南京地区棉蚜的飞行活动节律及其飞行能力

昆虫的飞行活动规律及飞行能力是研究其能否迁飞的基础。通过采用春季到秋季20 m高空黄盆诱蚜、高空所诱蚜和春季木槿树上有翅蚜的卵巢解剖,以及春夏秋三季田间有翅蚜的吊飞试验等方法,研究了南京地区棉蚜Aphis gossypii的飞行活动节律和飞行能力。结果表明,有翅棉蚜的日羽化高峰出现在19:00～20:00。2001年南京地区棉蚜的春、秋两季迁飞高峰分别在5月8日和10月25日。5月份高空诱集的棉蚜中,95.7%个体的卵巢小管数在7条以下,而木槿上羽化后1天的有翅蚜中有35.2%个体的卵巢小管数在7条以上;高空诱蚜和木槿上蚜的平均卵巢小管数存在极显著差异,分别为3.94±1.65和5.88±1.92。8月中下旬棉田棉蚜存在低空飞行行为,并且出现飞行高峰时有翅蚜的卵巢小管数平均在6条以下,超过6条则停止飞行。羽化后1～2天有翅棉蚜吊飞个体的飞行比率和平均飞行距离表现为春、秋季显著大于夏季,三季的最长飞行距离分别为3.89 km、6.15 km和1.44 km。     

棉蚜迁飞型和居留型及其杂交后代飞行特性的比较研究

为了明确棉蚜种群飞行能力发生分化的遗传基础,本文对春季木槿上有翅棉蚜中的起飞个体和不起飞个体分别进行连续4代次和2代次的起飞特性选择。结果表明,棉蚜的起飞比率和起飞角度特性表现出了明显的选择响应,并筛选出了棉蚜的迁飞型(M)和居留型(S)。通过对棉蚜性蚜的诱导,摸索出了棉蚜性蚜交配及卵孵化的条件。对迁飞型(M)、居留型(S)、迁飞型和居留型的正反交后代（M♀×S♂,S♀×M♂）、夏季木槿上的滞留蚜（H）等5类棉蚜的起飞特性进行了比较研究。结果表明,迁飞型和居留型的正反交后代的起飞比率显著高于居留型,且稍高于迁飞型。迁飞型雌蚜与居留型雄蚜的杂交后代的起飞角度显著高于居留型和夏季木槿上的滞留蚜。居留型产生有翅蚜的比率低于迁飞型及其与居留型的正反交后代。棉蚜的起飞角度、起飞比率及有翅蚜产生能力表现出了较强的遗传效应。平均起飞时间虽然表现出迁飞型雌蚜与居留型雄蚜的杂交后代显著短于迁飞型雄蚜与居留型雌蚜的杂交后代及夏季木槿上的滞留蚜,但与迁飞型和居留型之间却无显著差异,表现出棉蚜起飞时间特性的遗传效应不明显。     

有翅型和无翅型大豆蚜卵巢和胚胎发育的差异

【目的】比较大豆蚜Aphis glycines有翅型和无翅型个体的卵巢发育,为从生理生化角度研究蚜虫翅型分化发生的繁殖适应性提供依据。【方法】在卵巢形态显微镜观察基础上,比较有翅型和无翅型大豆蚜卵巢小管数量、胚胎总数量、成熟胚胎数量以及卵巢小管中最大胚胎体积及其发育速率。【结果】有翅型和无翅型大豆蚜的3龄和4龄若蚜以及成蚜均有2个卵巢/雌,大多数蚜虫每个卵巢包含4条卵巢小管,可见一个卵巢包含5条卵巢小管的现象。有翅型和无翅型个体卵巢中胚胎总数量和成熟胚胎数量以及最大胚胎体积随发育时间增加均显著增大,但有翅型个体胚胎总数量和成熟胚胎数量以及最大胚胎体积均显著小于同一发育阶段无翅型个体。有翅型和无翅型的3龄和4龄若蚜以及成蚜卵巢中胚胎总数量与后足胫节长度均呈显著正相关关系。有翅型和无翅型大豆蚜卵巢小管中最大胚胎体积随发育时间均呈指数增长,但有翅型个体最大胚胎体积显著小于无翅型个体。【结论】有翅型大豆蚜相比于无翅型个体存在卵巢发育延迟现象,卵巢发育程度的差异可能与翅的发育相关。     

