植物耐虫性的研究方法

本文介绍了植物耐虫性的研究方法, 包括植物功能损失指数(耐虫指数)、产量损失率、植株被害率、存活率、根系体积(受害程度)、植株和害虫干重、叶片叶绿素荧光特性、保护酶活性和主茎伤流液量等生理生化指标以及害虫的种群发展和取食行为等方法, 并提出植物耐虫性机理的研究思路和方向。     

植物耐虫性的研究方法

本文介绍了植物耐虫性的研究方法,包括植物功能损失指数(耐虫指数)、产量损失率、植株被换害率、存活率、根系体积(受害程度)、植株和害虫干重、叶片叶绿素荧光特性、保护酶活性和主茎伤流液量等生理生化指标以及害虫的种群发展和取食行为等方法,并提出植物耐虫性机理的研究思路和方向.     

罗浮栲受红腹柄天牛为害后黄酮含量变化

应用乙醇浸提法采集受红腹柄天牛不同程度危害的罗浮栲韧皮部和叶片,测定其中黄酮的含量,并分析黄酮含量的变化与红腹柄天牛虫害为害之间的关系.结果表明,在害虫危害季节罗浮栲的韧皮部和叶部中黄酮含量随不同受害程度而不同.与未受害的相比,受轻、中度害的植株黄酮含量显著增加;在害虫休眠季节,罗浮栲黄酮的含量在不同受害程度及未受害植株间均没有显著差异,说明天牛取食为害是刺激罗浮栲产生黄酮应激反应的直接原因.     

西花蓟马取食对菜豆不同部位叶片防御基因表达的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究锉吸式口器害虫西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis取食诱导的菜豆Phaseolus vulgaris木植株系统防御反应的分子机制。【方法】利用荧光定量PCR技术,检测西花蓟马分别在稳定取食菜豆植株2 h后的24,48,72和96 h菜豆植株不同部位(上部、中部和下部)叶片中茉莉酸信号转导途径和水杨酸信号转导途径防御相关基因脂氧合酶基因(LOX)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因(PAL)和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因(PR-2)相对表达量的变化。【结果】西花蓟马取食菜豆植株后,受害叶片及上部和下部健康叶片中LOX,PAL和PR-2均被显著诱导表达,均以受害叶片防御酶基因表达量的变化较大,并且表达量在相同叶片不同时间下的变化不同。中部受害叶片中LOX的相对表达量均显著高于未接虫的对照植株,并随西花蓟马为害时间的延长逐渐升高,在96 h时为对照的209.54倍;随着时间的延长LOX表达量在上部和下部健康叶片呈现升高-降低-升高的趋势。PAL的表达量在西花蓟马为害植株的中部受害叶片和上部健康叶片均于48 h时出现最大值,分别为对照的52.70倍和41.20倍;但在下部健康叶片于72 h时达到最大值,为对照的47.06倍。PR-2表达量在受害株的上部健康叶片于48 h时出现最大值,在中部受害叶片和下部健康叶片均于96 h时达到最大值,但在24 h时在下部健康叶片中受到抑制。【结论】西花蓟马取食能显著诱导菜豆植株茉莉酸和水杨酸信号转导途径相关防御酶基因LOX,PAL和PR-2的表达,并在菜豆植株不同部位叶片产生系统抗性。     

