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1.
Crystal-containing cells (C-cells) are widely spread in plant tissues; however, the origin of the crystals and their functions
remain a subject of discussion. In sugar beet leaves, the membrane vesicles seen in an electron microscope appear in the cytoplasm
and penetrate the vacuole by pinocytosis with the participation of tonoplast. In a light microscope, the vesicles fluoresce
like crystals in C-cells. These crystal vesicles also fill the C-cells. The content of crystal vesicles is electron-transparent
at all stages of leaf development. It is suggested that both individual crystal vesicles in the cytoplasm and in vacuoles
and their agglomerations in C cells, vascular bundles, and epidermal cells are lytic compartments. Later, true crystals seem
to be formed. 相似文献
2.
Stich B Piepho HP Schulz B Melchinger AE 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2008,117(6):947-954
Association mapping promises to overcome the limitations of linkage mapping methods. The main objective of this study was to examine the applicability of multivariate association mapping with an empirical data set of sugar beet. A total of 111 diploid sugar beet inbreds was selected from the seed parent heterotic pool to represent a broad diversity with respect to sugar content (SC). The inbreds were genotyped with 26 simple sequence repeat markers chosen according to their map positions in proximity to previously identified quantitative trait loci for SC. For SC and beet yield (BY), the genotypic variances were highly significant (P < 0.01). Based on the global test of the bivariate mixed-model approach, four markers were significantly associated with SC, BY, or both at a false discovery rate of 0.025. All four markers were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with BY but only two with SC. The identification of markers associated with SC, BY, or both indicated that association mapping can be successfully applied in a sugar beet breeding context for detection of marker-phenotype associations. Furthermore, based on our results multivariate association mapping can be recommended as a promising tool to discriminate with a high mapping resolution between pleiotropy and linkage as reasons for co-localization of marker-phenotype associations for different traits. 相似文献
3.
Molecular genetic studies of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) are reviewed as a basis for the development of genomics of this species. The methods used to study structural and functional
genomics are considered. The results and their application to increase the efficiency of sugar beet breeding are discussed. 相似文献
4.
Summary Improved in vitro tissue culture systems are needed to facilitate the application of transgene technology to the improvement of sugar beet
germplasms. Several commercially important sugar beet breeding lines (SDM, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, HB 526, and CMS 22003) and
commercial varieties (Roberta and Gala) were tested for their regeneration capacity through adventitious shoot organogenesis
from cotyledons, hypocotyls, root/hypocotyl/shoot transition zone tissues, and leaf lamina and petiole via an intervening
callus phase. Callus induction and adventitious shoot regeneration was dependent on genotype and combinations of plant growth
regulators. With cotyledon or hypocotyl explants, SDM 3 and 10 showed a better response on adventitious shoot regeneration
in medium containing benzyladenine (BA) and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid or 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) than SDM 11, 5, and
9. Shoot regeneration was obtained from hypocytyl-root or hypocotyl-shoot transition zone tissue in SDM 9, 10, and HB 526
grown on PGo medium supplemented with BA to induce callus, and the regeneration frequency was 25%. Adventitious shoots were
also regenerated from leaf explants of SDM 3 and 9 cultured on medium containing NAA for callus induction and BA and NAA to
induce shoot regeneration, and in SDM 10 and CSM 22003 cultured on medium containing BA for callus induction and to induce
shoot regeneration. 相似文献
5.
In two successive years (2003 and 2004), a set of 16 commercial sugar beet cultivars was established in Randomized Complete
Block experiments at two sites in central Greece. Cultivar combination was different between years, but not between sites.
Leaf sampling took place once during the growing season and leaf area, LA [cm2], leaf midvein length, L [cm] and maximum leaf width, W [cm] were determined using an image analysis system. Leaf parameters
were mainly affected by cultivars. Leaf dimensions and their squares (L2, W2) did not provide an accurate model for LA predictions. Using L×W as an independent variable, a quadratic model (y = 0.003
x2 − 1.3027 x + 296.84, r
2 = 0.970, p<0.001, n = 32) provided the most accurate estimation of LA. With compromises in accuracy, the linear relationship between L×W and
LA (y = 0.5083 x + 31.928, r
2 = 0.948, p<0.001, n = 32) could be used as a prediction model thanks to its simplicity. 相似文献
6.
