中国特有诸葛菜复合群的系统发育关系

利用5．8S核糖体DNA全长间隔序列（ITS／5．8S）和叶绿体基因mat K对中国原产诸葛菜复合群的系统发育关系进行了分析研究。ITS序列结果支持中国诸葛菜复合群分为两支：一支由湖北诸葛菜和太白诸葛菜组成;另一支由诸葛菜和铺散诸葛菜组成。mat K的序列分析结果表明,在中国诸葛菜复合群的系统发育树中,铺散诸葛菜和诸葛菜处于基部位置。结合以前的核型分析和本文的研究结果,我们不支持将湖北诸葛菜和太白诸葛菜归隶于诸葛菜,而支持我们之前提出的两种可能的原始细胞型的进化假说。另外,根据生物地理学分析,推测从长江中下游到秦岭地区是中国原产诸葛菜的近代分化中心。     

诸葛菜的营养成分及作为新型蔬菜的评价

诸葛菜「Ｏｒｙｃｈｏｐｈｒａｇｍｕｓ ｖｉｏｌａｃｅｕｓ（Ｌ．）Ｏ．Ｅ．Ｓｃｈｕｌｚ」的营养成分中,具有较高含量的生素Ｃ,β－胡萝卜素以及Ｆｅ,Ｚｎ等微量元素,氨基酸的种类在１９种,其中７种为必需所基酸。诸葛菜种子发芽率高,营养生长期长达７个月。文中讨论了诸葛菜的生物学特性,生态适应性及食用处理方法,讨为诸葛菜是一种很有开发利用前景的野生蔬菜。     

封面图片说明

<正>诸葛菜,民间俗称"二月兰",为十字花科(Brassicaceae)诸葛菜属(Orychophragmus Bunge)植物,其花蓝紫色、淡红色或白色,因在花卉、油料、蔬菜和饲料等方面的潜在应用开发价值而受到人们的广泛关注。诸葛菜属植物的系统位置、属内种及变种的分类学地位虽一直存在争议,但在组织培养技术、抗逆性、营养价值、驯化栽培、与近缘属     

封面图片说明

正诸葛菜,民间俗称"二月兰",为十字花科(Brassicaceae)诸葛菜属(Orychophragmus Bunge)植物,其花蓝紫色、淡红色或白色,因在花卉、油料、蔬菜和饲料等方面的潜在应用开发价值而受到人们的广泛关注。诸葛菜属植物的系统位置、属内种及变种的分类学地位虽一直存在争议,但在组织培养技术、抗逆性、营养价值、驯化栽培、与近缘属     

重要资源植物诸葛菜属的研究进展

诸葛菜属是一种具有广泛应用价值的资源植物,本文主要综述了该属植物的系统位置、属内种及变种的分类学地位、组织培养及属间杂交、抗逆性、营养价值和驯化栽培等多个方面的研究进展。基于诸葛菜属植物已有的研究基础及成果,并针对该属中存在的关键科学问题,如物种形成及其界定、适应性机理及优良基因资源的发掘、杂交育种与新种质创建等,对可能采用的研究方法提出展望。其研究思路和研究方案为将诸葛菜作为研究植物进化、驯化以及如何高效利用野生资源植物的一个重要模式代表种提供了依据。     

野生诸葛菜蛋白质营养价值的评价研究

采用模糊识别法和氨基酸比值系数法,分别以鸡蛋蛋白质为标准蛋白,以WHO/FAO氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,对诸葛菜蛋白质营养价值进行了全面评价。并与12种豆科芽苗菜和野菜蛋白进行了对照比较,结果表明,诸葛菜蛋白质营养价值优于11种对照蔬菜。     