西花蓟马或二斑叶螨为害的菜豆对两者间后取食者体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的影响

【目的】害虫取食后会导致植物的防御反应;取食同种植物的不同种害虫其生理适应性可能不同。本研究旨在阐明一种害虫取食后的植物对后取食的另一种害虫虫体酶活性的影响。【方法】采用生化分析法研究了西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis 2龄若虫或二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae雌成螨为害后的菜豆对后取食不同时间下的二斑叶螨第2若螨和雌成螨及西花蓟马2龄若虫和雌成虫体内保护酶[过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)]和解毒酶[多功能氧化酶(MFO)、羧酸酯酶(Car E)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(Ach E)]活性的影响。【结果】二斑叶螨雌成螨取食西花蓟马为害菜豆5 h时,POD,CAT和SOD这3种保护酶的活性均明显高于取食健康植株(P0.01),取食蓟马为害的菜豆18 h时只有POD活性低于取食健康植株(P0.01);二斑叶螨第2若螨取食蓟马为害菜豆后只有CAT活性在5 h时明显高于取食健康植株(P0.01)。二斑叶螨雌成螨取食蓟马为害菜豆5 h时,解毒酶MFO和Car E的活性受到抑制(P0.01),但GSTs和Ach E活性均比取食健康菜豆高(P0.01);取食18 h时,只有MFO的活性变化与5 h不同。第2若螨取食蓟马为害菜豆只有MFO的活性不论在5 h还是18 h时明显高于取食健康菜豆(P0.01)。西花蓟马取食二斑叶螨雌成螨为害菜豆时,雌成虫体内的3种保护酶的活性不论取食5 h还是18 h均明显升高(P0.01),但2龄若虫只有CAT活性在这两个时间段下明显升高(P0.01)。西花蓟马雌成虫取食螨害菜豆5 h时,解毒酶活性的变化同二斑叶螨雌成螨,取食18 h时只有GSTs活性变化状态与取食5 h不同;西花蓟马2龄若虫取食螨害菜豆时除GSTs外解毒酶的活性变化在这两个时间下正好相反。【结论】西花蓟马或二斑叶螨为害的菜豆能诱导后取食的二斑叶螨和西花蓟马产生一系列应激生化反应,且两种害虫成虫体内所有的保护酶和解毒酶活性在5 h时变化状态相同,但在其余时间和虫态下酶活性的变化状态不同。说明这两种昆虫体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的变化既有共性,又与害虫种类、虫(螨)态、取食时间相关,两种害虫对虫害植物的生理适应性不完全相同。     

马尾松受害诱导的化学物质滞后变化

通过接种马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus和人工剪叶,分析比较了不同受害方式对马尾松针叶内化学物质的影响。结果表明,害虫取食松针诱导的次生代谢物质(单宁、酚类物质)比人工剪叶处理略有增加,而营养物质-可溶性糖变化不大。对马尾松进行害虫取食为害、人工剪叶受害、未受害三种处理后,连续3年跟踪测定了松针叶内化学物质含量的变化。结果发现,无论是害虫取食为害,还是人工剪叶受害,针叶内次生代谢物质含量都减少,可溶性糖含量降低,直至一年后才恢复到原有的水平;蛋白质变化的趋势则始终是受害处理的含量比未受害处理的含量高,表明马尾松受害后诱导的化学物质变化具有滞后特性。     

长牙土天牛的研究

长牙土天牛Dorysthenes(Baladeva)walkeri Waterhouse是甘蔗害虫的新纪录;分布于我国的福建、江西、广东和广西以及国外的印度、缅甸。这一害虫在广东的湛江地区及海南岛各地发生普遍,局部蔗田受害严重,以多年生宿根性甘蔗受害尤著,越冬蔗地下茎受害后不能抽芽造成缺株断垄,生长期蔗茎基部受害使植株枯黄并导致风折。 长牙土天牛除为害甘蔗外,还为害油棕、椰子、竹类、竹芋(Maranta arundinacea L.)并取食大芒、白茅等禾本科植物。     

害虫取食和机械损伤对菜豆不同部位叶片防御酶活性的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究菜豆Phaseolus vulgaris植株对不同害虫危害的系统防御机制。【方法】分别以斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura、二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae、西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis取食或昆虫针穿刺处理菜豆中部叶片6,24,48,72和96 h后,测定菜豆植株中部处理叶片以及上部和下部未处理叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的变化。【结果】不同害虫取食后,POD,CAT和SOD活性在受害的菜豆中部叶片发生了明显变化,但不同害虫造成酶活性的变化趋势不同。与未处理的对照植株中部叶片相比,POD活性均是先升高后恢复至对照水平。POD活性在二斑叶螨取食后,于24 h达到最大值,是对照的4.6倍;POD活性在机械损伤和西花蓟马取食后在48 h达到峰值,而斜纹夜蛾取食诱导下POD活性升高最缓慢,直到72 h才达到最大值。中部叶片的CAT活性在机械损伤和3种害虫取食后变化不同,机械损伤24 h后CAT活性明显升高,而3种害虫取食后CAT活性变化较早,在6 h就明显升高,但随时间的延长,CAT活性的变化趋势不同。中部叶片SOD活性在不同处理下变化较大,在机械损伤诱导下仅在96 h明显升高,而二斑叶螨取食24 h以后均明显升高;但斜纹夜蛾及西花蓟马取食后,SOD活性在72 h时受到明显的抑制。在菜豆植株的上部和下部未受害叶片中,3种害虫取食和机械损伤处理后,以上3种酶的活性也发生了明显变化,POD活性在上部未受害叶片不同处理96 h时被抑制,而在下部叶片不同处理下均被激发,但诱导程度不同。机械损伤、斜纹夜蛾、二斑叶螨和西花蓟马处理后,菜豆植株上部和下部未受害叶片CAT活性都分别在24,6,6和24 h被明显诱导。上部和下部未受害叶片SOD活性在机械损伤96 h,斜纹夜蛾和二斑叶螨取食72 h后,均被明显激发;但西花蓟马取食后,SOD活性在48 h和72 h明显被抑制。【结论】斜纹夜蛾、二斑叶螨和西花蓟马取食均能显著诱导菜豆植株受害叶和未受害叶防御酶活性的变化,即引起菜豆植株的系统防御反应,但3种害虫诱导的防御酶活性变化程度不同,表明植物防御反应的时空效应与害虫种类有关。     