两种灯光诱测工具对粘虫种群的监测效果

【目的】比较和评价自动虫情测报灯和高空探照灯诱捕粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)的种群动态和迁飞状态,为粘虫迁飞规律的研究和测报防控工作提供科学依据。【方法】逐日检查并统计自动虫情测报灯和高空探照灯下不同季节诱蛾量和高峰期,雌蛾卵巢发育进度和交尾率。【结果】2015-2017年自动虫情测报灯和高空探照灯下粘虫年度间第1到第4代诱蛾量无显著差别,高空探照灯在越冬代诱蛾量极显著地高于自动虫情测报灯,高峰期有明显的不同;越冬代雌蛾的卵巢发育2级以下的比率分别为20%和0、第4代为90%和100%,卡方测验无显著差异;高空探照灯诱捕到的第1至第3代雌蛾,卵巢发育2级以下的比率总是显著高于自动虫情测报灯,交尾率有类似的结果。【结论】两种诱测工具均表明漯河地区粘虫处于春季迁入和秋季第4代迁出状态;高空探照灯监测到的第1代到第3代粘虫更多处于过境和迁飞状态。     

棉花型和瓜型棉蚜产生有性世代能力的分化

为了明确寄主专化性是否会影响棉蚜的繁殖策略或生活史对策,采用低温和短光照组合（18℃,L∶D=8∶16）分别对棉花型和瓜型棉蚜进行有性世代的诱导,比较两寄主专化型棉蚜产生有翅蚜、雄性母、雌性母及无翅孤雌蚜的能力。结果表明：两寄主专化型棉蚜在产生有性世代能力上存在显著差异,表现为棉花型棉蚜在诱导后代中产生有翅蚜、雄性母和雌性母的比率显著高于瓜型棉蚜,并且雌、雄性母产生的时间明显早于瓜型棉蚜。瓜型棉蚜在诱导条件下产生无翅孤雌蚜的比率显著高于棉花型棉蚜,并且发现有不产生有性世代的营专性孤雌生殖个体,而在棉花型棉蚜中没有发现。产生性母蚜的棉花型和瓜型棉蚜均可同时产生孤雌胎生后代。寄主型与诱导时间长短对棉蚜有性世代的产生存在交互作用。采集于田间棉花和黄瓜上的棉蚜,也表现为棉花上的易产生有性世代,在诱导的第2代中产生性母蚜的比率显著高于黄瓜上的棉蚜,并且性母蚜比率在诱导的第2代与第3代间无显著差异; 但黄瓜上的棉蚜性母蚜产生比率第3代显著高于第2代。由此推测,棉蚜寄主专化性的形成与生活史特性的分化有关。     

黄板诱蚜试验初报

试验早已证明,蚜虫超飞时是向着天空的短波光飞翔的;但在降落时,却受植物表面所反射的黄色等长波光吸引。黄板诱蚜,就是利用有翅蚜降落时对黄色趋性的原理,来防治蚜虫的。实践证明,大面积开展黄板诱蚜,是消灭蚜虫的有效办法之一。 1975年4月,我们在利用黄板测报棉蚜由越冬寄主迁向棉苗时,看到黄颜色对有翅蚜的诱集力很强。在第一次迁飞高峰期4月26—30日,五天中,一块黄板两面共诱获有翅蚜202头。因此,5月中旬刈麦后,在孔东公社六大队1,037亩棉地上普遍开展黄板诱蚜。仅在棉蚜第二次迁飞高峰期5月23—29日七天中,每块黄板共诱获有翅蚜337头。在6月份,棉田中棉蚜     

