Genetic control of the spring growth habit in old local cultivars and landraces of common wheat from Siberia

The inheritance of the spring growth habit was studied in 63 old local cultivars and landraces of common wheat from Eastern and Western Siberia and the Tyva Republic. Minimal polymorphism was observed for the dominant Vrn genes, controlling the spring growth habit in landraces of these regions. The control was digenic and involved the Vrn1 and Vrn2 dominant genes in the majority (95%) of cultivars and was monogenic in three cultivars. None of the cultivars had the Vrn3 dominant gene, characteristic of the neighboring regions of China and Central Asia. Among 137 old local cultivars and landraces of Siberia, only one (cultivar Sibirskaya (K-23347) from Irkutsk oblast, was comparable in the response to the natural short day (photoperiod) to Chinese cultivars. Comparison of the results and the data reported for commercial cultivars revealed that the genotype frequencies of the dominant Vrn genes in Siberian landraces and commercial cultivars of common wheat remained essentially unchanged at least for the past 100 years. At the same time, Siberian landraces significantly differed in Vrn dominant gene frequencies from cultivars of the adjacent regions. It was assumed that the control of the spring growth habit by the two Vrn dominant genes is optimal for the climatic conditions of Siberia.     

花生表型及SSR遗传多样性的研究

对山西省农业科学院经济作物研究所保存的75份花生材料(包括28个已审定的花生品种和47个地方品种)进行了包括株型、茸毛的有无、叶色、粒形、叶形、生长习性、开花习性、粒大小、粒色等表型性状的Shannon-Weaver遗传多样性指数(简称SWI)和Simpson遗传多样性指数(简称SI)分析。结果表明:参试的75份花生品种遗传多样性指数分别为SWI=0.924,SI=0.500,其中以开花习性最低(SWI=0.139,SI=0.014),而Shannon-Weaver指数以粒色最高为1.841,Simpson指数为0.712。利用48对SSR引物对这些材料进行了遗传多样性分析,结果如下:(1)在48对花生的SSR引物中,有35对(占所用引物总数的72.9%)具有多态性,共检测到215条多态性条带,平均每对引物可扩增6条多态性带。(2)根据SSR扩增结果对75份材料的聚类分析结果表明,这些材料的相似系数(GS)为0.25～0.85,平均GS值为0.55。28个审定品种的相似系数为0.39～0.85,平均为0.60。     

Lazy gene (la) responsible for both an agravitropism of seedlings and lazy habit of tiller growth in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Using an isogenic line of rice having lazy gene (la), we studied the correlation between the agravitropic response at the young seedling stage and the lazy habit (prostrate growth of tillers) at the more advanced stage of growth. In this study, it was found that both agravitropism and lazy habit were controlled by the single recessive la gene. That is, F2 segregants of Kamenoo x lazy-Kamenoo, which had an agravitropic response at their young seedling stage, showed a lazy habit of growth in the more advanced stage of vegetative growth. On the other hand, seedlings that showed normal gravitropic curvature at their early stage of growth had an upright growth in the mature stage.     

Inheritance of growth habit detected by genetic linkage analysis using microsatellites in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The genetic linkage map for the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a valuable tool for breeding programs. Breeders provide new cultivars that meet the requirements of farmers and consumers, such as seed color, seed size, maturity, and growth habit. A genetic study was conducted to examine the genetics behind certain qualitative traits. Growth habit is usually described as a recessive trait inherited by a single gene, and there is no consensus about the position of the locus. The aim of this study was to develop a new genetic linkage map using genic and genomic microsatellite markers and three morphological traits: growth habit, flower color, and pod tip shape. A mapping population consisting of 380 recombinant F10 lines was generated from IAC-UNA × CAL143. A total of 871 microsatellites were screened for polymorphisms among the parents, and a linkage map was obtained with 198 mapped microsatellites. The total map length was 1865.9 cM, and the average distance between markers was 9.4 cM. Flower color and pod tip shape were mapped and segregated at Mendelian ratios, as expected. The segregation ratio and linkage data analyses indicated that the determinacy growth habit was inherited as two independent and dominant genes, and a genetic model is proposed for this trait.     