植物蔗糖合成的分子机制

高等植物中,光合同化产物主要是以蔗糖的形式从源向库运输的。近十几年来,随着生物技术的发展,许多与碳水同化产物代谢有关的基因已经被分离,同时多种植物遗传转化体系的建立使在植物中改变基因活性成为现实,对转基因植株的生理生化分析进一步增加了植物中对碳水同化产物合成、分配、运输以及利用等方面的认识。本文就CO2固定,同化产物分配,蔗糖合成三个方面介绍近年来利用基因工程对植物源活性调控及改善的研究进展。     

开花对两种杓兰光合作用和同化产物分配的影响

对同一生境下黄花杓兰（Cypripedium flavum）和西藏杓兰（Cypripedium tibeticum）开花株与非开花株的气体交换、光系统Ⅱ实际光化学效率（φPSⅡ）和^14C分配进行了测定,目的在于了解开花对杓兰光合作用以及同化产物分配的影响。结果表明这两种杓兰开花均能通过提高电子传递速率来提升植株的光合作用。相对于黄花杓兰,西藏杓兰开花显著提高植株的呼吸速率,以致其最大净光合速率（Amax）的提升不显著。两种杓兰的花和地下部分（包括根状茎和芽）在同化产物分配上存在竞争关系,因而开花减少了同化产物向植株地下部分的分配。     

Mycorrhizal fungi as mediators of defence against insect pests in agricultural systems

• 1 Below‐ground organisms influence above‐ground interactions in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Among the most important below‐ground organisms are mycorrhizal fungi, comprising ubiquitous and ancient plant mutualists that have significant effects on plant growth and fitness mediated by resource exchange with plants. In the present study, we focus on the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on crop defence against insect pests.
• 2 AMF alter the availability of resources used by crop plants to manufacture defences against pests and to compensate for pest damage. However, AMF also provide plants with nutrients that are known to increase insect performance. Through potentially opposing effects on plant nutritional quality and defence, mycorrhizal fungi can positively or negatively affect pest performance.
• 3 Additionally, AMF may directly affect gene expression and plant defence signalling pathways involved in the construction and induction of plant defences, and these effects are apparently independent of those caused by nutrient availability. In this way, AMF may still influence plant defences in the fertilized and highly managed systems typical of agribusiness.
• 4 Because AMF can affect plant tolerance to pest damage, they may have a significant impact on the shape of damage–yield relationships in crops. Potential mechanisms for this effect are suggested.
• 5 We highlight the need for continuing research on the effects of AMF identity and the abundance on crop defences and tolerance to pest attack. Much work is needed on the potential effects of mycorrhizal colonization on plant signalling and the induction of direct and indirect defences that may protect against pest damage.

     

植物-内生真菌共生体对昆虫种群的影响

植物内生真菌与植食性昆虫共用寄主植物作为食物、能量来源及栖息场所,三者之间的互作关系复杂多变,在生物种群控制、生物进化和植物生产中发挥重要作用.从植物-内生真菌共生体、内生真菌对植食性昆虫与多级营养层的影响,及内生真菌抗虫代谢产物等方面概括了内生真菌-植物-昆虫相互关系的研究进展,建议将植物内生真菌纳入植物生态学、昆虫生态学和作物病虫害控制的范畴内.     

