The taxonomic status of the Black Sea and Marmara Sea populations of the Broadnosed Pipefish Syngnathus cf. argentatus Pallas (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) based on morphological and molecular characters

As the Black Sea and Marmara Sea population of the Broadnosed Pipefish Syngnathus cf. argentatus show some morphological differences from the Mediterranean Sea populations, some authors regard it as an endemic species Syngnathus argentatus Pallas, 1814, while others consider it as a synonym of S. typhle Linnaeus, 1758. The aim of this study is to compare the populations of the Black Sea and Sea of Marmara with the Aegean Sea population, using a combination of morphological and molecular characters, in order to clarify their taxonomic status. Sampling was carried out at three stations in the Black Sea, two in the Sea of Marmara and three in the Aegean Sea, and a total of 24 morphometric and 6 meristic characters were examined. Metric data were analysed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and phylogenetic relationships between the populations were analysed using both cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene and cytochrome b (cyt-b) gene sequences. Although constant differences were observed in snout depths between the Black Sea/Marmara Sea and the Aegean Sea populations, other morphological features and genetic analysis did not enable these populations to be differentiated. These findings indicate that S. argentatus is a synonym of S. typhle.     

Modelling the presence of anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus in the Aegean Sea during early summer, based on satellite environmental data

Acoustic and satellite environmental data as well as bathymetry data were used to model the presence of anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus during early summer in the northern Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean). Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) were used for modelling and subsequently applied in a predictive mode to identify those areas in the Greek Seas and the entire Mediterranean basin that could support species’ presence. Model results were evaluated with the estimation of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC)-plots as well as qualitatively, based on (a) acoustic data from concurrent studies in certain areas of the northern Aegean Sea that were not included in the estimation of the GAM model and (b) historical acoustic data from the central Aegean and Ionian Seas. Mapping the estimated environmental conditions in the Mediterranean basin indicated areas that generally agree with the known distribution grounds of anchovy, such as the straits of Sicily and coastal waters of Tunisia, areas in the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Adriatic Sea, the Gulf of Lions and the Catalan Sea. Guest editor: V. D. Valavanis Essential Fish Habitat Mapping in the Mediterranean     

Fluctuating asymmetry and fitness correlations in two Engraulis encrasicolus populations

Correlations among several measures of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and fitness‐related variables were assessed in two populations of the European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus with fast growth (Aegean Sea) and slow growth (Ionian Sea), respectively. FA levels were borderline significantly higher in the Ionian than in the Aegean for some variables. Variation in otolith shape (deviation from population norm) was lower in the Ionian than the Aegean, contrary to expectation. Within the Aegean, there was no relation between any of the FA indexes and fitness estimators, while in the Ionian a composite otolith FA index was significantly negatively correlated to standard length at age only in 2 year‐old individuals. This difference between the Aegean and Ionian may have been related to the lower growth rate in the Ionian, as FA–fitness relations may be more apparent in less‐beneficial environments. The absence of significant correlations in the Aegean and the low correlation in one age group in the Ionian suggests that FA is not a sensitive indicator of individual fitness in adult E. encrasicolus.     

Deep-sea ecosystem variability of the Aegean Sea during the past 22 kyr as revealed by Benthic Foraminifera

Specific responses of the regional deep-sea ecosystems to climatic and oceanographic processes during the last 22 kyr are revealed by benthic foraminiferal faunas from two cores in the northern and southern Aegean Sea. Under glacial boundary conditions, high-diversity benthic foraminiferal faunas and elevated benthic foraminiferal numbers indicate enhanced organic matter availability and well-ventilated deep-water masses in the whole Aegean Sea. The glacial termination is accompanied by significant fluctuations in productivity and deep-water ventilation. In the northern Aegean Sea, meltwater inflow from mountain glaciers during the Bølling/Allerød warm period resulted in a restriction of local deep-water formation, as mirrored by a dominance of bolivinids. During the deposition of sapropel S1, drops in benthic foraminiferal number and diversity are more significant in the southern Aegean Sea when compared to the north. This suggests the persistence of local deep-water formation in the northern Aegean Sea during S1 deposition. In addition, faunal fluctuations within S1 at both sites suggest the repeated influence of short-term cooling events on the re-ventilation and re-colonization of Aegean deep-sea ecosystems. During the middle and late Holocene, benthic foraminiferal faunas document the establishment of oligotrophic and well-ventilated conditions in the southern Aegean Sea. The corresponding faunas from the northern Aegean Sea reflect generally mesotrophic conditions and variable deep-water oxygenation. During the entire Holocene, the deep-sea ecosystems of this region responded very sensitively to short-term changes in humidity and temperature. These abrupt climate changes controlled the inflow of nutrients from rivers and the Black Sea and the formation of local deep-water masses.     