Chun-Lai Zhang Dong-Fang Chen Marie Kubalakova Jian Zhang Nigel W. Scott Malcolm C. Elliott Adrian Slater 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2008,93(2):209-221
Efficient regeneration via somatic embryogenesis (SE) would be a valuable system for the micropropagation and genetic transformation
of sugar beet. This study evaluated the effects of basic culture media (MS and PGo), plant growth regulators, sugars and the
starting plant material on somatic embryogenesis in nine sugar beet breeding lines. Somatic embryos were induced from seedlings
of several genotypes via an intervening callus phase on PGo medium containing N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Calli were mainly induced from cotyledons. Maltose was more effective for the induction of somatic
embryogenesis than was sucrose. There were significant differences between genotypes. HB 526 and SDM 3, which produced embryogenic
calli at frequencies of 25–50%, performed better than SDM 2, 8, 9 and 11. The embryogenic calli and embryos produced by this
method were multiplied by repeated subculture. Histological analysis of embryogenic callus cultures indicated that somatic
embryos were derived from single- or a small number of cells. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was ineffective for the
induction of somatic embryogenesis from seedlings but induced direct somatic embryogenesis from immature zygotic embryos (IEs).
Somatic embryos were mainly initiated from hypocotyls derived from the cultured IEs in line HB 526. Rapid and efficient regeneration
of plants via somatic embryogenesis may provide a system for studying the molecular mechanism of SE and a route for the genetic
transformation of sugar beet. 相似文献
7.
Stich B Melchinger AE Heckenberger M Möhring J Schechert A Piepho HP 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2008,117(7):1167-1179
Association mapping in multiple segregating populations (AMMSP) combines high power to detect QTL in genome-wide approaches
of linkage mapping with high mapping resolution of association mapping. The main objectives of this study were to (1) examine
the applicability of AMMSP in a plant breeding context based on segregating populations of various size of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), (2) compare different biometric approaches for AMMSP, and (3) detect markers with significant main effect across locations
for nine traits in sugar beet. We used 768 F
n
(n = 2, 3, 4) sugar beet genotypes which were randomly derived from 19 crosses among diploid elite sugar beet clones. For all
nine traits, the genotypic and genotype × location interaction variances were highly significant (P < 0.01). Using a one-step AMMSP approach, the total number of significant (P < 0.05) marker-phenotype associations was 44. The identification of genome regions associated with the traits under consideration
indicated that not only segregating populations derived from crosses of parental genotypes in a systematic manner could be
used for AMMSP but also populations routinely derived in plant breeding programs from multiple, related crosses. Furthermore,
our results suggest that data sets, whose size does not permit analysis by the one-step AMMSP approach, might be analyzed
using the two-step approach based on adjusted entry means for each location without losing too much power for detection of
marker-phenotype associations. 相似文献
8.
The successful application of recombinant DNA technology for crop plants requires efficient regeneration systems. A detailed study on the regeneration potential of callus and callus-derived protoplasts of a recalcitrant species, sugarbeet, was performed. A reproducible and highly efficient method for induction of regenerable friable callus was established from etiolated hypocotyl explants. A reduced sucrose concentration proved beneficial. Successful shoot regeneration could be demonstrated in 10 out of 12 tested lines. Seed germination, followed by callus induction and shoot regeneration required only a single culture medium. Additionally, the regeneration capacity of roots and root-derived callus was demonstrated. Highly efficient plant regeneration was also achieved when using protoplasts isolated from regenerable friable callus induced on etiolated hypocotyls explants. To our knowledge this represents the first report on callus protoplast to plant regeneration in sugarbeet. 相似文献
9.