棉蚜寄主专化型及其形成的行为机理

通过生活在甜瓜和棉花上的棉蚜Aphisgossypii Glover的行为,研究棉蚜的寄主专化型及其形成的行为机理。生物学观察显示： 两类棉蚜在寄主植物相互交换以后,定居数显著减少,棉花蚜型棉蚜的繁殖系数及若虫存活率显著下降,说明棉蚜存在甜瓜蚜型和棉花蚜型两种寄主专化型。通过刺探电位技术研究棉蚜的取食行为,以探索其寄主专化型形成的行为机理。结果表明： 甜瓜蚜型棉蚜在棉花上的取食行为容易被中断,但其口针定位韧皮部的能力并没有显著削弱;而棉花蚜型棉蚜在甜瓜上的取食行为受到更大的影响,口针无法顺利定位至韧皮部,并在2 h内根本无法在筛管内取食。生物学观察和EPG取食行为分析都显示： 与甜瓜蚜型棉蚜相比,棉花蚜型棉蚜对寄主的要求更严格-寄主专化程度更高,对寄主的利用率更高。     

棉蚜各型对E-1059抗性的研究

1.从来没有使用过有机磷制剂治蚜的延庆地区的棉蚜各型对E-1059最敏感。但棉蚜各型对E-1059有自然抗性的差异。以LD₅₀对比,干雌与有翅侨蚜间的抗性差异为3.82:1。 2.北京东郊棉区自1956年使用E-1059治蚜,棉蚜对E-1059有较低的抗性。但各型对E-1059的抗性很不相同,其LD₅₀如下:在上半年,干母,0.0921微克/蚜,干雌,0.0328微克/蚜,迁移蚜,0.00269微克/蚜;下半年,无翅侨蚜,0.234微克/蚜,产卵雌蚜,0.206微克/蚜,性母,0.11微克/蚜,雄蚜,0.0989微克/蚜。因此,干母与迁移蚜间的抗性差异为34.28:1。 山东高密棉区的棉蚜对E-1059的抗性虽然最强,但是棉蚜各型对E-1059的抗性次序却大体上与北京东郊棉区一致。 3.同一蚜型中,有翅蚜与无翅蚜对E-1059的抗性各不相同,一般有翅蚜抗性低,无翅蚜有较高的抗性。 4.棉蚜各型中,以迁移蚜、有翅侨蚜和无翅侨蚜对E-1059依次最敏感,用以作为抗性测定材料,常可表现出地区间抗性的最大差异。 5.棉蚜各型对E-1059抗性的寄主间差异常不显著。 文末还对棉蚜各型的抗性差异在抗性测定和防治工作上的应用、棉蚜对E-1059抗性的消长、棉蚜抗性、指数的初步估计方法和治蚜策略等问题作了讨论。     

寄主型和迁飞型棉蚜的交配行为

棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover种群存在寄主利用和迁飞能力上的明显分化,有棉花型和瓜型、迁飞型和滞留型之分。但是,棉花型与瓜型之间,以及迁飞型与滞留型之间是否能发生交配行为,尚无研究报道。本文在低温和短光照条件下分别诱导棉花型、瓜型、迁飞型和滞留型棉蚜的性蚜,并进行性蚜间的交配行为观察。结果表明,迁飞型和滞留型性蚜间可以发生交配行为,杂交时发生交配行为的个体比率与自交时无显著差异,但是杂交时雄蚜寻找配偶所花的时间要显著长于自交时,并且迁飞型雌蚜(M♀)与滞留型雄蚜(S♂)杂交时的交配持续时间也显著长于自交时。迁飞型和滞留型棉蚜同型交配容易完成,棉蚜的迁飞型和滞留型已在交配行为上产生了一定的分化。棉花型和瓜型棉蚜的性蚜间可以发生交配行为,并且两品系在正交和反交时雄蚜的寻偶时间与交配持续时间均无显著差异。     