General index

Abstract

Phytobenthos from Eastern Mediterranean Sea. — The A. states the results of an exploration, by diving techniques, in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, along 13 stations located in the midle-western and southern region of the Aegean Sea. Besides to the values of various ecology elements (saltness, brightness, nutrition salts), informations about reologic regime in the Aegean Sea are reported. It has been collected 175 floral entities, with the following per cent composition: Chlorophyceae 14,5%, Phoeophyceae 17,0%, Rhodophyceae 68,3%. Eastern Mediterranean Sea underwater flora presents in the explored stations a R/P index equal to 4, which characterizes it as a subtropical one.     

Modelling potential habitat of the invasive ctenophore <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mnemiopsis leidyi</Emphasis> in Aegean Sea

The invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the Black Sea in the early 1980s and it was first sighted in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean) in the early 1990s. This article presents a first attempt to develop a predictive spatial model based on M. leidyi presence data and satellite environmental data from the Aegean Sea during early summer, in order to identify those areas in the Greek Seas and the entire Mediterranean basin that could serve as potential habitat for the species. Generalized additive models (GAM) were applied. The final GAM model indicated higher probability of finding M. leidyi present in depths of 65–135 m and sea surface temperature values of 21–25°C. Furthermore, the significant interaction between photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and sea level anomaly (SLA) indicated a higher probability of M. leidyi presence in low values of PAR and SLA. In the next step, the final GAM was applied in a prediction grid of mean monthly satellite values for June 2004–2006 in order to estimate probability of M. leidyi presence in the Hellenic Seas and the whole Mediterranean basin at a GIS resolution of 4 km. In the Aegean Sea, species potential habitat included areas influenced by the Black Sea Water (e.g. Thracian Sea, Limnos-Imvros plateau), gulfs that are affected by river runoffs, such as the Thermaikos, Strymonikos and Patraikos gulfs, or areas with strong anthropogenic influence such as the Saronikos gulf. Areas with the same environmental conditions as those in Aegean Sea have been indicated in certain spots of the Levantine Sea as well as in coastal waters of Egypt and Libya, although their spatial extent varied largely among years examined. However, the occurrence of conditions that are linked to high probability of M. leidyi presence does not necessarily mean that these areas can support successful reproduction, high population or bloom levels, since these depend on a combination of temperature, salinity, food availability and the abundance of predators. Guest editor: V. D. Valavanis Essential Fish Habitat Mapping in the Mediterranean     

Peracarida populations of hard substrate assemblages in ports of the NW Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean)

This study deals with the structure of Peracarida populations in four ports in the NW Aegean Sea, Greece, and with the degree this structure is influenced by the particular biotic and abiotic conditions that prevail in the ports. Quantitative samples were taken during summer and winter in two successive years from artificial hard substrates and were analysed using common biocoenotic methods. The examination of approximately 81,250 specimens revealed the presence of 24 Peracarida species, the most dominant of which were Corophium acutum, Leptochelia savignyi and Elasmopus rapax. All species are very common and have been reported from many sites and assemblages in the N Aegean Sea. The ratios of certain Peracarida genera are discussed as possible indicators of environmental health that may be used in long-term biomonitoring programmes on the impact of pollution in harbours.Communicated by H.-D. Franke     