诸葛菜试管花朵发育的研究

诸葛菜是生产中国的观赏植物。为了探索其花朵发育的特点及其应用的可能性，本文作者首次对诸葛菜试管的花朵发育作了初步研究。本试验将诸葛菜种子消毒后，接种到不含外源植物激素的MS培养基中，取所得试管苗分别进行不同条件的培养试验。低温处理的影响：经过5－7℃低温处理不同天数的试管苗，有的处理可以开花，其中以低温处理7天以上的试管苗的再蕾株率达80％以上，开花株率达70％以上。而未经低温处理的对照则未现苗开花。（Tab.1)外源植物激素GA3的影响：培养基中添加适量的GA3（2mg／L），可以使未经低温处理的诸葛菜试管苗开花。（Tab.2)。硝酸铵含量的影响：适当降低培养基中NH4NO3的含量（半量），可以加速诸葛菜试管苗的现蕾、开花。（Tab.3)。利用诸葛菜外植体具较强再生力容易产生试管苗，以及诸葛菜试管苗经过适当的低温处理较易开花的特点，有可能生产诸葛菜试管花观赏用。     

野生种质诸葛菜的研究

我们在分析测试中国种诸葛菜的生化组成,观察引种栽培,进行杂交试验和染色体观察分析后发现,中国种诸葛菜是一个含特高亚油酸和特高油份,并有理想的脂肪酸组成和较低硫甙含量的一个天然野生种质,是世界上罕见的遗传源;并有良好的生态适应性及与油菜的可交配性。表明诸葛菜在油菜品质改良育种方面有着极其重要的利用前景。     

不同植物的碳酸酐酶活力差异研究

碳酸酐酶是催化二氧化碳的可逆水合反应的一种含锌金属酶。测定不同植物、同一植物不同部位、同一植物同一部位不同时间的碳酸酐酶的活力,研究诸葛菜和油菜碳酸酐酶及其胞外酶活力的差异,初步探讨碳酸酐酶活力与植物抗干旱能力之间的关系。研究结果为诸葛菜的喀斯特适生性的研究提供依据。     

高温诱导诸葛菜花粉染色体加倍研究

以诸葛菜为材料,对高温处理诱导诸葛菜花粉染色体加倍进行了研究.结果表明:诸葛菜花蕾长度与小孢子母细胞减数分裂具有相关性;当花蕾长度在0.22～0.26cm时,以小孢子母细胞减数分裂终变期分裂相所占比例最大,此时在38～45℃高温下持续处理2～4h,可诱导花粉染色体加倍的未减数2n花粉,2n花粉平均诱导率最高为29.4%,个别处理甚至高达42.5%.研究进一步证明,高温等环境剧变可以诱导植物染色体倍性变异,在植物多倍化的进化中具有积极意义.     

杜仲籽油与紫苏籽油脂肪酸组成的比较研究

利用气相色谱法,对杜仲籽油和紫苏籽油的脂肪酸组成、α-亚麻酸含量等进行了比较研究。结果发现,两者不仅脂肪酸GC指纹图谱较为相似(脂肪酸组成、含量基本相同),而且外观、气味、折光率等质量指标也非常相近。说明了杜仲籽油具有与紫苏籽油同样的开发价值。     

白苏子和荠苧子形态特征及其化学成分的研究

对白苏子和荠苧子两种种子的脂肪油、氨基酸、矿质元素等化学成分进行分析 ,结果表明 :两种种子均含有丰富的脂肪油 ,含量分别为 4 0 .18%和 2 0 .6 2 % ,其脂肪油的主要成分为 :亚麻酸、亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸等 ,其中不饱和脂肪酸的含量分别为 92 .759%和 92 .990 % ,具有较高的营养价值。此外 ,还含有丰富的氨基酸和种类齐全的矿质元素。其种子形状大小、纹饰特征是两种种子鉴别的重要依据。     

白苏子和荠Lin子形态特征及其化学成分的研究

对白苏子和荠Lin子两种种子的脂肪油,氨基酸,矿质元素等化学成分进行分析,结果表明,两种种子均含有丰富的脂肪油,含量分别为40．18％和20．62％,其脂肪油的主要成分为：亚麻酸,亚油酸,油酸,棕榈酸,硬脂酸等,其中不饱和脂肪酸的含量分别为92．759％和92．990％,具有较高的营养价值,此外,还含有丰富的氨基酸和种类齐全的矿质元素,其种子形状大小,纹饰特征是两种种子鉴别的重要依据。     