Chemicals mediate the interaction between plant-associated fungi and insects

Plants, insects, and fungi have successfully colonized almost all terrestrial ecosystems, and their interactions have been the subject of numerous studies in recent decades. Plant-associated fungi include endophytic, arbuscular mycorrhizal, ambrosia, saprotrophic, pathogenic, and floral fungi. These fungi interact with insects through various mechanisms, including the modification of plant nutritional quality and degradation of plant defensive allelochemicals that are toxic to insects. Additionally, certain fungi assist plants in defending against insect attacks. Correspondingly, insects have evolved sophisticated nervous, digestive, and muscular systems that assist them in recognizing, preying on, and dispersing plant-associated fungi; these organ systems allow insects to detect and respond to various chemical signatures in the environment. Insects can be nourished, attracted, repelled, poisoned, and killed by chemical molecules produced by plant-associated fungi, which could be beneficial or detrimental to plants. This review summarizes the functions of different chemicals from the perspective of plant–fungus–insect interactions and discusses the challenges and future perspectives in this chemical ecology research field.     

丛枝菌根真菌与植食性昆虫的相互作用

丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal AM)真菌与昆虫均是陆地生态系统中的重要组分,同植物关系密切,对植物的影响和作用是巨大的。生态系统中则以AM真菌-植物-昆虫互作体系参预食物网与生态过程。早在20世纪80年代,人们已开始研究AM真菌对昆虫的影响。进入21世纪人们越来越重视AM真菌与昆虫的相互作用。总结了AM真菌对昆虫取食偏好、生长、繁殖和对植物危害等方面的影响、以及昆虫对AM真菌侵染、扩展和产孢的影响;分析了植物营养状况、昆虫性别、昆虫龄期和AM真菌种类等对AM真菌与昆虫相互作用的影响特点;探讨了AM真菌与昆虫相互作用的机制;展望了利用AM真菌抑制植食性害虫、及促进天敌昆虫和部分传粉昆虫作用的可能性,旨在丰富菌根学研究内容、促进AM真菌与昆虫互作领域的深入研究、为探索生物防控农林业害虫的新途径提供依据。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affect phytophagous insect specialism

The majority of phytophagous insects eat very few plant species, yet the ecological and evolutionary forces that have driven such specialism are not entirely understood. The hypothesis that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can determine phytophagous insect specialism, through differential effects on insect growth, was tested using examples from the British flora. In the UK, plant families and species in the family Lamiaceae that are strongly mycorrhizal have higher proportions of specialist insects feeding on them than those that are weakly mycorrhizal. We suggest that AM fungi can affect the composition of insect assemblages on plants and are a hitherto unconsidered factor in the evolution of insect specialism.     

Plant architecture, sectoriality and plant tolerance to herbivores

The evolution of tolerance is one potential plant response to selection imposed by herbivores. Plant architecture, and in turn, sectoriality may influence a plant's ability to tolerate tissue loss. However, each may either constrain or facilitate a plant's ability to compensate following herbivore attack depending on the plant part damaged and the identity of the damaging herbivore.Plants are limited in their ability to respond to localized damage by chewing insects because carbon does not flow freely from damaged to undamaged plant parts, particularly between branches. Thus, defoliation of individual branches invariably results in decreased growth and reproduction of those branches. Within branches, carbon flow via vascular connections between orthostichies may ameliorate the effects of damage restricted within an orthostichy. Local induction of secondary chemicals to spread damage by folivores throughout a plant's canopy, redistribution of resources within and between IPU's, and delaying reproductive activity until resources have been pooled may all alleviate the constraints on response of plants to grazing.In contrast to the effects of damage by grazers, the metameric construction of plants typically ensures points of regrowth from dormant buds when apical meristems are destroyed either by vertebrate browsers or galling insects. Sectoriality constrains the ability of sap-sucking insects to tap the entire resource base of a plant, thus having a positive effect on plant fitness. However, both the site and timing of attack mitigate the degree of limitation imposed by sectoriality. During peak periods of assimilation, photosynthate flow is mainly over short distances (between sources and sinks within the canopy), and thus sap-sucking insects have a small resource base to draw upon. In contrast, when sucking insects tap into vascular elements in which the flow is from roots to leaves and vice versa, resource availability to the insect (and in turn, potential resource loss from the plant) are only limited by the resources present in those vascular elements.Studies of specific traits in species which demonstrate differential tolerance would greatly add to our understanding of herbivore impacts on plant growth and reproduction. In particular, intraspecific variation in tolerance has been documented for individuals within and among populations with different grazing histories. A number of traits related to sectoriality and architecture probably contribute to such variation in tolerance, and because they are easily manipulated and easily quantified, represent potentially profitable avenues of research. These traits include distribution of leaves and buds, ability to release secondary meristems from dormancy, and the timing of resource movement both before and subsequent to damage.     