Demosponge distribution in the eastern Mediterranean: a NW–SE gradient

The purpose of this paper was to investigate patterns of demosponge distribution along gradients of environmental conditions in the biogeographical subzones of the eastern Mediterranean (Aegean and Levantine Sea). The Aegean Sea was divided into six major areas on the basis of its geomorphology and bathymetry. Two areas of the Levantine Sea were additionally considered. All available data on demosponge species numbers and abundance in each area, as well as their vertical and general geographical distribution were taken from the literature. Multivariate analysis revealed a NW–SE faunal gradient, showing an apparent dissimilarity among the North Aegean, the South Aegean and the Levantine Sea, which agrees with the differences in the geographical, physicochemical and biological characteristics of the three areas. The majority of demosponge species has been recorded in the North Aegean, while the South Aegean is closer, in terms of demosponge diversity, to the oligotrophic Levantine Sea. The number of studies in the Aegean and Levantine subareas was positively correlated with the number of species recorded within each Aegean subarea. Demosponge species with an Altanto-Mediterranean distribution prevailed in the Aegean and the Levantine. The reduced contribution of the endemic component, as compared to the western Mediterranean, is consistent with the general NW–SE decrease in the number of endemic species in the Mediterranean. Demosponge distribution at the order level showed also a NW–SE gradient, similar to that observed in the entire Atlantic–Mediterranean region, suggesting a warm water affinity. Sublittoral, circalittoral and bathyal zones were clearly distinguishable in the Aegean Sea on the basis of their sponge fauna. The total number of species was an exponential negative function of depth.     

Westernmost record of the diamondback puffer,Lagocephalus guentheri (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae) in the Mediterranean Sea: First record from Greek waters

On 5th November 2017, a puffer fish specimen was caught in the Aegean Sea. Morphological and molecular analysis identified it as Lagocephalus guentheri. This first record from Greek waters represents the westernmost observation of the species in the Mediterranean Sea. The expansion and establishment of puffer fish species in the basin are discussed, with particular emphasis on the importance of the additional use of molecular analysis for increasing the efficiency in understanding species spread and dynamics.     

Geographic, seasonal and bathymetric distribution of demersal fish species in the eastern Mediterranean

The distributional abundance of three demersal fish species, Merluccius merluccius, Mullus barbatus and Lophius budegassa, was studied as a function of sampling season, bathymetry and geographic area. Data were collected during research trawl surveys in the Aegean and Ionian seas under the same sampling scheme, thereby allowing comparisons to be made on the mean regional densities in numbers and biomass of these three commercially important species in Greek waters. Results indicated that European hake, M. merluccius, demonstrated a wide bathymetric and geographic distribution, with specimens encountered in all regions between 20 and 500 m depth, although density was found to be highest usually between 101 and 200 m. The mean regional density of hake was observed to vary seasonally, being higher mainly in winter. Red mullet, M. barbatus, was distributed in shallow water depths (<100 m) throughout the Greek seas, particularly in the northern part of the Aegean Sea. Abundance of this species steadily decreased with increasing depth. The geographic distribution of anglerfish, L. budegassa, was found to be restricted to the central and northern part of the Aegean Sea, with the highest mean densities encountered in the Thermaikos Gulf and in intermediate water depths between 101 and 200 m. Spatial patterns of observed density are assumed to be attributed mainly to prevailing topographic and hydrographic conditions and related biological productivity levels.     

Zooplankton distribution and diversity in a frontal area of the Aegean Sea

This study was carried out in the northern Aegean Sea during late summer and spring. The aim was to examine the spatial and temporal distribution of the zooplankton community across a dynamic frontal area and to investigate how the oceanographic heterogeneity structures the composition of the zooplankton assemblages. The low-salinity and cold Black Sea water coming from the Dardanelles Strait is modified by mixing with the underlying warm and saline Aegean water. These hydrological features result in a pronounced thermohaline front in the northern Aegean Sea throughout the year. In both seasons, zooplankton was collected using both 45 and 200 µm mesh plankton nets. A high abundance of zooplankton was observed in the surface layer at the stations closest to the Dardanelles Strait on the stratified side of the front. The zooplankton distribution and community structure in the northern Aegean Sea were strongly influenced by the hydrological features. The frontal structure acts as a boundary for the zooplankton community. The surface layer at the stratified stations had the lowest copepod diversity, from where it increased with depth and horizontally as the stratification weakened outside of the front. The total abundance of zooplankton collected with the 200 µm net was between two and 20 times lower than samples taken with the 45 µm net. The most pronounced differences were observed for the adults and copepodids of the small genera Oithona, Oncaea and Microsetella. Thus, to manage and understand the transfer of primary production up the food chain in the Aegean Sea, the smaller fraction of copepods should be taken into account in future investigations.     