Plasmon divergence in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea): A third plasmon and locus affecting growth habit

Summary In a series of reciprocal crosses between peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars from different regions and known testers, the cultivar HG1 from India was shown to have a third plasmon type, designated [G]. HG1 also has a third locus, Hb₅ , which interacts with the plasmons and the loci described earlier. In the [G] plasmon, Hb₁ and Hb₅ are additive: plants having three or four dominant alleles have a trailing habit while the other nuclear genotypes produce in [G] erect plants. In the [V4] plasmon, Hb₂ and Hb₅ are complementary, [V4] Hb₂-, Hb₅-plants being trailing, the others erect. In the [G] plasmon, Hb₂ and Hb₅ are complementary, while in the [O] plasmon they are additive.     

Phytohormones and light regulation of the growth habit in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Diageotropic side branches in runner type peanuts assume anorthotropic position when grown in the dark but return to aplagiotropic postition when transferred back to light. The effectof light on the trailing habit of lateral branches depends onthe quality and intensity of the light taking place under blue+farred light, but not under blue alone. Light intensity below 28Kergs.cm^–2.sec^–1 changed the growth of the runner'slaterals from trailing to erect. Inhibitors of both GA and auxinactivity were higher in the laterals of runners than in thoseof the erects. Along with the change in the trailing habit bylow light intensity, a decrease in inhibitor level was observed.Gibberellin-like activity was smaller in both extracts and diffusatesof the growing tip of lateral branches than in the main axis.An inhibitor found only in lateral branches of runner type plantscould be detected in erect plants in the presence of auxin.The predominant factor controlling differences in the growthhabit of side branches of the erect and runner types is thepresence of an inhibitor; while, within each type, levels ofgibberellin seem to account for the different growth habit ofthe axis and laterals. (Received January 23, 1973; )     

Content of carotenoids in roots of seventeen cultivars of Daucus carota L

The aim of this study was to compare the content of carotenoids in seventeen cultivars of carrots grown in Poland. Conventional orange cultivars with rarely grown were compared: white, yellow and purple with yellow core cultivars. To determine the content of carotenoids, extracts from lyophilized carrot roots were prepared and analyzed by spectrophotometric as well as HPLC methods with DAD detector. The highest content of carotenoids was found in cultivars: 'Korund F(1)' (48 mg/100g of fresh weight) and 'Salsa F(1)' (36 mg/100g of fresh weight). The antioxidant properties of selected cultivars were compared using the DPPH method.     

Induced plasmon mutations affecting the growth habit of peanuts, A. hypogaea L.

The effectiveness of the acridines ethidium bromide (EB) and acriflavine in inducing plasmon mutations was compared with the alkylating agents ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) and diethyl sulphate and to γ-rays. The growth habit (trailing versus bunch) of peanuts (A. hypogaea), controlled by geniccytoplasmic interactions, was utilized. Breeding tests distinguishing nuclear from plasmon mutations were developed and are described in detail. Plasmon mutations were induced, but there were differences in mutation yields between the cultivars and the mutagens.In the trailing line, TBR[V4], 135 independent bunch mutations (in 1804 M₂ families) were recovered: 28 bred true while 97 continued to segregate into M₃ and M₄. Of the 28, 14 were nuclear from an Hb to an hb allele while 14 were in the plasmon. Of the latter, 6 were induced by EMS, 7 by γ-rays and 1 by acriflavine. Somatic segregation of heteroplasmons, i.e. more plasmon mutations, could be responsible for many of the mutations that continued to segregate, but in some cases chromosomal aberrations might be involved.In the bunch cultivars there were 32 independent trailing mutations (in 3895 M₂ families), one bred true for trailing, while the others continued to segregate into M₃ and M₄. Plasmon mutations could not be ascertained because of the continuing segregations, but these mutations manifested sorting out of heteroplasmons.     

