典型亚热带热分层水库秋季细菌群落垂直分布

水库在我国东南沿海地区是重要的饮用水水源地,对地区经济发展和社会稳定起到重要作用。选择亚热带地区典型的热分层水库——福建莆田东圳水库,于2011年秋季稳定分层期,以水体温度的垂直变化特征为依据进行分层采样。应用PCRDGGE和克隆测序的方法研究浮游细菌群落的垂直分布特征,利用多元统计分析揭示细菌群落与热分层水体理化指标之间的关系。结果显示:溶解氧、电导率、叶绿素a、总氮、氨氮及硝氮在上下层水体中的分布有显著差异,下层缺氧区细菌的ShannonWiener指数和DGGE条带数明显高于上层好氧区,表明东圳水库热分层水体中存在明显的物理、化学及生物分层现象。测序结果表明β-变形菌可能是东圳水库中占优势的细菌类群,统计结果提示溶解氧是显著影响细菌群落组成的环境因子。热分层水体的物理化学分层与水体细菌群落结构密切相关,提示水库生态学研究应对水体热分层给予重视。     

The production of public supply drinking water from Rutland Water at the wing treatment works

The paper describes the treatment facilities and processes at the Wing Works where Rutland water is treated to potable standards. It summarises the experience gained in the operation of the works since it opened in 1977 and includes a brief account of an investigation into the production of haloforms.     

不同品种毛茶水浸出物成分及抗氧化、降血糖活性研究

为比较7个不同品种毛茶水浸出物活性成分及体外抗氧化与降血糖活性的差异,确定各成分与活性之间的相关性,该文选取制作六堡茶常用的7个茶树品种制备的毛茶作为研究对象,测定毛茶水浸出物及其浸膏中总多酚、总黄酮、茶多糖的含量,以DPPH·清除能力、ORAC值和α-葡萄糖苷酶、α-淀粉酶抑制作用为指标评价毛茶水浸出物的抗氧化和降血糖活性,并采用Pearson进行相关性分析。结果表明:(1)7个茶树品种毛茶水浸出物、总多酚、总黄酮、茶多糖含量均存在显著差异,含量最高的分别为黄金茶(53.42%± 0.14%)、桂红4号(40.87%±1.09%)、云南大叶种(27.17%±0.26%)、福云6号(2.70%±0.02%)。(2)对DPPH·清除能力、ORAC值存在显著差异,在两种评价方法中均显示较好抗氧化效果的品种为六堡群体种、桂红4号、宛田种。(3)对α-葡萄糖苷酶、α-淀粉酶的抑制作用均显著强于阳性对照阿卡波糖,在两种评价方法中均显示较好降血糖效果的品种为六堡群体种、桂红4号、桂青种。(4)抗氧化、降血糖活性均与总多酚、总黄酮含量有较强正相关。综上认为,六堡群体种、桂红4号、宛田种、桂青种的毛茶品质均较好,其中六堡群体种、桂红4号同时具有开发成抗氧化、降血糖功能食品的前景,宛田种、桂青种分别具有开发成抗氧化、降血糖功能食品的潜力; 总多酚、总黄酮对毛茶体外抗氧化、降血糖活性的贡献较大,在毛茶进一步的加工利用过程中应着重注意对这类成分的保护。该研究结果为开发抗氧化、降血糖活性更好的六堡茶产品在毛茶原料筛选和加工方式选择方面提供了科学依据。     

Microbial response to reinjection of produced water in an oil reservoir

The microbial response to produced water reinjection (PWRI) in a North Sea oil field was investigated by a combination of cultivation and culture-independent molecular phylogenetic techniques. Special emphasise was put on the relationship between sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB), and results were used to evaluate the possibility of nitrate treatment as a souring management tool during PWRI. Samples were collected by reversing the flow of the injection water, which provided samples from around the injection area. The backflowed samples were compared to produced water from the same platform and to backflowed samples from a biocide-treated seawater injector, which was the previous injection water treatment of the PWRI well. Results showed that reinjection of produced water promoted growth of thermophilic SRB. Thermophilic fatty acid oxidising NRB and potential nitrate-reducing sulphide-oxidising bacteria were also found. The finding of thermophilic NRB makes nitrate treatment during PWRI possible, although higher nitrate concentration will be necessary to compensate for the increased SRB activity.     