菌根真菌提高植物抗旱性机制的研究回顾与展望

菌根真菌与全世界约97％的维管植物具有广泛的共生关系.大量研究结果显示菌根植物相比于非菌根植物对于干旱胁迫具有更高的耐受性,说明菌根真菌在植物抗旱过程中发挥着重要作用.本文对近年来国内外在菌根真菌协助植物抵御干旱作用机制方面的研究进行了归纳和总结,主要包括在干旱胁迫下菌根真菌对植物生理学特性的影响机制、菌根真菌提高植物...     

Dual colonization of Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake by arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi affects levels of insect herbivore attack

Abstract 1 Eucalypts are an important part of plantation forestry in Asia but, in south China, productivity is very low. This is due to infertile soils and lack of indigenous symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi. The genus Eucalyptus is unusual because it forms both arbuscular (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) associations. 2 Eucalyptus urophylla saplings were grown with and without AM (Glomus caledonium) and ECM (Laccaria laccata) fungi in a factorial design. Two experiments were performed: one to simulate nursery conditions and the other to simulate the early stages of plantation establishment. Plant growth was measured over 18 weeks and levels of insect attack were recorded. 3 The AM fungus reduced tree growth in the early stages, but the effect appeared to be transient. No effects of ECM were detected on tree growth, but the ectomycorrhiza reduced colonization by the arbuscular mycorrhiza. AM fungi appear to be rapid invaders of the root system, gradually being replaced by ECM. 4 Both fungal types affected levels of damage by insect herbivores. Most importantly, herbivory by the pest insects Anomala cupripes (Coleoptera) and Strepsicrates spp. (Lepidoptera) was decreased by ECM. 5 It is suggested that mycorrhizal effects on eucalypt insects may be determined by carbon allocation within the plant. Future studies of eucalypt mycorrhizas need to take into account the effects of the fungi on foliar‐feeding insects and also the effects of insect herbivory on mycorrhizal establishment.     

Endophytic fungus-vascular plant-insect interactions

Insect association with fungi has a long history. Theories dealing with the evolution of insect herbivory indicate that insects used microbes including fungi as their principal food materials before flowering plants evolved. Subtlety and the level of intricacy in the interactions between insects and fungi indicate symbiosis as the predominant ecological pattern. The nature of the symbiotic interaction that occurs between two organisms (the insect and the fungus), may be either mutualistic or parasitic, or between these two extremes. However, the triangular relationship involving three organisms, viz., an insect, a fungus, and a vascular plant is a relationship that is more complicated than what can be described as either mutualism or parasitism, and may represent facets of both. Recent research has revealed such a complex relationship in the vertically transmitted type-I endophytes living within agriculturally important grasses and the pestiferous insects that attack them. The intricacy of the association depends on the endophytic fungus-grass association and the insect present. Secondary compounds produced in the endophytic fungus-grass association can provide grasses with resistance to herbivores resulting in mutualistic relationship between the fungus and the plant that has negative consequences for herbivorous insects. The horizontally transmitted nongrass type-II endophytes are far less well studied and as such their ecological roles are not fully understood. This forum article explores the intricacy of dependence in such complex triangular relationships drawing from well-established examples from the fungi that live as endophytes in vascular plants and how they impact on the biology and evolution of free-living as well as concealed (e.g., gall-inducing, gall-inhabiting) insects. Recent developments with the inoculation of strains of type-I fungal endophytes into grasses and their commercialization are discussed, along with the possible roles the endophytic fungi play in the galls induced by the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera).