水通道蛋白

水通道蛋白 (aquaporin,AQP)是对水专一的通道蛋白 ,普遍存在于动、植物及微生物中。它所介导的自由水快速被动的跨生物膜转运 ,是水进出细胞的主要途径。1　水通道蛋白的发现长期以来 ,普遍认为细胞内外的水分子是以简单的跨膜扩散方式来透过脂双层膜。后来由于在生物物理学研究中发现红细胞及近端肾小管对渗透压改变引起的水的通透性很高 ,很难单纯以弥散来解释。因此 ,一些学者推测水的跨膜转运除了简单扩散外 ,还存在某种特殊的机制 ,并提出了水通道的概念。1988年 ,Agre等在鉴定人类 Rh血型抗原时 ,偶然在红细胞膜上发现了 1种新的 2…     

植物膜水通道蛋白

活细胞含有80%以上的水分,水出入细胞和组织是生命代谢的基本过程。长期以来,普遍认为细胞中的水分子以简单的跨膜扩散方式透过脂双层膜。由于在一些研究中发现,生物膜的渗透水通透系数ｐｆ(Ｏｓｍｏｔｉｃｗａｔｅｒｐｅｒｍｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ)远远大于其扩散水通透系数ｐｄ(ｄｉｆｆｕｓｉｏｎａｌｗａｔｅｒｐｅｒｍｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ),因此一些学者推测水分子并不仅以单一的跨膜扩散方式透过生物膜。但是,许多学者对这一看法持不同意见,他们认为水分子在细胞内或细胞间的跨膜扩散速度足以满…     

水通道蛋白4在脑缺血后脑水肿中的作用

脑缺血是由于动脉阻塞或灌注不足导致大脑局部血流减少无法满足代谢需求产生的功能障碍。脑水肿是脑组织间或细胞内液体过度积聚的病理现象,是脑缺血后较为严重的并发症,将会导致颅内压升高,脑组织受压而神经功能受损,甚至死亡。水通道蛋白(aquaporin)是一类分布在细胞膜上的蛋白质家族,目前已发现有13种亚型,主要调节细胞内外水平衡且参与细胞迁移和信号传导等多个生理病理过程。水通道蛋白4(aquaporin-4,AQP4)主要分布在中枢神经系统中星形胶质细胞的终足上,在细胞毒性水肿和血管源性水肿的形成和消除中起双重作用,与脑缺血后脑水肿有密切关系。机体通过转录过程及翻译后修饰等多个水平调节AQP4的表达协调其功能。本文回顾了目前AQP4在脑缺血后作用的最新进展,力图为治疗脑卒中后脑水肿提供新的研究方向。     

植物的水通道蛋白

对近 3年来植物水通道蛋白的特性、特异性表达、水分运输机制、表达调控、在植物水分关系平衡中的作用以及这一领域研究中的有关问题作了介绍与评述     

体外培养的小梁细胞表达水通道蛋白-1

目的观察体外培养条件下的牛眼小梁细胞(bovine trabecular meshwork cell,BTMC)是否表达水通道蛋白-1(Aquaporin-1,AQP-1)。方法采用免疫组织化学方法检测AQP-1在BTMC上的表达,并进行半定量分析。结果正常BTMC可见AQP-1蛋白表达,其灰度值为:167.94±1.18;阴性对照为:195.64±1.62,统计学分析其差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。结论在体外培养条件下,BTMC表达AQP-1,这有助于在体外条件下研究房水流出阻力、并探讨青光眼的药物治疗。     

水通道

水通道邱俭,陈宜张（第二军医大学生理学教研室,上海２００４３３）关键词水通道,水通道蛋白进出细胞的水转运对细胞稳态是重要的。水通过脂质双层的运动很慢,这是一个单纯扩散过程,活化能高（＞１０ｋｃａｌ／ｍｏｌ）,且对汞化合物不敏感。过去曾认为其他一些细胞...     