棉花型和瓜型棉蚜形态和生态适应力的分化

棉蚜由于长期在同种或同类植物上生活,形成了多种寄主专化型。本研究以室内长期用单一寄主培养的棉花型和瓜型棉蚜为材料,采用形态测定、生命表技术、对寄主的选择性试验,以及接触刺激等方法,研究了两寄主型棉蚜的形态分化和生态适应力的差异。结果表明,瓜型棉蚜的一些形态特征值（如体长）极显著地大于棉花型个体,但是头宽、口针和各腿节的长度与体长的比值却极显著的小于棉花型个体。采用7个形态指标与体长的比值,可将瓜型和棉花型棉蚜区分开来。在24℃和26℃下瓜型蚜的净增殖率（R₀）极显著地高于棉花型蚜。27℃和32℃显著缩短了瓜型蚜的平均世代长度,而对棉花型蚜无影响。棉花型蚜对接触刺激的反应比瓜型蚜敏感。两寄主型蚜对寄主的选择能力表现为瓜型蚜显著强于棉花型蚜。因此,两寄主型棉蚜存在明显的形态和生态适应力的分化。     

Within-plant distribution of cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in Bt and non-Bt cotton fields

Knowledge of the vertical and horizontal distribution of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on genetically modified cotton plants over time could help optimize decision-making in integrated cotton aphid management programs. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the vertical and horizontal distribution of A. gossypii in non-transgenic Bt cotton and transgenic Bt-cotton over time during two cotton seasons by examining plants throughout the seasons. There was no significant interaction between years and cotton cultivar treatments for apterous or alate aphids. Considering year-to-year data, analyses on season-long averages of apterous or alate aphids showed that aphid densities per plant did not differ among years. The number of apterous aphids found per plant for the Bt transgenic cultivar (2427 apterous aphids per plant) was lower than for its isoline (3335 apterous aphids per plant). The number of alate aphids found per plant on the Bt transgenic cultivar (12.28 alate aphids per plant) was lower than for the isoline (140.56 alate aphids per plant). With regard to the vertical distribution of apterous aphids or alate aphids, there were interactions between cotton cultivar, plant age and plant region. We conclude that in comparison to non-Bt cotton (DP 4049), Bt cotton (DP 404 BG (Bollgard)) has significant effects on the vertical, horizontal, spatial and temporal distribution patterns of A. gossypii, showing changes in its distribution behaviour inside the plant as the cotton crop develops. The results of our study are relevant for understanding the vertical and horizontal distribution of A. gossypii on Bt cotton cultivar (DP 404 BG (Bollgard)) and on its isoline (DP 4049), and could be useful in decision-making, implementing controls and determining the timing of population peaks of this insect.     

Relationship between Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) and sticky lint in cotton

The study was conducted in the northern Texas Rolling Plains in 1999 to define the relationship between number of cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover, and resulting contamination of cotton lint by honeydew. Whole-plot treatments were three furrow irrigation management treatments: cotton grown without supplemental irrigation (dryland), irrigated cotton with last irrigation in mid August, and irrigated cotton with last irrigation in late August. Subplots within each irrigation treatment included an untreated check, a plot treated with lambda-cyhalothrin to stimulate aphid population increase, a plot treated with lambda-cyhalothrin followed by pymetrozine after aphids began to increase, and a plot treated with lambda-cyhalothrin followed by thiamethoxam after aphids began to increase. Cotton aphids were counted on leaves picked from the top and bottom half of the plant. Cotton lint was analyzed for contamination by glucose, fructose, sucrose, and melezitose secreted by cotton aphids, and percentage leaf moisture and nitrogen and leaf sucrose concentrations were determined. The manual sticky cotton thermodetector was used to determine degree of lint stickinesss. There was a significant relationship between thermodetector counts and melezitose contamination on lint, and a melezitose concentration of 90.9 microg/g of lint was associated with a thermodetector count of 10, the threshold for sticky lint problems in textile mills. An equation was developed to estimate melezitose concentration on lint as a function of average numbers of aphids per leaf and the interaction between percentage leaf moisture and nitrogen. The number of aphids per leaf associated with a melezitose concentration of 90.9 microg/g of lint ranged from 11.1 to 50.1, depending on percentage leaf moisture and nitrogen. The threshold for sticky lint problems occurred when aphid numbers ranged between 11.1 and 50.1 per leaf after bolls open.     