Genetic control of the spring habit in old local cultivars and landraces of common wheat from Siberia

The inheritance of the spring habit was studied in 63 old local cultivars and landraces of common wheat from Eastern and Western Siberia and the Tyva Republic. Minimal polymorphism was observed for the dominant Vrn genes, controlling the spring habit in landraces of these regions. The control was digenic and involved the Vrnl and Vrn2 dominant genes in the majority (95%) of cultivars and was monogenic in three cultivars. None of the cultivars had the Vrn3 dominant gene, characteristic of the neighboring regions of China and Central Asia. Among 137 old local cultivars and landraces of Siberia, only one (cultivar Sibirskaya (k-23347) from Irkutsk oblast, was comparable in the response to the natural short day (photoperiod) to Chinese cultivars. Comparison of the results and the data reported for commercial cultivars revealed that the genotype frequencies of the dominant Vrn genes in Siberian landraces and commercial cultivars of common wheat remained essentially unchanged at least for the past 100 years. At the same time, Siberian landraces significantly differed in Vrn dominant gene frequencies from cultivars of the adjacent regions. It was assumed that the control of the spring habit by the two Vrn dominant genes is optimal for the climatic conditions of Siberia.     

Effect of the 5R(5A) alien chromosome substitution on the growth habit and winter hardiness of wheat

The growth habit, ear emergence time, and frost tolerance of wheat/rye substitution lines have been studied in cultivars Rang and Mironovskaya Krupnozernaya whose chromosome 5A is substituted with chromosome 5R of Onkhoyskaya rye. Hybrid analysis has demonstrated that the spring habit of the recipient cultivars Rang and Mironovskaya Krupnozernaya is controlled by dominant gene Vrn-A1 located in chromosome 5A. Onokhoyskaya rye has a dominant gene for the spring habit (Sp1) located in chromosome 5R. It has been found that the resultant 5R(5A) alien-substitution lines have a winter type of development and ears do not emerge during summer in plants sown in spring. The change in growth habit has been shown to be related to the absence of the rye Spl gene expression in the substitution lines. The winter hardiness of winter 5R(5A) alien-substitution lines has been studied under the environmental conditions of Novosibirsk. Testing the lines in the first winter demonstrated that their winter survival is 20-27%. The possible presence of the frost resistance gene homeoallelic to the known genes Fr1 and Fr2 of the common wheat located on chromosomes 5A and 5D, respectively, is discussed.     

Identification and Mapping of Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Markers Linked to Shell Color in Bay Scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians (Lamarck, 1819)

Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) were used to study the inheritance of shell color in Argopecten irradians. Two scallops, one with orange and the other with white shells, were used as parents to produce four F₁ families by selfing and outcrossing. Eighty-eight progeny, 37 orange and 51 white, were randomly selected from one of the families for segregation and mapping analysis with AFLP and microsatellite markers. Twenty-five AFLP primer pairs were screened, yielding 1138 fragments, among which 148 (13.0%) were polymorphic in two parents and segregated in progeny. Six AFLP markers showed significant (P < 0.05) association with shell color. All six loci were mapped to one linkage group. One of the markers, F1f335, is completely linked to the gene for orange shell, which we designated as Orange1, without any recombination in the progeny we sampled. The marker was amplified in the orange parent and all orange progeny, but absent in the white parent and all the white progeny. The close linkage between F1f335 and Orange1 was validated using bulk segregation analysis in two natural populations, and all our data indicate that F1f335 is specific for the shell color gene, Orange1. The genomic mapping of a shell color gene in bay scallop improves our understanding of shell color inheritance and may contribute to the breeding of molluscs with desired shell colors.     