茶尺蠖水通道蛋白EoAQP1的cDNA克隆、多克隆抗体制备及亚细胞定位

【目的】水通道蛋白(aquaporin,AQP)是一种广泛存在于哺乳动物、植物和微生物中的跨膜转运蛋白,它在细胞水分运输、离子选择透过性和渗透压平衡等过程中发挥着重要的作用。本研究旨在分析茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua Prout水通道蛋白AQP1的基因特性,在制备多克隆抗体的基础上了解其亚细胞定位分布。【方法】采用同源克隆方法并结合RACE技术克隆茶尺蠖AQP1的基因全长,通过生物信息学网站和软件分析茶尺蠖AQP1的生物学信息;通过实时荧光定量PCR技术(qRT-PCR)检测茶尺蠖AQP1在不同发育阶段和6龄幼虫不同组织中的相对表达量;通过原核表达、镍柱纯化并免疫新西兰兔制备了茶尺蠖AQP1的多克隆抗体;通过荧光显微镜观测了茶尺蠖AQP1在黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster胚胎细胞S2中的定位分布,并利用多克隆抗体进行了Western blot验证。【结果】克隆并鉴定了茶尺蠖AQP1全长,将其命名为Eo AQP1(Gen Bank登录号:KT819587),Eo AQP1 c DNA全长1 826 bp,含有780 bp开放阅读框,编码259个氨基酸。系统进化树和氨基酸序列同源性比对表明,Eo AQP1在鳞翅目昆虫中高度保守。跨膜结构和水分渗透模拟表明,Eo AQP1具有经典的水分渗透模型。qRT-PCR结果表明,Eo AQP1在不同发育时期和6龄幼虫不同组织中均有表达且差异显著。亚细胞定位结果表明,Eo AQP1以圆形颗粒状成群聚集于细胞膜周边,而在细胞膜、核膜和细胞质等处均不表达。多克隆抗体Western blot检测结果表明,Eo AQP1多克隆抗体特异性较好,可用于后续相关实验。【结论】获得了Eo AQP1的c DNA序列,明确了Eo AQP1的生物学特征,阐明了Eo AQP1的时空表达特性,成功制备了Eo AQP1多克隆抗体,初步了解了Eo AQP1的亚细胞定位,为进一步研究Eo AQP1的水分渗透机理奠定了分子基础。     

顺铂对卵巢癌SKOV3细胞水通道蛋白5表达的影响及调控

应用噻唑蓝法、蛋白质印迹和RT-PCR法研究顺铂对卵巢癌SKOV3细胞水通道蛋白5(AQP5)表达的影响及其调控.结果显示顺铂浓度增加,SKOV3细胞AQP5、胞浆和胞核NF-kB p65以及胞核IkBα表达均逐渐减少(P=0.001,0.000,0.000,0.000);10 μg/ml顺铂与SKOV3细胞温育6-12 h,AQP5、胞浆和胞核NF-kB p65以及胞浆IkBα表达均明显增加达峰值,24 h后急剧下降到低值,并维持至72 h后(P=0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000).随着核转录因子阻断剂PDTC浓度增加、作用时间延长,AQP5表达及mRNA量均逐渐减少(P=0.000,0.000);顺铂对细胞抑制率与AQP5呈负相关(r=-0.598;P=0.009),PDTC对细胞抑制率与AQP5和mRNA呈负相关(r=-0.983,-0.905;P=0.000,0.000).AQP5表达与NF-kB p65和IkBα呈正相关(r=0.894,0.857;P=0.000,0.000).提示AQP5与SKOV3细胞生长有关,顺铂下调AQP5表达,其过程可能受NF-kB调控,为AQP5成为卵巢癌治疗的靶目标提供了一定的理论基础.     