黄蜀葵种子形态及其化学成分的研究

本文报道了黄蜀葵种子的形态特征和化学成分。研究结果表明 :种子含有脂肪油 ,含量为31 16 % ,其主要成分为 :亚油酸 (82 179% )、油酸 (9 195 % )、棕榈酸 (4 75 6 % )、硬脂酸 (2 6 81% )、亚麻酸 (0 32 8% )等 ,此外 ,还含有 18种氨基酸和 2 4种矿质元素。其种子含有多种氨基酸和矿质元素 ,而且种子油含有大量人体所必需的不饱和脂肪酸 ,含量达 91 815 %。因此 ,其种子和种子油具有较高的营养价值和医疗保健功效 ,具有潜在开发利用的价值。     

双低油菜品系含油量与发育种子中PEPc酶和PAL酶活性的相关分析

以10个含油量不同的双低油菜品系为材料,测定了发育种子中磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPc）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性动态变化,以及成熟种子的油脂含量,分析了PEPc和PAL酶活性与含油量之间的关系。结果表明：PEPc酶与含油量之间始终存在不显著正相关,说明PEPc酶恬性高低对含油量高低有一定作用,但并不是油菜种子油脂合成过程中的关键酶;PAL酶与含油量之间始终存在不显著的负相关,授粉后32d,两者之间负相关性最高,但该相关性并不显著。     

压榨法制备牡丹籽油的α-亚麻酸含量检测与抗氧化研究

介绍了物理压榨法制备牡丹籽油的方法，且对制备出的牡丹籽油和市售牡丹籽调和油进行了α-亚麻酸（ALA）含量检测以及对两种牡丹籽油的抗氧化性能进行对比分析。研究结果表明，牡丹籽油的α-亚麻酸含量为43.12%，牡丹籽调和油α-亚麻酸含量为29.99%；清除DPPH自由基能力牡丹籽油是调和油的1.29倍；清除ABTS自由基能力牡丹籽油是调和油的1.51倍；对Fe²⁺还原能力牡丹籽油是调和油的3.62倍；清除-OH自由基能力牡丹籽油是调和油的1.44倍。说明牡丹籽具有更强的抗氧化能力。     

花椒种籽油的含蜡量测定与脱蜡

花椒种籽油的含蜡量测定与脱蜡是长期困扰花椒种籽油处理的一项关键技术,本研究通过分析混合压榨制备的花椒种籽油,花椒籽种壳油及种仁油的含蜡量,研究了5种脱蜡方法脱除花椒籽油中蜡质的脱蜡效果,确定了脱除花椒籽油中蜡质的有效方法,研究结果表明,花椒籽油的含蜡量在15－20％,左右,而这些蜡质基本上都含在种壳油内一即种壳上,种仁油基本不含蜡质,脱除花椒籽油中蜡质的合理方法应是：（1）含蜡量相对较低的精制粗油可选用表面活性剂法脱蜡;（2）当含蜡量相对较高时,为降低脱蜡过程中油的耗损率可选用分步脱蜡法脱蜡;（3）需进行碱炼的油,可在碱炼过程中将蜡质与游离脂肪酸一半除去。     

Cotton chromosome substitution lines crossed with cultivars: genetic model evaluation and seed trait analyses

Seed from upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., provides a desirable and important nutrition profile. In this study, several seed traits (protein content, oil content, seed hull fiber content, seed index, seed volume, embryo percentage) for F₃ hybrids of 13 cotton chromosome substitution lines crossed with five elite cultivars over four environments were evaluated. Oil and protein were expressed both as percentage of total seed weight and as an index which is the grams of product/100 seeds. An additive and dominance (AD) genetic model with cytoplasmic effects was designed, assessed by simulations, and employed to analyze these seed traits. Simulated results showed that this model was sufficient for analyzing the data structure with F₃ and parents in multiple environments without replications. Significant cytoplasmic effects were detected for seed oil content, oil index, seed index, seed volume, and seed embryo percentage. Additive effects were significant for protein content, fiber content, protein index, oil index, fiber index, seed index, seed volume, and embryo percentage. Dominance effects were significant for oil content, oil index, seed index, and seed volume. Cytoplasmic and additive effects for parents and dominance effects in homozygous and heterozygous forms were predicted. Favorable genetic effects were predicted in this study and the results provided evidence that these seed traits can be genetically improved. In addition, chromosome associations with AD effects were detected and discussed in this study.     

Pollen limitation, seed predation and scape length in Primula farinosa

Floral display and reward production may affect the attractiveness of a plant to a range of interacting animals including pollinators, herbivores, and vectors of pathogenic fungi. The optimal floral phenotype should therefore depend on the relative importance of selection exerted by both mutualistic and antagonistic animals. The perennial, rosette herb Primula farinosa is polymorphic for scape length. Natural populations may include both plants with flowers displayed well above the ground (the long-scaped morph) and those with flowers positioned very close to the ground (the short-scaped morph). In this study, we conducted a field experiment to examine how the relative fitness of the two scape morphs is affected by interactions with pollinators and fruit predators in two different microhabitats (high and low vegetation). As predicted based on the difference in floral display, supplemental hand-pollination showed that fruit initiation was more strongly pollen-limited in the short-scaped than in the long-scaped morph, and that this difference was significantly larger in high than in low vegetation. Moreover, plants with a short scape experienced lower levels of fruit predation than plants with a long scape. Among open-pollinated controls, there was no significant difference in seed output between the two scape morphs. However, among plants receiving supplemental hand-pollination, short-scaped plants produced significantly more seeds than long-scaped plants. The results suggest that the positive and negative effects of a prominent floral display (increased pollination and seed predation, respectively) balance in the study population, but also that the short-scaped morph would have an advantage at higher pollination intensities. Spatial and temporal variation in pollinator activity and seed predation should result in associated variation in the relative fecundity of the two scape morphs.     

Chemical composition and nutritional value of para-rubber seed and its products for chickens

Para-rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed and its products were subjected to different methods of processing such as decortication, oil extraction, autoclaving and fermentation and assayed for their chemical composition and nutritional value. Peanut oil meal and yellow maize were also assayed similarly for comparison.

Decortication reduced the crude fibre content, with proportionate increases in other nutrients and energy value. Autoclaving and fermentation failed to improve the nutritional value of undecorticated rubber seed oil meal.

Crude protein content of rubber seed and its products ranged from 11.5% in rubber seeds to 27.4% in commercial decorticated rubber seed oil meal. The oil content of the rubber seeds and kernels was 24.0 and 40.1%, respectively. The available carbohydrate content of rubber seed and its products ranged from 6.3% in rubber seeds to 15.9% in commercial decorticated rubber seed oil meal; these values may be compared with the value of 59.0% for yellow maize.

Both undecorticated and decorticated rubber seed oil meals appeared to be deficient in sulphur-containing amino acids and lysine. The gross protein value of undecorticated and decorticated rubber seed oil meals and peanut oil meal was estimated to be 43.6, 47.0 and 49.7, respectively.

Both undecorticated and decorticated rubber seed oils were rich in oleic and stearic acids, but relatively poor in poly-unsaturated fatty acids, compared with peanut oil.

Determined apparent ME (AME) values were (kcal/g dry matter): rubber seeds, 2.91; kernels, 4.70; undecorticated rubber seed oil meal, 2.00; and decorticated rubber seed oil meal, 2.80. The true ME (TME) values were 3.24, 5.16, 2.22 and 3.00 kcal/g dry matter, respectively. In general, TME values were about 10% higher than the AME values.