酿酒酵母两种不同嗜杀菌的比较研究

以酿酒酵母两种不同类型的嗜杀菌株ＳＫ４（Ｋ１型）和ＥＲＲ１（Ｋ２型）为材料,分析了不同嗜杀酵母的嗜杀特性,两株嗜杀酵母具有相互杀死作用,其嗜杀活性与菌体生长有关。ＳＫ４和ＥＲＲ１的嗜杀质粒的比较表明：Ｍ１－ｄｓＲＮＡ质粒和Ｍ２－ｄｓＲＮＡ质粒分子量分别为１．７ｋｂ和１．５ｋｂ,两株菌的Ｌ－ｄｓＲＮＡ质粒均为４．０ｋｂ。用高温和紫外线处理嗜杀酵母,嗜杀活性随之消失,消除菌中的Ｍ－ｄｓＲＮＡ质粒也相应     

以酵母嗜杀系统为基础的抗病毒药物筛选模型的建立

根据嗜杀酵母T158c/S14a中L-A病毒-1移码效率改变影响M1病毒的存活,导致K1毒素减少,在低pH的美蓝平板上用杯碟法通过抑菌圈的大小检测酵母K1毒素的嗜杀活性,建立了一个以酵母嗜杀系统为基础的抗病毒药物筛选模型。研究了杯碟法检测酵母毒素嗜杀活性的各种条件。对不同pH和温度下酵母的嗜杀活性进行了研究,确定了模型用于筛选的最适pH范围为4.3~4.7,最适温度范围为20~22℃。运用该模型研究了几种中药对嗜杀活性的抑制作用,发现了金银花和升麻具有一定的抗病毒作用。该模型为抗病毒药物的高通量初筛奠定了基础。     

嗜杀酵母的生物学功能及其应用

嗜杀酵母能够分泌毒素蛋白,杀死敏感酵母。嗜杀酵母对自身分泌的嗜杀毒素具有免疫力。嗜杀酵母的嗜杀特性与两种双链线状RNA(dsRNA)有关,即编码产生毒素蛋白的M-dsRNA和编码自身和M-dsRNA外壳蛋白的L-dsRNA。嗜杀毒素破坏细胞跨膜化学质子梯度,造成ATP和钾离子泄漏,导致细胞死亡。应用嗜杀酵母可避免野生型酵母污染,净化发酵体系,改善发酵产物品质;嗜杀毒素也可作为抵制病原酵母和类酵母微生物的抗真菌剂。     

利用细胞质导人法选育嗜杀啤酒酵母

利用细胞质导入(Cytoduction)法中的核融合缺陷细胞融合技术,在对酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)D518菌株不做任何遗传标记,将嗜杀酵母5045菌株的嗜杀质粒转移到受体菌D518中,获得了具有两亲株优良性状的融合子KDl02菌株。对融合于分析表明：融合子遗传性状稳定,不仅含有供体菌5045的嗜杀质粒,而且受体菌D518的核基因被原封不动地保留下来,为异质体细胞(Heteroplasmon)。将融合子KDl02菌株用于小型、中型及生产性酿酒试验。结果表明．具有与亲株D518同样的酿造特性。在发酵过程中．能抑制野生酵母污染,净化发酵体系。对于保证啤酒纯种酿造及提高成品酒的生物稳定性具有明显效果。     

利用细胞质导入法选育嗜杀啤酒酵母

利用细胞质导入(Cytoduction)法中的核融合缺陷细胞融合技术,在对酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)D518菌株不做任何遗传标记,将嗜杀酵母5045菌株的嗜杀质粒转移到受体菌D518中,获得了具有两亲株优良性状的融合子KD102菌株。对融合子分析表明:融合子遗传性状稳定,不仅含有供体菌5045的嗜杀质粒,而且受体菌D518的核基因被原封不动地保留下来,为异质体细胞(Heteroplasmon)。将融合子KD102菌株用于小型、中型及生产性酿酒试验,结果表明,具有与亲株D518同样的酿造特性。在发酵过程中,能抑制野生酵母污染,净化发酵体系。对于保证啤酒纯种酿造及提高成品酒的生物稳定性具有明显效果。     

一种检测酵母嗜杀活性的简便方法及其应用

本文以嗜杀酵母ＥＲＲＩ为材料建立了一种双层平板单菌落嗜杀活性检测法。此法与常规营养缺陷型筛选方法相结合,可直接筛选出具有嗜杀活性的酵母营养缺陷型菌株ＭＫ２—３：Ｋ＋Ｒ＋Ｌｅｕ－,并成功地用于检测理化因子对嗜杀质粒的消除作用。进一步采用此法在直接混合培养中做出了嗜杀酵母对敏感酵母作用的动力学曲线。结果表明,敏感酵母活菌数在混合培养的对数生长后期开始急剧下降。     

嗜杀酵母毒素蛋白活性的平板检测

本文介绍一种在平板上直接检测嗜杀酵母产生的毒素蛋白活性的方法,此方法操作简便,可分析不同条件下毒素蛋白对敏感酵母细胞的嗜杀作用.     