Limnology and plankton periodicity of Jos Plateau water reservoir,Nigeria, West Africa

Limnological data (Dec. 1980–Jan. 1982) on the plankton and water chemistry of Lamingo Dam, located within the Jos biotite granite area of the Plateau State (Nigeria) are presented. The water-body falls in Beadle's (1981) category I of African lakes (conductivity < 40 µS cm^–1). Alkalinity (% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0Jf9crFfpeea0xh9v8qiW7rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmiEayaara% aaaa!3914!\[\bar x\] = 0.3 meq l^–1), principally composed of bicarbonates, dominated the anions % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0Jf9crFfpeea0xh9v8qiW7rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaK4waiaajI% eacaqIdbGaaK4tamaaxababaGaeyOeI0caleaacaaIZaaabeaakiaa% b6dacaqIdbGaaKiBaiaaj2cacaqG+aGaaK4uaiaaj+eadaqhaaWcba% GaaKinaaqaaiaajkdacaqITaaaaOGaaKyxaaaa!4657!\[\user1{[HCO}\mathop -\limits_3 {\text{ > }}\user1{Cl - }{\text{ > }}\user1{SO}_\user1{4}^{\user1{2 - }} \user1{]}\]The plankton were characterized by a moderate standing crop of phytoplankton, and zooplankton were, generally, very limited in species and abundance. The order of dominance for the categories of phyto and zooplankton was: [Bacillariophyceae > Chlorophyceae > Dinophyceae] and [Rotifera > Crustacea] respectively. A diel cycle was characterized by nocturnal upward migration of the zooplankton, and the reverse behaviour in the phytoplankton.Interrelations between the biotic assemblages of plankters and various physical and chemical variables are discussed.     

A new genus of water mites (Acari,Hydrachnidia, Wettinidae) from bromeliad phytotelmata in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest

Adults of Bromeliacaruscardosogen. n., sp. n. are described from phytotelmata of Quesneliaarvensis (Vellozo) Mez. (Bromeliaceae) in the subtropical area of the Atlantic rainforest, São Paulo State, Brazil. The new genus Bromeliacarus is proposed and diagnosed, based primarily on the autapomorphic presence of 7–9 pairs of acetabula flanking the gonopore. A possible relationship between Bromeliacarus and other Wettinidae are discussed.     

广东大中型供水水库的氮污染与富营养化分析

20 0 0年丰水期和枯水期对广东大中型水库的氮污染和富营养化现状进行了调查。结果表明 ,在调查的 2 0个大中型供水水库中 ,水质现状总体较好 ,70 %的水库处于中营养状态以下 ,30 %的水库开始出现富营养化现象。水库的总氮浓度普遍偏高 ,氮污染成为水库富营养化的重要原因。水库的总氮和DIN浓度存在地区性差异和季节性差异。枯水期水库的总氮及DIN浓度与叶绿素a的相关性极显著 ,而丰水期则无明显相关性。NO3 N是水体无机氮的主要组成部分 ,平均占DIN的 72 6 % ,而水库的NH3 N含量明显低于NO3 N ,平均占DIN的2 5 5 %。NO2 N的含量一般很低。水库的总氮、DIN和有机氮含量是判断水库营养状态的重要指标 ,而NO3 N和NH3 N在DIN中所占比例则是推测污染物来源的重要依据     