Egg production in the Common toad, Bufo bufo

The number and size of eggs produced by the Common toad (Bufo bufo) was investigated at a site in southern England. There was a trend within the population as a whole for egg weight, egg number and ovary weight to increase with female size, as defined by body length and body weight. However, with use of partial correlation analysis to remove the effects of female size from the data, some of these trends changed. Thus, for females of the same size, although egg number increased with ovary weight, no significant correlation was found between egg weight and ovary weight whilst egg weight became negatively correlated with egg number. The possible significance of variation in egg weight on tadpole survival and female reproductive success is discussed.     

Field Evaluation of Bt Cotton Crop Impact on Nontarget Pests: Cotton Aphid and Boll Weevil

Bt cotton plants expressing Cry1Ac protein have high specificity for the control of lepidopteran larvae. However, studies conducted in several countries have shown these plants have a differential impact on nontarget herbivores. The aim of this study was to compare the colonization rates and population abundance of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in plots of Bt (Nuopal) and non-Bt cotton (Delta Opal) in an experimental field in Brasilia, DF, Brazil. No difference was observed in the preference and colonization by winged aphids to plants from the two treatments. There was no significant difference in abundance of wingless aphids or in the production of winged aphids between treatments. Apparently, the parameters that control factors such as fecundity, survival, and dispersal were similar on both Bt and non-Bt plants. Monitoring of plants for coccinellids, a specialist predator of aphids, and ants that act on the dispersal of aphids among plants showed no significant difference between Bt and non-Bt plants, supporting the inference above. Regarding the effect on boll weevil, there was also no significant difference between treatments in the total number of fruiting structures attacked in each plot, the percentage of fruiting structures attacked per plant or on the number of weevils emerging from fruits with boll weevil damage from egg-laying, when damaged fruit samples were held in the laboratory. Based on these results, we conclude that there is no impact of Bt cotton crop expressing Cry1Ac on the nontarget herbivores tested under field conditions.     

A facultative mutualism between aphids and an invasive ant increases plant reproduction

1. The consequences to plants of ant–aphid mutualisms, particularly those involving invasive ants, are poorly studied. Ant–aphid mutualisms may increase or decrease plant fitness depending on the relative cost of herbivory by ant‐tended aphids versus the relative benefit of increased ant suppression of other (non‐aphid) herbivores. 2. We conducted field and greenhouse experiments in which we manipulated the presence and absence of cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii) on cotton plants to test the hypothesis that a mutualism between cotton aphids and an invasive ant, the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), benefits cotton plants by increasing fire ant suppression of caterpillars. We also manipulated caterpillar abundance to test whether the benefit of the mutualism varied with caterpillar density. 3. We found that more fire ants foraged on plants with cotton aphids than on plants without cotton aphids, which resulted in a significant reduction in caterpillar survival and caterpillar herbivory of leaves, flower buds, and bolls on plants with aphids. Consequently, cotton aphids indirectly increased cotton reproduction: plants with cotton aphids produced 16% more bolls, 25% more seeds, and 10% greater seedcotton mass than plants without aphids. The indirect benefit of cotton aphids, however, varied with caterpillar density: the number of bolls per plant at harvest was 32% greater on plants with aphids than on plants without aphids at high caterpillar density, versus just 3% greater at low caterpillar density. 4. Our results highlight the potential benefit to plants that host ant–hemipteran mutualisms and provide the first experimental evidence that the consequences to plants of an ant–aphid mutualism vary at different densities of non‐aphid herbivores.     

棉蚜种下变型的数值分类研究

分别对在四种夏寄主及棉花两个生育期和三个温度下的棉蚜的14个形态特征进行了种下数值分类研究。通过聚类分析和高氏距离分析,结果表明：夏寄主四季豆、西葫芦、棉花苗期的绿色蚜和黄色蚜间及蕾期的触角6节蚜型和5节蚜型间都无明显差异。但马铃薯蚜与棉花苗蚜、棉花苗蚜与伏蚜间的形态特征存在相当明显的分离,室内温度达30℃时棉蚜的形态特征与伏蚜相似。并分析出可用7个主要形态特征区分这些种下变型。