电融合构建嗜杀啤酒酵母及其发酵性能的研究

以ＭＫ２－３：Ｋ＾＋Ｒ＾＋ｌｅｕ＾－ｐ＾＋（ｎ）为供体菌,ＡＳ２４２０－１;Ｋ＾－Ｐ＾－ｌｅｕ＾＋ｐ＾０（２ｎ）为受体菌,通过电融合技术构建一批嗜杀啤酒酵母。其中４株融合子具有较高的嗜杀活性,对这４株融合子的遗传性状、ＤＮＡ含主细胞大小、形态、嗜杀质粒ｄｓ－ＲＮＡ提取及电泳等研究表明,这４株菌具有双亲的互补性。对其中ＭＡＲ１的进一步实验表明,ＭＡＲ１的某些发酵性能接近甚至优于亲株ＡＳ２４２０－１,     

酿酒酵母嗜杀质粒(dsRNA)的提取与分离纯化

对酿酒酵母嗜杀质粒的提取、电泳检测及纯化方法进行了研究。以改进的Fried和Fink方法在不预破细胞壁的情况下,巯基乙醇在碱性条件(pH9. 3)预处理后,直接以SDS-苯酚抽提完整细胞分离到了嗜杀质粒(dsRNA) 。在此基础上, 以电泳透析方法获得了纯化的M2和L双链RNA,琼脂糖凝胶电泳测定分子大小分别为1.5kb和4.0kb。 Abstract:The method of extraction and purification of the double-stranded RNA killer plasmids from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied.With the improved method of Fried and Fink we directly extracted the intact cells with SDS-phenol after pre-treating the cells with ß-mercaptoethanol under analkli condition.The result was detected and confirmed by the gel electrophoresis.On this basis we acquired the purified M2 and L-dsRNA by means of electrophoretic dialysis,their molecular lengths being 1.5kb and 4.0kb respectively.     

酿酒酵母嗜杀质粒(dsRNA)的提取与分离纯化

对酿酒酵母嗜杀质粒的提取、电泳检测及纯化方法进行了研究。以改进的Fried和Fink方法在不预破细胞壁的情况下,巯基乙醇在碱性条件(pH9. 3)预处理后,直接以SDS-苯酚抽提完整细胞分离到了嗜杀质粒(dsRNA) 。在此基础上, 以电泳透析方法获得了纯化的M2和L双链RNA,琼脂糖凝胶电泳测定分子大小分别为1.5kb和4.0kb。 Abstract:The method of extraction and purification of the double-stranded RNA killer plasmids from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied.With the improved method of Fried and Fink we directly extracted the intact cells with SDS-phenol after pre-treating the cells with ß-mercaptoethanol under analkli condition.The result was detected and confirmed by the gel electrophoresis.On this basis we acquired the purified M2 and L-dsRNA by means of electrophoretic dialysis,their molecular lengths being 1.5kb and 4.0kb respectively.     

母胎界面自然杀伤细胞的研究进展

自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞是母胎界面丰度最高的免疫细胞,在妊娠早期的子宫蜕膜中大量积聚.研究表明母胎界面NK细胞具有独特表型和功能,在妊娠期免疫耐受调节、子宫内膜蜕膜化、滋养细胞侵袭、子宫螺旋动脉重塑、胎盘形成和胎儿生长、发育等多方面都发挥关键作用,但是其在妊娠中的功能及其作用机制还有待深入研究...     