Lazy gene (la) responsible for both an agravitropism of seedlings and lazy habit of tiller growth in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Using an isogenic line of rice having lazy gene (la), we studied the correlation between the agravitropic response at the young seedling stage and the lazy habit (prostrate growth of tillers) at the more advanced stage of growth. In this study, it was found that both agravitropism and lazy habit were controlled by the single recessivela gene. That is, F₂ segregants of Kamenoo×lazy-Kamenoo, which had an agravitropic response at their young seedling stage, showed a lazy habit of growth in the more advanced stage of vegetative growth. On the other hand, seedlings that showed normal gravitropic curvature at their early stage of growth had an upright growth in the mature stage.     

A TECHNIQUE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF EPISTATIC GENE ACTION II. THE APPLICATION OF THE METHOD

With a method based on probability of phenotypic ratios being produced by crosses involving two pairs of interacting genes, data from genetic studies of Impatiens Sultana Hook. f. (Balsaminaceae) were analysed. Nine genes postulated to control floral color are: P, purple; I and W, white; R, red; O, orange; F, fuchsia; D, red; E, red; S, salmon. Epistatic action was evaluated, but progeny counts were too small for linkage to be determined.     

Quantitative dissection of color patterning in the foliar ornamental coleus

Coleus (Coleus scutellarioides) is a popular ornamental plant that exhibits a diverse array of foliar color patterns. New cultivars are currently hand selected by both amateur and experienced plant breeders. In this study, we reimagine breeding for color patterning using a quantitative color analysis framework. Despite impressive advances in high-throughput data collection and processing, complex color patterns remain challenging to extract from image datasets. Using a phenotyping approach called “ColourQuant,” we extract and analyze pigmentation patterns from one of the largest coleus breeding populations in the world. Working with this massive dataset, we can analyze quantitative relationships between maternal plants and their progeny, identify features that underlie breeder-selections, and collect and compare public input on trait preferences. This study is one of the most comprehensive explorations into complex color patterning in plant biology and provides insights and tools for exploring the color pallet of the plant kingdom.

Quantitative analysis of color patterning in a large coleus breeding population reveals color features that are associated with aesthetic value.     

Genetic control of white flower color in scarlet rosemallow (Hibiscus coccineus Walter)

Scarlet rosemallow (Hibiscus coccineus Walter) is a diploid, perennial, erect, and woody shrub. The species is a desirable inclusion in home landscapes because it is a native plant with attractive flowers and unusual foliage. The objective of these experiments was to determine the number of loci, number of alleles, and gene action controlling flower color (red vs. white) in scarlet rosemallow. Three white-flowered and 1 red-flowered parental lines were used to create S(1) and F(1) populations, which were self-pollinated or backcrossed to generate S(2), F(2), and BC(1) populations. Evaluation of these generations showed that flower color in these populations was controlled by a single diallelic locus with red flower color completely dominant to white. I propose that this locus be named "white flower" with alleles W and w.     

桃花粉育性与花药颜色的关系及其SSR分子标记

以李属桃亚属的637份桃品种种质和栽培种瑞光19×Summergrand杂交的138株F1群体为试材,对桃花粉育性与花药颜色的关系及其SSR分子标记进行研究。结果表明:在所有品种中,橘红花药最多,占总份数的91.2%,其中绝大部分花粉可育;橘黄和黄色花药的种质数量次之;白色和浅褐花药的种质最少,且均表现为花粉不稔;整体表现为红色和黄色花药与花粉可育具有较强的正相关性。本试验从122对SSR引物中筛选出2对与花粉育性性状连锁的标记CPDCT013和CP-SCT012,根据这2个标记参考整合参考图谱的位置,将控制花粉育性的基因定位在桃第6条染色体上端。对已经报道的2个桃花粉育性标记CPPCT004和NNJ-I以及第6条连锁群的其他SSR位点在花粉育性不同的24个品种上验证,结果表明只有UDP96-001(125bp)可以用于桃花粉育性的分子标记辅助育种。