蜘蛛的行为

蜘蛛可能在四亿年前的古生代泥盆纪即已出现。原始的蜘蛛在潮湿沼泽地和丛林底层悠闲地生活。由于当时危险的敌人尚少,只有在脱皮和产卵时需要隐蔽。生活中对丝的利用很少,只是通过腹部附肢上的开孔排出基节腺的分泌物到卵上。后来,分泌物有了不同的用途,附肢也更适于引出这些分泌物,逐渐演变为丝腺和纺器。由于蜘蛛多捕食昆虫,随着昆虫的不断发展,蜘蛛的结构和行为也演化到全新的阶段。世界上现有蜘蛛的种类估计有三万多种,在我国约有三千多种。蜘蛛不但种类多,个体数量也多,每年为人类消灭大量害虫,它的某些结构和行为在动物界中十分奇特,因而不论在经     

蜘蛛的“裹尸布”

毒液可能是大部分蜘蛛选择的武器，然而也有一些蜘蛛更爱聆听能够获得满足感的“嘎吱嘎吱”的咀嚼声。一种名为Philoponella vicina的蜘蛛会用好几百米长的蛛丝将猎物缠绕起来，织成一张极度紧密的“裹尸布”，研究人员在2006年5月份出版的Nature》杂志上报告了这一研究成果。     

中国桔园蜘蛛名录

报道我国柑桔园内蜘蛛资源调查结果,目前已发现的蜘蛛计有25科90属197种,是柑桔害虫的一类重要捕食性天敌。     

蜘蛛的网和它的捕食策略

蜘蛛的网和捕食策略的进化是令人感兴趣的一个课题,本文对蛛网的类型和进化,以及蜘蛛的捕食策略及其演变化一简要介绍。     

花和田蜘蛛群落的研究

在花生田共采集到蜘蛛４１种,隶属于１２科、２７属。游猎型蜘蛛主要是狼蛛科、跳蛛科、猫蛛科和管巢蛛科的种类,所占比例较高,在春花生田为６０．９１～８６．２１％,秋药生田为５０．４０～９０．３６％。结网蜘蛛主要是皿蛛、珠蛛、肖蛸和小型园蛛。在花生的不同生长季节有不同的优势科和优势种。春花生男的优势科是狼蛛科、皿蛛科和猫蛛科,优势种是类水狼蛛、拟环纹豹蛛、脉蜗蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛和斜纹猫蛛;狼蛛科、猫蛛科和球     

稻田蜘蛛捕食能力的监测研究

本文采用炭凝集法,对稻田优势种蜘蛛拟环纹豹蛛(Pardosa psevdoan(?)ta),拟水狼蛛(Pirata subpiraticus)和食虫沟瘤蛛(Ummeliata insecticeps)控制稻飞虱(Sogatella furcifere and Nilaparavata iugens)和中华稻蝗(Oxya chinesis)能力进行了监测。并用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳验证。结果两种方法的灵敏度高达91.79％和92.77％。炭凝集法要求抗原纯度高,其监测方法快速、准确率高,可供推广部门应用。     

蜘蛛的行为（续）

争斗行为竞争者之间的威胁、战斗或逃避的行为,在蜘蛛通常只见于雄蛛。当两个雄蛛在一头雌蛛前相遇时,它们作出威胁的姿态(图5)。有时甚至打起来,主动发起攻击的常成为胜者,败者溜走。然后胜者立即转向雌蛛,摆动其附肢,开始求偶动作。     

花生田蜘蛛群落的研究

在花生田共采集到蜘蛛41种,隶属于12科、27属。游猎型蜘蛛主要是狼蛛科、跳蛛科、猫蛛科和管巢蛛科的种类,所占比例较高,在春花生田为60.91％～86.21％,秋花生田为50.40％～90.36％。结网蜘蛛主要是皿蛛、球蛛、肖蛸和小型园蛛。在花生的不同生长季节有不同的优势科和优势种。春花生田的优势科是狼蛛科、皿蛛科和猫蛛科,优势种是类水狼蛛、拟环纹豹蛛、脉娲蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛和斜纹猫蛛;狼蛛科、猫蛛科和球蛛科是秋花生田的优势科、脉娲蛛、斜纹猫蛛和八斑鞘蛛为优势种。     

浙江省茶园蜘蛛发生,分布及种类调查初报

通过几年来对浙江主要茶园蜘蛛发生,分布及种类调查,初步明确浙江省茶园蜘蛛达２０科９８种,其中八斑鞘腹蛛,草间小黑蛛,花腹盖蛛,鳞纹肖蛸,王冠园蛛等１０余种及茶园主要蛛种。     