Very little is known about the physiological interactions between plants and endophytic bacteria. We investigated the impact
of three endophytic bacteria, Bacillus pumilus 2-1, Chryseobacterium indologene 2-2, and Acinetobacter johnsonii 3-1, on the photosynthetic capacity and growth of sugar beet. Endophyte-free plants were obtained first and infected with
the bacteria. Measurements of total chlorophyll content revealed very significant differences between endophyte-free beet
plants and some infected by endophytic bacteria. The maximum photochemical yield (Fv/Fm) was used to determine any photosynthetic effect on plants caused by biotic or abiotic factors. After 30 days of growth,
there was significantly higher Fv/Fm for endophyte-infected than endophyte-free plants. The light response curves of beet showed that photosynthetic capacity
was significantly increased in endophyte-infected plants. Photosynthesis of endophyte-free plants was saturated at 1,300 μmol m−2 s−1, whereas endophyte-infected plants were not saturated at the irradiance used. The effect seemed to be due to promotion of
electron transport in the thylakoid membranes. Promotion of photosynthetic capacity in sugar beet was due to increased chlorophyll
content, leading to a consequent increased carbohydrate synthesis. It is possible that the increased maximum yield of photosynthesis
in sugar beet was promoted by phytohormones and produced by the bacteria. 相似文献
10.
Hong Zhu Ying-Dong Bi Li-Jie Yu De-Dong Guo Bai-Chen Wang 《Molecular biology reports》2009,36(8):2093-2098
Apomixis refers to a process in which plants produce seed without fertilization through female syngamy that produces embryos
genetically identical to the maternal parent. In sugar beet, interspecific hybrids between diploid Beta vulgaris and tetraploid Beta corolliflora were established and monosomic addition line M14 was selected because of the apomictic phenotype. By using two-dimensional
electrophoresis gels we identified the proteins which were differently expressed between the M14 and B. vulgaris. A total of 27 protein spots which varied expressed between lines were isolated and successfully identified with MALDI-TOF
MS. Among them five protein spots were found to be only presented in M14 and two protein spots only expressed in Beta. According
to their functional annotations described in Swissprot database, these proteins were, respectively, involved in important
biological pathways, such as cell division, functionally classified using the KEGG functional classification system. The result
may be useful for us to better understand the genetic mechanism of apomixes. 相似文献
11.
Summary Development of an efficient transformation method for recalcitrant crops such as sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) depends on identification of germplasm with relatively high regeneration potential. Individual plants of seven sugar
beet breeding lines were screened for their ability to form adventitious shoots on leaf disk callus. Disks were excised from
the first pair of true leaves of 3-wk-old seedlings or from partially expanded leaves of 8-mo.-old plants and cultured on
medium with 4.4 μM 6-benzylaminopurine for 10 wk. At 5 wk of culture, friable calluses and adventitious shoots began to develop. Rates of callus
and shoot formation varied between breeding lines and between individual plants of the same line. Line FC607 exhibited the
highest percentage (61%) of plants that regenerated shoots on explants. Among the plants with a positive shoot regeneration
response, line FC607 also had the highest mean number (8.3±1.1) of shoots per explant. Individual plants within each line
exhibited a wide range of percentages of explants that regenerated shoots. A similar variation was observed in the number
of shoots that regenerated per explant of an individual plant. No loss of regeneration potential was observed on selected
plants maintained in the greenhouse for 3 yr. Regenerated plants exhibited normal phenotypes and regeneration abilities comparable
to the respective source plants. Based on our results, it is imperative to screen a large number of individual plants within
sugar beet breeding lines in order to identify the high regenerators for use in molecular breeding and improvement programs. 相似文献
12.
Xiaohuan Wang Zhenhua Gao Yunzhen Wang Ray A. Bressan Stephen C. Weller Xia Li 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2009,45(4):435-440
An in vitro regeneration system with a 100% efficiency rate was developed in peppermint [Mentha x piperita] using 5- to 7-mm-long second internode stem segments of 3-wk-old stock plants. Shoots developed at sites of excision on
stem fragments either directly from the cells or via primary calluses. The optimal medium for maximum shoot initiation and
regeneration contained Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts, B5 vitamins, thidiazuron (TDZ, 11.35 μM), ZT (4.54 μM), 10% coconut
water (CW), 20 g l−1 sucrose, 0.75% agar, adjusted to pH 5.8. A frequency of 100% shoot initiation was achieved, with an average of 39 shoots
per explant. This regeneration system is highly reproducible. The regenerated plants developed normally and were phenotypically
similar to Black Mitcham parents. 相似文献
13.