First record of Aphanius almiriensis from Italy and notes on the distribution of Aphanius fasciatus (Teleostei: Aphaniidae)

Aphanius almiriensis is the first time reported from Italy, where it occurs in the Palude del Capitano. The newly found population agree with Greek A. almiriensis in molecular (COI) and morphological characters. Aphanius almiriensis might be native to the the Palude del Capitano, which is outside from the species known range in the Aegean Sea basin. It might also have been imported with goods from the eastern Aegean in the late Republican age and the late Imperial period. The diagnostic morphological characters as well as the distribution and conservation status of A. almiriensis is discussed. A distribution map and associated, georeferenced database of A. almiriensis as well as of A. fasciatus are presented.     

Microsatellite DNA reveals genetically different populations of Atlantic bonito Sarda sarda in the Mediterranean Basin

Microsatellites were used to investigate population genetic structure of Atlantic bonito Sarda sarda from the Black Sea, Marmara Sea, Aegean Sea, north-eastern Mediterranean Sea and Adriatic Sea. Overall average observed heterozygosity was high (0.93). Average observed heterozygosity per locus ranged from 0.79 to 0.98. Pairwise F_ST estimates for all loci between populations ranged from 0 to 0.07626, and significant F_ST values (P < 0.001) were detected between populations; the Blacks Sea and Marmara Sea samples were not significantly different from each other, but significant different from the other samples, and Aegean Sea and north-eastern Mediterranean Sea samples were also not significantly different from each other, but significantly different from all other samples. The Adriatic Sea sample was significant different from all other samples. The Mantel test revealed a significant (P < 0.001, r = 0.68) isolation-by-distance for these 11 populations. Neighbour-joining analysis clustered the Black Sea and Marmara Sea samples together while collections from Aegean Sea and north-eastern Mediterranean Sea were clustered close to each other and far from the others. On the other hand, the Adriatic Sea collection presented very distinctive relationship from the others.     

Pelagic-benthic coupling and diagenesis of nucleic acids in a deep-sea continental margin and an open-slope system of the Eastern Mediterranean

Downward fluxes of nucleic acids adsorbed onto settling particles play a key role in the supply of organic phosphorus and genetic material to the ocean interior. However, information on pelagic-benthic coupling, diagenesis, and processes controlling nucleic acid preservation in deep-sea sediments is practically nonexistent. In this study, we compared nucleic acid fluxes, sedimentary DNA and RNA concentrations, and the enzymatically hydrolyzable fraction of DNA in a bathyal continental margin (North Aegean Sea) and an open-sea system (South Aegean Sea) of the Eastern Mediterranean. The two systems displayed contrasting patterns of nucleic acid fluxes, which increased significantly with depth in the North Aegean Sea and decreased with depth in the South Aegean Sea. These results suggest that in continental margin and open-ocean systems different processes control the nucleic acid supply to the sea floor. Differences in nucleic acid fluxes were reflected by nucleic acid concentrations in the sediments, which reached extremely high values in the North Aegean Sea. In this system, a large fraction of DNA may be buried, as suggested by the large fraction of DNA resistant to nuclease degradation and by estimates of burial efficiency (ca. eight times higher in the North than in the South Aegean Sea). Overall, the results reported here suggest that the preservation of DNA in deeper sediment layers may be favored in benthic systems characterized by high sedimentation rates.     

Pelagic-Benthic Coupling and Diagenesis of Nucleic Acids in a Deep-Sea Continental Margin and an Open-Slope System of the Eastern Mediterranean

Downward fluxes of nucleic acids adsorbed onto settling particles play a key role in the supply of organic phosphorus and genetic material to the ocean interior. However, information on pelagic-benthic coupling, diagenesis, and processes controlling nucleic acid preservation in deep-sea sediments is practically nonexistent. In this study, we compared nucleic acid fluxes, sedimentary DNA and RNA concentrations, and the enzymatically hydrolyzable fraction of DNA in a bathyal continental margin (North Aegean Sea) and an open-sea system (South Aegean Sea) of the Eastern Mediterranean. The two systems displayed contrasting patterns of nucleic acid fluxes, which increased significantly with depth in the North Aegean Sea and decreased with depth in the South Aegean Sea. These results suggest that in continental margin and open-ocean systems different processes control the nucleic acid supply to the sea floor. Differences in nucleic acid fluxes were reflected by nucleic acid concentrations in the sediments, which reached extremely high values in the North Aegean Sea. In this system, a large fraction of DNA may be buried, as suggested by the large fraction of DNA resistant to nuclease degradation and by estimates of burial efficiency (ca. eight times higher in the North than in the South Aegean Sea). Overall, the results reported here suggest that the preservation of DNA in deeper sediment layers may be favored in benthic systems characterized by high sedimentation rates.     