北京密云水库流域水源保护林区径流空间尺度效应的研究

通过10a的森林水文定位观测,对比研究了北京密云水库流域水源保护林和对照荒坡地径流在坡面尺度（约0.9hm^2）和小流域尺度（约2.7hm^2）上的空间尺度效应。结果表明,荒坡地和水源保护林地的径流系数在坡面和试验流域尺度上与降雨量呈显著的对数相关关系;在坡面尺度和小流域尺度,荒坡地径流系数都显著地大于水源保护林地;而且随着降雨量级的增大,荒地与水源保护林地的径流系数之差在小流域尺度比坡面尺度更大;随着研究尺度从坡面到小流域的扩展,茺地径流系数显著增大,而水源保护林地的径流系数变化微小。这一尺度效应说明水源保护林对水文过程具有较大的调蓄能力,表现为较强的水源函养作用。     

上海中心城区绿地土壤水库特征

以上海中心城区典型公园和公共绿地土壤为研究对象,通过实地调查,分析上海中心城区绿地土壤水库库容、常数特征及影响因子.结果表明: 上海中心城区绿地土壤总库容偏低,但就整个中心城区绿地,土壤蓄积水量可观,达1.88×10⁷ m³;土壤水分现存量较高,占总库容的75.7%,土壤剩余蓄水空间偏低;绿地土壤滞洪库容和有效库容分别占土壤总库容的31.6%和27.2%;而土壤死库容占总库容的44.5%.不同植被类型土壤水库存在差异:其中,乔木和灌木地土壤总库容、剩余蓄水空间均显著高于草地;灌木地土壤滞洪库容、有效库容均显著高于乔木地、草地;但各植被类型土壤水分现存量、死库容差异不显著.建议通过降低土壤压实、增加土壤有机质含量、改善土壤物理性质和优化绿地植物配置来提高城市绿地土壤水库库容.     

Bio-stabilization of drinking water in supply systems as observed in the tropics

Changes in the bacterial quality of drinking water were examined in the supply system of tropical Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The water treatment fulfilled WHO standard guidelines. However, the water quality allowed for significant regrowth of bacteria, demonstrating that the WHO guidelines are insufficient to check whether or not the drinking water has an acceptable regrowth potential. An experimental pipe system was examined on site. A growth model was established, based on a zero order bacterial detachment kinetics for the biofilms colonizing the inner surface of the pipes, with a release rate factor R, and a first order growth kinetics in the water flowing in the pipes with a growth rate factor . The rate factors were estimated to be R=1.9×10⁸ m^-2 h^-1 and =2.5 h^-1. It was concluded that growth in the biofilm played a dominant role in the bio-stabilization processes, while the initial microbial quality of the water works water and the growth in the water phase were of minor importance. The bio-stabilization process is understood herein as the reduction in the concentration of nutrients and assimilable organic carbon in the water, and thus as the reduction of the growth potential of the water. Bacterial growth and recontamination were examined during storage at the user site. The results showed that heterotrophic bacteria grew, while faecal coliforms decayed during storage. It was concluded that the users handled the water hygienically.The authors are with the Technical University of Denmark, IMT, CDC-Build, 208 DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark     

Microbial diversity and composition of the sediment in the drinking water reservoir Saidenbach (Saxonia, Germany)

Sediments contain a huge number and diversity of microorganisms that are important for the flux of material and are pivotal to all major biogeochemical cycles. Sediments of reservoirs are affected by a wide spectrum of allochthous and autochthonous influences providing versatile environments along the flow of water within the reservoir. Here we report on the microbial diversity in sediments of the mesotrophic drinking water reservoir Saidenbach, Germany, featuring a pronounced longitudinal gradient in sediment composition in the reservoir system. Three sampling sites were selected along the gradient, and the microbial communities in two sediment depths were characterized using catalysed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH) and a bar-coded pyrosequencing approach. Multivariate statistic was used to reveal relationships between sequence diversity and the environmental conditions. The microbial communities were tremendously diverse with a Shannon index of diversity (H') ranging from 6.7 to 7.1. 18,986 sequences could be classified into 37 phyla including candidate divisions, but the full extent of genetic diversity was not captured. While CARD-FISH gave an overview about the community composition, more detailed information was gained by pyrosequencing. Bacteria were more abundant than Archaea. The dominating phylum in all samples was Proteobacteria, especially Betaproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria. Furthermore, sequences of Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Acidobacteria, Chlorobi, Nitrospira, Spirochaetes, Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Gemmatimonadetes were found. The site ammonium concentration, water content and organic matter content revealed to be strongest environmental predictors explaining the observed significant differences in the community composition between sampling sites.     

