA和降低稀有种权重的CCA仅在基于环境数据和样方数据分析时前3轴呈极显著的一一对应关系,而在基于物种数据的相关分析时前4轴的对应相关性不显著。从物种-环境关系的解释量上来看,降低稀有种权重的CCA最优,剔除稀有种的CCA和未处理稀有种的CCA次之。结合对应排序轴的相关性分析和物种-环境关系累计解释量来看,这3种稀有种处理方法在准确地揭示物种与环境关系时的顺序依次为:降低稀有种权重>对稀有种不做处理>剔除稀有种。