On Cannabis indica,Indian hemp

Background: The South Aegean Volcanic Arc (SAVA), one of the most notable geological structures of the Mediterranean Sea, is floristically well known. Nevertheless, the factors that contribute to shaping the plant species richness of the SAVA remain unclear.

Aims: To investigate the factors that affect plant species richness and identify plant diversity hotspots in the SAVA and other central Aegean islands.

Methods: We used stepwise multiple regression to test the relationship between a number of environmental factors and plant species richness in the SAVA, as well as the residuals from the species–area linear regressions of native, Greek and Cycladian endemic taxa as indicators of relative species richness.

Results: The area was confirmed to be the most powerful single explanatory variable of island species richness, while geodiversity, maximum elevation and mean annual precipitation explained a large proportion of variance for almost all the species richness measures. Anafi, Amorgos and Folegandros were found to be endemic plant diversity hotspots.

Conclusions: We have demonstrated that geodiversity is an important factor in shaping plant species diversity in the Cyclades, while mean annual precipitation, human population density and maximum elevation were significant predictors of the Greek endemics present in the Cyclades. Finally, Anafi was found to be a plant diversity hotspot in the South Aegean Sea.     

The use of otolith shape and chemistry to determine stock structure of Mediterranean horse mackerel Trachurus mediterraneus (Steindachner)

Otolith shape and chemistry of Mediterranean horse mackerel Trachurus mediterraneus were simultaneously used to assess the feasibility of using these natural tags to discriminate populations throughout the Black, Marmara, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean Seas. Otolith shape and chemistry analyses showed a similar pattern of differentiation between T. mediterraneus stocks, revealing a clear discreteness of the middle Black Sea (Sinop) and Aegean Sea (Izmir) samples. Otolith upper side length and width, and Na, K, Mg and Ba, were the morphological traits and trace elements, respectively, differing most among groups. Overall assignment of individuals into their original sample was high for both otolith shape and chemistry. Highest reclassification rate was observed for the south-middle Black Sea and Aegean Sea samples for both analyses. Hierarchical cluster analyses also supported high differentiation of the south-middle Black Sea and Aegean Sea samples for both analyses. Mantel's test revealed that the Euclidean distance both for otolith shape ( r =−0·0917, P > 0·05) and chemistry ( r =−0·1248, P > 0·05) between these populations were not significantly associated with their geographical distances.     

Demersal trawl discards with spatial and bathymetric emphasis in the Turkish coast of the Aegean Sea

The aim of the present study is to investigate the spatial and bathymetric distribution of demersal trawl discards in the Turkish coast of the Aegean Sea. Trawl hauls were performed in the legal trawling areas of the Turkish coast of the Aegean Sea (Çanakkale, Foça, Karaburun, S??ac?k, Güllük) between 2010 and 2012 by commercial trawlers. Depth of the trawl hauls ranged from 30?m in the south to 450?m in the north. As a result of 311 trawl samples, 200 species belonging to eight taxonomic groups (Porifera, Cnidaria, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Tunicata, Chordata) were identified. The changes in species composition based on depth and region were determined to be statistically significant. It was found that species composition distinctly changed around 200?m. In a regional assessment it was determined that the Turkish coast of the Aegean Sea is divided into three sub-regions, i.e. Çanakkale, Foça-Karaburun-S??ac?k and Güllük. The results of similar studies conducted in the Mediterranean were investigated and compared with the findings of this study.     

Two records of sea lamprey from the north Aegean Sea

Two adult sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus , one female and one male, 742 and 645 mm L _T respectively, were caught in the north Aegean Sea, Greece (Vistonis bay and shore of Karvali). These two records are the first for the Aegean Sea and for the whole eastern Mediterranean.