Long-term (30 years) dynamics of Chironomidae (Diptera) fauna in the Kuibyshev water reservoir associated with eutrophication processes

Benthos investigations were carried out in the channel and flood-plain of the Kuibyshev water reservoir during 1958–1985. Hydrobiological monitoring data obtained at 12–16 stations in all Deeps excluding littoral areas are discussed. In 1987–1900 benthofauna distribution was also studied at the Priplotinny Deep. An increase of the reservoir trophic state is reported. The observed trend was an increase of the total benthos biomass. Changes in both species and trophic structure of the chironomid community due to the eutrophication problem are discussed.     

原料产地对中国东北和韩国旧石器时代晚期黑曜岩石器工业的影响

本文以原料产地距离衰减效应为视角,根据目前中国东北地区和韩国旧石器时代晚期黑曜岩石制品的发现情况以及黑曜岩产源地研究成果,结合狩猎采集人群社交网络模型、民族学、考古学资料,对以长白山为核心的黑曜岩源产地对中韩两地的辐射影响作出了直接供应区（天池火山口为圆心辐射半径150~200 km）和接触区（距离天池火山口200 km以上）的划分。在此基础上对比研究两地的黑曜岩石制品,发现由于距离源头产地较远,韩国黑曜岩石制品的数量以及类型丰度均低于中国东北地区。而又由于原料的长距离损耗以及对于原料更加经济的开发利用,导致韩国典型遗址中黑曜岩细石核与完整石片的体积更小,原料缩减更甚。     

不同施水量对云杉幼苗生长和生理生态特征的影响

在中国科学院成都生物研究所茂县生态站,参照云杉分布区的年降水量,设置4种水分处理梯度(分别模拟年降水量为350mm、700mm、1000mm和1350mm),研究云杉幼苗的生长和生理特征差异。经过4a的研究,结果表明,不同施水量显著影响了云杉幼苗的株高、基径、生物量积累(叶重、茎重和根重)、主根长度、第一级侧根数量、气体交换、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸以及丙二醛含量。700mm施水量的云杉幼苗的以上参数显著高于其他3个施水量(350mm、1000mm和1350mm)的幼苗。干旱胁迫下,云杉幼苗净光合速率和蒸腾速率显著降低,抑制了云杉幼苗生物量积累;过量施水则降低了云杉幼苗的根生长。云杉幼苗通过调节水分利用效率来适应不同的水分条件,当受到干旱胁迫时,通过提高水分利用效率来提供生长所需要的水分;然而当水分充足的时候,水分利用效率又降低。此外,水分不足和过量均导致针叶叶绿素含量降低,同时引起丙二醛含量的增加,表明云杉幼苗不适宜在土壤过于干旱和湿润的条件下生长。     

Effects of low nitrogen supply on biochemical and physiological parameters related to nitrate and water,involving nitrate transporters and aquaporins in Citrus macrophylla

• A reduction in chemical N-based fertillizer was investigated in Citrus plants. As N and water uptake are connected, the relationship between the physiological response to reductions in N was studied in relation to N metabolism and water.
• We examined the response of new and mature leaves and roots of Citrus macrophylla, grown under controlled conditions, and given different concentrations of N: 16, 8 or 4 mM. Differences in growth and development were determined for biochemical (mineral content, photosynthetic pigments, proteins and nitrate and nitrite reductase activity), physiological (photosynthesis and transpiration), and molecular (relative expression of nitrate transporters and aquaporins) parameters.
• Only plants given 4 mM N showed a reduction in growth. Although there were changes in NR activity, protein synthesis, and chlorophyll content in both 8 and 4 mM N plants that were highly related to aquaporin and nitrate transporter expression.
• The results revealed new findings on the relationship between aquaporins and nitrate transporters in new leaves of Citrus, suggesting a mechanism for ensuring growth under low N when new tissues are being formed.