水通道蛋白研究动态

水通道蛋白是对水专一的通道蛋白,它普遍存在于动、植物及微生物中,不同水通道蛋白之间具有类似特征.哺乳动物中水通道蛋白主要分为六类,分布于水分代谢活跃的器官中;植物除了质膜上水通道蛋白外,液泡膜也存在着水通道蛋白,它们在植物生长,发育及胁迫适应中起着重要作用.目前有关水通道蛋白的详细的结构和功能信息主要来自对红细胞膜上水通道蛋白的研究,它由同源的四聚体组成,每个单体具有独立的水通道功能,四聚体在膜上分布具有不对称性,在膜内侧四聚体呈伸展状态,在膜外侧形成大的中心空腔.     

Regulation of plant aquaporin activity

Accumulating evidence indicates that aquaporins play a key role in plant water relations. Plant aquaporins are part of a large and highly divergent protein family that can be divided into four subfamilies according to amino acid sequence similarity. As in other organisms, plant aquaporins facilitate the transcellular movement of water, but, in some cases, also the flux of small neutral solutes across a cellular membrane. Plant cell membranes are characterized by a large range of osmotic water permeabilities, and recent data indicate that plant aquaporin activity might be regulated by gating mechanisms. The factors affecting the gating behaviour possibly involve phosphorylation, heteromerization, pH, Ca2+, pressure, solute gradients and temperature. Regulation of aquaporin trafficking may also represent a way to modulate membrane water permeability. The aim of this review is to integrate recent molecular and biophysical data on the mechanisms regulating aquaporin activity in plant membranes and to relate them to putative changes in protein structure.     

Regulation of the immunoexpression of aquaporin 9 by ovarian hormones in the rat oviductal epithelium

The volume of oviductal fluid fluctuates during the estrous cycle, suggesting that water availability is under hormonal control. It has been postulated that sex-steroid hormones may regulate aquaporin (AQP) channels involved in water movement across cell membranes. Using a functional assay (oocytes of Xenopus laevis), we demonstrated that the rat oviductal epithelium contains mRNAs coding for water channels, and we identified by RT-PCR the mRNAs for AQP5, -8, and -9, but not for AQP2 and -3. The immunoreactivity for AQP5, -8, and -9 was localized only in epithelial cells of the oviduct. The distribution of AQP5 and -8 was mainly cytoplasmic, whereas we confirmed, by confocal microscopy, that AQP9 localized to the apical plasma membrane. Staining of AQP5, -8, and -9 was lost after ovariectomy, and only AQP9 immunoreactivity was restored after estradiol and/or progesterone treatments. The recovery of AQP9 reactivity after ovariectomy correlated with increased mRNA and protein levels after treatment with estradiol alone or progesterone administration after estradiol priming. Interestingly, progesterone administration after progesterone priming also induced AQP9 expression but without a change in mRNA levels. Levels of AQP9 varied along the estrous cycle with their highest levels during proestrus and estrus. These results indicate that steroid hormones regulate AQP9 expression at the mRNA and protein level and that other ovarian signals are involved in the expression of AQP5 and -8. Thus hormonal regulation of the type and quantity of water channels in this epithelium might control water transport in the oviductal lumen. water channels; epithelial cells; estradiol; progesterone     

Expression of the aquaporin 8 water channel in a rat salivary epithelial cell

Aquaporins are a family of water channels considered to play an important role in fluid transport across plasma membranes. Among the reported isoforms, relatively little is known about the functional role of aquaporin 8 (AQP8), and there are no cell lines known to express the AQP8 protein. We report here that the rat submandibular epithelial cell line, SMIE, expresses AQP8. Using RT-PCR, the presence of mRNA for AQP8 was demonstrated in these cells. Confocal immunofluorescence experiments revealed that the AQP8 protein is primarily present in the apical membranes of SMIE cells. When grown as a polarized monolayer on collagen coated polycarbonate filters, and exposed on their apical surface to different hyperosmotic (440, 540, or 640 mOsm) solutions, net fluid movement across SMIE cells was 8-25-fold that seen under isosmotic conditions. Similarly, when grown on coverslips and then exposed to a hypertonic solution, SMIE cells shrunk as a function of time. Together, these results suggest that SMIE cells endogenously express functional AQP8 water channels.     