NK细胞和NKT细胞发育的转录调控

自然杀伤（natural killer,NK）细胞和自然杀伤T（natural killer T,NKT）细胞是参与机体抗病毒免疫和肿瘤免疫的两群淋巴细胞亚群,是介导先天性免疫（innate immunity）应答和调节适应性免疫（adaptive immunity）应答的重要效应细胞。近年来,随着对NK细胞和NKT细胞及其转录调控因子研究的不断深入,NK细胞和NKT细胞的发育机制逐步被阐明,这将为提高NK细胞和NKT细胞的抗病毒和肿瘤免疫疗效提供新的策略。     

Expression of murine killer immunoglobulin-like receptor KIRL1 on CD1d-independent NK1.1<Superscript>+</Superscript> T cells

Three mouse killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), namely, KIR3DL1, KIRL1, and KIRL2, have recently been identified in C56BL/6 (B6) mice. However, only two Kir genes are found in the B6 mouse genome sequence data base. To clarify this discrepancy, we cloned Kir cDNAs from multiple strains of mice. Sequencing of the cDNA clones showed that the Kir3dl1 gene is found in C3H/HeJ and CBA/J but not in B6 mice. Analysis of the single nucleotide polymorphism data base suggested that Kir3dl1 is the C3H/HeJ and CBA/J allele of Kirl1. We generated mAb to the recombinant KIRL1 protein to investigate its expression pattern. The anti-KIRL1 mAb bound to NK1.1⁺ T cells but only very weakly or at undetectable levels to other lymphocytes including natural killer (NK) cells and conventional T cells. Among NK1.1⁺ T cells, conventional NK T cells stained with CD1d tetramer did not significantly bind anti-KIRL1 mAb, whereas CD1d-tetramer-negative subset was KIRL1-positive. Furthermore, the expression of KIRL1 is readily detected on NK1.1⁺ T cells from β₂-microglobulin-deficient B6 mice. Thus, KIRL1 is predominantly expressed on CD1d-independent NK1.1⁺ T cells.     

Yeast killer toxins,molecular mechanisms of their action and their applications

Killer toxins secreted by some yeast strains are the proteins that kill sensitive cells of the same or related yeast genera. In recent years, many new yeast species have been found to be able to produce killer toxins against the pathogenic yeasts, especially Candida albicans. Some of the killer toxins have been purified and characterized, and the genes encoding the killer toxins have been cloned and characterized. Many new targets including different components of cell wall, plasma membrane, tRNA, DNA and others in the sensitive cells for the killer toxin action have been identified so that the new molecular mechanisms of action have been elucidated. However, it is still unknown how some of the newly discovered killer toxins kill the sensitive cells. Studies on the killer phenomenon in yeasts have provided valuable insights into a number of fundamental aspects of eukaryotic cell biology and interactions of different eukaryotic cells. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of their action will be helpful to develop the strategies to fight more and more harmful yeasts.     

Drug resistance in rat colon cancer cell lines is associated with minor changes in susceptibility to cytotoxic cells

The development of resistance to anticancer drugs urges the search for different treatment modalities. Several investigators have reported the concomitant development of drug resistance and resistance to natural killer (NK), lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) or monocyte/macrophage cell lysis, while others described unchanged or even increased susceptibility. We investigated this subject in the rat colon carcinoma cell line, CC531-PAR, which is intrinsically multidrug-resistant (MDR), and in three sublines derived from this parental cell line: a cell line with an increased MDR phenotype (CC531-COL), a revertant line from CC531-COL (CC531-REV), which demonstrates enhanced sensitivity to anticancer drugs of the MDR phenotype, and an independently developed cisplatin-resistant line (CC531-CIS). In a 4-h⁵¹Cr-release assay we found no difference in susceptibility to NK cell lysis. No significant differences in lysability by adherent LAK (aLAK) cells were observed in a 4-h assay. In a prolonged 20-h⁵¹Cr-release assay an enhanced sensitivity to aLAK-cell-mediated lysis was observed in the revertant, P-glycoprotein-negative cell line and in the cisplatin-resistant cell line (CC531-CIS). None of the cell lines was completely resistant to lysis by aLAK cells. Therefore, a role for immunotherapy in the treatment of drug-resistant tumors remains a realistic option.     

Studies on NK cell purification by negative selection in human peripheral blood

We have attempted to improve negative selection procedures for the large scale purification of human CD _in3 ^– CD56⁺ NK cells. In a series of experiments, purifications of NK cells from 10⁸ PBMC were performed by T cell depletion using either direct or indirect anti-CD3 labeling and the Magnetic Activated Cell Separation (MACS) procedure. Contaminating CD3⁺ cells were still present using either one of these two different T cell depletion protocols as shown by phenotyping IL-2 supplemented cell cultures on day 12. A second cycle of purification was therefore added. When MACS and Dynabeads were compared as complementary procedures to the first MACS cycle starting with 10⁸ cells, the Dynabeads method was found to be superior to the MACS with regard to the elimination of residual T cells. Starting from 10⁹ PBMC, we showed that this MACS+Dynabeads procedure gave similar satisfactory results when compared to the scaling-up of a previously established two steps procedure using Dynabeads. These two approaches (MACS+Dynabeads and 2 cycles of Dynabeads) have been also tested in a clinical setting to purify NK cells from cancer patients prior toin vitro expansion. The results indicate that the two methods are equivalent with respect to purity and recovery rate; a slight advantage in terms of feasibility was found in favor of 2 cycles of Dynabeads.     

Natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell functions from healthy dogs and 29 dogs with a variety of spontaneous neoplasms

To investigate natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell functions from 10 healthy dogs and 29 dogs with a variety of spontaneous neoplasms, large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) from blood samples were separated by a 58.5% Percoll density gradient. LGLs were stimulated with a low dose of recombinant human interleukin 2 (rhIL-2) for 7 days. Cytotoxicity of effector cells against the susceptible CTAC cell line was measured before and after stimulation. Compared with those before stimulation, the percentage of LGLs after stimulation with rhIL-2 was found to be significantly increased (P<0.01) in both dogs with tumors and controls. However, the increase was significantly higher in control animals, indicating a defect in proliferation ability of NK cells in canine tumor patients. After stimulation with rhIL-2, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity in dogs with tumors was significantly lower (P<0.01) when compared with controls. Reduced cytotoxicity of rhIL-2–activated NK cells in dogs with tumors seems to be attributable to the presence of a diminished proliferative capacity of NK cells and a decreased ability of LAK cells to lyse target cells. Further knowledge of the precise function of IL-2–activated NK cells in dogs with tumors may help to optimize new and therapeutically beneficial treatment strategies in canine and human cancer patients. Our findings suggest that the dog could also serve as a relevant large animal model for cancer immunotherapy with IL-2.     

Occurrence of killer yeasts in Argentine wineries

Fifty-six wine must samples, from wineries in various regions of Argentina, were examined at different fermentation stages for the presence of killer yeast strains. The distribution of isolated killer strains was markedly different from one region to another.The authors are with the Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Lib, Gral. San Martín 1109, Oeste 5400, San Juan, Argentina;     

Characterization of human natural killer cells for therapeutic use

As a part of the innate immune system, natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that can exert cytotoxic activity against infected or transformed cells. Furthermore, due to their expression of a functional Fc receptor, they have also been eluded as a major effector fraction in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. These characteristics have led to multiple efforts to use them for adoptive immunotherapy against various malignancies.  There are now at least 70 clinical trials testing the safety and efficacy of NK cell products around the world in early-phase clinical trials. NK cells are also being tested in the context of tumor retargeting via chimeric antigen receptors, other genetic modification strategies, as well as tumor-specific activation strategies such as bispecific engagers with or without cytokine stimulations. One advantage of the use of NK cells for adoptive immunotherapy is their potential to overcome HLA barriers. This has led to a plethora of sources, such as cord blood hematopoietic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, which can generate comparatively high cytotoxic NK cells to peripheral blood counterparts. However, the variety of the sources has led to a heterogeneity in the characterization of the final infusion product. Therefore, in this review, we will discuss a comparative assessment strategy, from characterization of NK cells at collection to final product release by various phenotypic and functional assays, in an effort to predict potency of the cellular product.     

Antarctic killer whales make rapid,round-trip movements to subtropical waters: evidence for physiological maintenance migrations?

Killer whales (Orcinus orca) are important predators in high latitudes, where their ecological impact is mediated through their movements. We used satellite telemetry to provide the first evidence of migration for killer whales, characterized by fast (more than 12 km h(-1), 6.5 knots) and direct movements away from Antarctic waters by six of 12 type B killer whales tagged when foraging near the Antarctic Peninsula, including all tags transmitting for more than three weeks. Tags on five of these whales revealed consistent movements to subtropical waters (30-37° S) off Uruguay and Brazil, in surface water temperatures ranging from -1.9°C to 24.2°C; one 109 day track documented a non-stop round trip of almost 9400 km (5075 nmi) in just 42 days. Although whales travelled slower in the warmest waters, there was no obvious interruption in swim speed or direction to indicate calving or prolonged feeding. Furthermore, these movements were aseasonal, initiating over 80 days between February and April; one whale returned to within 40 km of the tagging site at the onset of the austral winter in June. We suggest that these movements may represent periodic maintenance migrations, with warmer waters allowing skin regeneration without the high cost of heat loss: a physiological constraint that may also affect other whales.