     

船舶压载水携带外来物种及其对水域生态环境的影响

随着世界航运业的不断发展 ,船舶频繁地来往于世界各地 ,船舶压载水作为一种外来物种传播的有效媒介物 ,使得不同水域的物种得以传播到其他水域。这些物种种类繁多 ,普遍具有适应性较强 ,危害性较大等特点。本文就一些世界范围内广泛传播的典型外来物种进行了列举 ,并对它们的分类、发源地、传入媒介、习性、分布以及由于它们的入侵给当地的生态环境、人类健康、经济带来的不利影响以及当地所采取的一些治理措施等进行了较为详细地阐述。提出控制船舶压载水的排放以及研究较为有效的压载水治理方法是解决压载水携带外来物种入侵性传播的有效途径     

Determining the source of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus licheniformis isolated from raw milk, pasteurized milk and yoghurt

Aims:  Strain-specific detection of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus licheniformi s in raw and pasteurized milk, and yoghurt during processing.
Methods and Results:  Randomly selected isolates of Bacillus spp. were subjected to PCR analysis, where single primer targeting to the repetitive sequence Box elements was used to fingerprint the species. The isolates were separated into six different fingerprint patterns. The results show that isolates clustered together at about the 57% similarity level with two main groups at the 82% and 83% similarity levels, respectively. Contamination with identical strains both of B. cereus and B . licheniformis in raw and pasteurized milk was found as well as contaminated with different strains (in the case of raw milk and yoghurt/pasteurized milk and yoghurt). Several BOX types traced in processed milk samples were not discovered in the original raw milk.
Conclusions:  BOX-PCR fingerprinting is useful for characterizing Bacillus populations in a dairy environment. It can be used to confirm environmental contamination, eventually clonal transfer of Bacillus strains during the technological processing of milk.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Despite the limited number of strains analysed, the two Bacillus species yielded adequately detectable banding profiles, permitting differentiation of bacteria at the strain level and showing their diversity throughout dairy processing.     

Spontaneous and assisted restoration of vegetation on the bottom of a former water reservoir,the Elwha River,Olympic National Park,WA, U.S.A.

Early seral vegetation was studied on a former lake bottom after the removal of the 64‐m‐tall Glines Canyon Dam on the Elwha River. In 2015, vegetation cover of all vascular plant species was determined in 63 plots located on sites that emerged in 2011–2012. The sites had been planted and/or seeded, or were permitted to revegetate spontaneously. The plots were further classified by substrate texture: coarse sediments on the valley bottom and fine ones on the valley slopes. Plots were located randomly along random transects perpendicular to the former lake shore that extended into coarse sediment terraces perched above the floodplain. Additionally, 32 plots were sampled in surrounding native forests near these transects. Data were analyzed by detrended correspondence analysis and by canonical correspondence analysis. Substrate texture, that is whether fine or coarse, appeared to explain most of the variability in vegetation. The distance to forest and successional age, that is time since the site had been drained, were also significant explanatory variables, while assisted restoration by planting and seeding appeared to be insignificant to date. Spontaneous succession on fine sediments led to a species composition approaching that of adjacent natural forests. Invasive species were much less abundant than expected. Spontaneous restoration of vegetation on fine sediments in drained lake bottoms can rapidly produce a desirable vegetation composition and structure. On coarse sediments, active restoration may be useful to accelerate the development of native vegetation communities.