Renal expression and functions of aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 4 in cattle

Abstract

Aquaporin (AQP) 1 and AQP 4 are members of the aquaporin water channel family that play an important role in reabsorption of water from the renal tubular fluid to concentrate urine. Studies of renal AQPs have been performed in human, rodents, sheep, dogs and horses. We studied nephron segment-specific expression of AQP 1 and AQP 4 using immunohistochemical staining on paraffin sections of bovine kidneys. AQP 1 was moderately expressed in endothelium of the cortical capillary network, vasa recta, and glomerular capillaries. AQP 4 was moderately expressed only in cytoplasm of epithelial cells in proximal tubules. We concluded that AQP 1 and AQP 4 in the bovine kidney showed some differences from other species in renal trans-epithelial water transport.     

Regulation of a plant aquaporin by a Casparian strip membrane domain protein‐like

The absorption of soil water by roots allows plants to maintain their water status. At the endodermis, water transport can be affected by initial formation of a Casparian strip and further deposition of suberin lamellas and regulated by the function of aquaporins. Four Casparian strip membrane domain protein‐like (CASPL; CASPL1B1, CASPL1B2, CASPL1D1, and CASPL1D2) were previously shown to interact with PIP2;1. The present work shows that CASPL1B1, CASPL1B2, and CASPL1D2 are exclusively expressed in suberized endodermal cells, suggesting a cell‐specific role in suberization and/or water transport regulation. When compared with wild‐type plants, and by contrast to caspl1b1*caspl1b2 double loss of function, caspl1d1*caspl1d2 double mutants showed, in some control or NaCl stress experiments and not upon abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, a weak enlargement of the continuous suberization zone. None of the mutants showed root hydraulic conductivity (Lp_r) phenotype, whether in control, NaCl, or ABA treatment conditions. The data suggest a slight negative role for CASPL1D1 and CASPL1D2 in suberization under control or salt stress conditions, with no major impact on whole root transport functions. At the molecular level, CASPL1B1 was able to physically interact with PIP2;1 and potentially could influence the regulation of aquaporins by acting on their phosphorylated form.     

Regulation of asymmetric cell division in the epidermis

For proper tissue morphogenesis, cell divisions and cell fate decisions must be tightly and coordinately regulated. One elegant way to accomplish this is to couple them with asymmetric cell divisions. Progenitor cells in the developing epidermis undergo both symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions to balance surface area growth with the generation of differentiated cell layers. Here we review the molecular machinery implicated in controlling asymmetric cell division. In addition, we discuss the ability of epidermal progenitors to choose between symmetric and asymmetric divisions and the key regulatory points that control this decision.     

Regulation of the meiotic cell cycle in oocytes

The mitotic and meiotic cell cycle share many regulators, but there are also important differences between the two processes. The meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes has proved useful for understanding the regulation of Cdc2-cyclin-B, a key activator of G2/M progression. New insights have been made recently into the signalling mechanisms that induce G2-arrested oocytes to resume and complete the meiotic cell cycle.     

Expression and subcellular localization of aquaporin water channels in the polarized hepatocyte cell line,WIF-B

Background  

Recent data suggest that canalicular bile secretion involves selective expression and coordinated regulation of aquaporins (AQPs), a family of water channels proteins. In order to further characterize the role of AQPs in this process, an in vitro cell system with retained polarity and expression of AQPs and relevant solute transporters involved in bile formation is highly desirable. The WIF-B cell line is a highly differentiated and polarized rat hepatoma/human fibroblast hybrid, which forms abundant bile canalicular structures. This cell line has been reported to be a good in vitro model for studying hepatocyte polarity.