海南稻田蜘蛛群落的结构和动态

报道海南省琼山县稻田蜘蛛群落的物种组成及其优势种群的动态变化。已鉴定的稻田蜘蛛种类有４９种,分属１１分科。食早 瘤蛛Ｕｍｍｅｌｉａｔａ ｉｎｓｅｃｔｉｃｅｐｓ Ｂｏｅｓ．ｅｔ Ｓｔｒ．、草间钻头蛛Ｈｙｌｙｐｈａｎｔｅｓ ｇｒａｍｉｎｉｃｏｌｕｍ（Ｓｕｎｄｅｖａｌｌ）、拟水狼蛛Ｐｉｒａｔａ ｓｕｂｐｉｒａｔｉｃｕｓ（Ｂｏｅｓ．ｅｔ Ｓｔｒ．）、拟环纹豹蛛Ｐａｒｄｏｓａ ｐｓｅｕｄｏａｎｎｕｌａｔａ（     

Water relations and haemolymph composition of two intertidal spiders (order araneae)

Water relations and haemolymph composition have been compared in two intertidal spiders which inhabit different zones of a rocky shore in the Cape Peninsula. Evaporative water losses of the mid-shore species, Desis formidabilis (O.P. Cambridge), are much greater than those of Amaurobioides africanus Hewitt, which occurs higher on the shore. Both species avoid desiccating conditions by remaining in silk-lined nests in suitable microclimates, and the nests of Desis formidabilis are submerged for a substantial portion of each tidal cycle. Osmolarities and sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride concentrations were measured for the haemolymph of both spiders. The haemolymph chemistry of Amaurobioides africanus resembles that of terrestrial spiders. The haemolymph of Desis formidabilis, however, has an osmolarity of 930 mOsm/l, a sodium concentration of 451 mM/l and a chloride concentration of 466 mM/l. It is suggested that this unusually concentrated haemolymph may represent an adaptation to a diet of marine crustaceans.     

Inter-and intraspecific effects of density manipulations upon females of two orb-weaving spiders (araneae: araneidae)

Summary A field experiment was conducted to establish whether or not inter-and intraspecific competition occurs between two syntopic species of orb-weaving spiders. Replicated single-species and mixed-species adult populations of the basilica spider, Mecynogea lemniscata, and the labyrinth spider, Metepeira labyrinthea, were established at a range of densities on open experimental units in the species' natural habitat. Each experimental unit was a 4mx1.6mx1m wood frame supporting branches upon which introduced spiders built webs. Survival and reproduction on the units were monitored from 1 August through 1 November 1978,There were no significant negative interspecific effects of density upon either survival or reproduction, which indicates that interspecific competition was not occurring during the experiment. There was statistically significant evidence of intraspecific competition between females for both species, but the negative density effects were small. They explained 5% of the variance in Mecynogea web height, 2% of the variance in Metepeira survival, and 1% of the variation in number of eggs per sac for Mecynogea.Hence inter-and intraspecific competition was either absent or weak in 1978, despite the fact that a field experiment conducted the previous year (Wise 1979) demonstrated that prey abundance was limiting the egg production of both species. Evidence of food limitation in 1977 followed by only weak competitive interactions the following year suggests that the significance of resource limitation and competition may vary temporally for the basilica and labyrinth spiders.     

General introduction

Brain Cell Biology -     

General introduction

General introduction     

酶联免疫吸附测定中固相化方法概述

酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)是一项应用广泛的固相酶免疫测定技术。抗原或抗体等反应物的固相化在ELISA检测系统中有着十分重要的作用,可直接影响检测结果。应用稳定性好、固相化物质变性率低及固定效率高的ELISA操作体系,可显著提高检测分析的灵敏性、特异性和可靠性。现就ELISA技术中不同固相介质和固相化方法作一概述。     

A combined molecular approach to phylogeny of the jumping spider subfamily dendryphantinae (araneae: salticidae)

Four gene regions were sequenced for 30 species of jumping spiders, most from the subfamily Dendryphantinae, to investigate their molecular phylogeny and evolution. These are three regions from the mitochondria (ca. 560 bp of 16S plus adjacent tRNA, 1047 bp of cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1), and 414 bp of NADH1 (ND1) and one region from the nuclear genome (ca. 750 bp of 28S). Parsimony and likelihood analyses of these gene regions separately and together support the monophyly of the dendryphantines as delimited previously by morphological characters. A group of elongate-bodied genera are placed as basal among the dendryphantines, and previously proposed relationships of Poultonella, Paraphidippus, and Sassacus vitis are confirmed. Comparison of overall rates of molecular evolution indicates striking differences across the gene regions, with highest divergence in ND1, CO1, 16S, and 28S in decreasing order. All four regions are characterized by both within- and among-site rate variation. Phylogenetic results from CO1 conflict conspicuously with phylogenetic results from the other genes and morphological data. Attempts to account for potential sources of this conflict (e.g., accommodating biased base composition, high homoplasy, within- and among-site rate variation, etc.) are largely unsuccessful.