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim (meadowsweet) is a medicinal plant that is claimed to have several biological activities, including anti-tumor,
anti-carcinogenic, anti-oxidant, anti-coagulant, anti-ulcerogenic, anti-microbial, anti-arthritic, and immunomodulatory properties.
This report describes, for the first time, an efficient plant regeneration system for F. ulmaria via adventitious shoot development from leaf, petiole, and root explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog’s minimal organics
medium containing different concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ), benzyladenine, and kinetin either alone or in combination
with different auxins. Relatively extensive/prolific shoot regeneration was observed in all three explant types with TDZ in
combination with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Gibberellic acid (GA3), TDZ, and IAA combinations were also tested. The best shoot proliferation was observed among root explants cultured on media
supplemented with 0.45 μM TDZ + 2.85 μM IAA + 1.44 μM GA3. Regenerated shoots were transferred to rooting media containing different concentrations of either IAA, indole-3-butyric
acid (IBA), naphthalene acetic acid, or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Most shoots developed roots on medium with 2.46 μM
IBA. Rooted explants were transferred to vermiculite in Magenta containers for a 2-wk acclimatization period and then finally
to plastic pots containing potting soil. The plantlets in soil were kept in growth chambers for 2 wk before transferring to
greenhouse conditions. 相似文献
14.
Hisano H Kimoto Y Hayakawa H Takeichi J Domae T Hashimoto R Abe J Asano S Kanazawa A Shimamoto Y 《Plant cell reports》2004,22(12):910-918
We have developed a new procedure for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of plants in the genus Beta using shoot-base as the material for Agrobacterium infection. The frequency of regeneration from shoot bases was analyzed in seven accessions of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) and two accessions of B. maritima to select materials suitable for obtaining transformed plants. The frequency of transformation of the chosen accessions using Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 and selection on 150-mg/l kanamycin was found to be higher than that in previously published methods. Genomic DNA analysis and -glucuronidase reporter assays showed that the transgene was inherited and expressed in subsequent generations. In our method, shoot bases are prepared by a simple procedure, and transformation does not involve the callus phase, thus minimizing the occurrence of somaclonal variations. 相似文献
15.
Heteroblasty of sugar beet cultivar Rizor was studied under field conditions for three growing seasons (2003, 2005, 2006)
in a Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design experiment. Eleven leaf samplings, from early June till the end of October, were
conducted each year and leaf shape parameters [leaf area (LA), centroid X or Y (CX or CY), length (L), width (W), average
radial (AR), elongation (EL), shape factor (SF)] were determined by an image analysis system. During samplings, Leaf Area
Index (LAI) was measured non-destructively. Significant year and sampling effects were found for all traits determined. With
the progress of the growing season, leaves became smaller (LA, L, W, and AR were decreased) and rounded. The largest leaves
were sampled in 2006 when LAI was highest. LA was strongly correlated with L and W with simple functions (y = 0.1933 x2.2238, r
2 = 0.96, p<0.001, and y = 28.693 x − 192.33, r
2 = 0.97, p< 0.001, respectively), which could be used for non-destructive LA determination. Also, LAI was significantly related with
LA and leaf dimensions (L, W) suggesting that an easy, non-destructive determination of LAI under field conditions is feasible
for sugar beet cv. Rizor.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
16.
Subcellular localization of isozymes of NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in sugar beet was studied. Isozymes ss and ll controlled by loci Mdh2 and Mdh3, respectively, were shown to locate in mitochondria, whereas isozyme pp controlled by locus Mdh1, in microbodies. All examined samples lack hybrid MDH isozymes, which could testify to the interaction between products of nonallelic Mdh genes. This can be explained by the localization of nonallelic isozymes in various compartments of the cell and organelles. 相似文献
17.
A high frequency adventitious shoot regeneration protocol was developed for henbane (Hyoscyamus niger L.) using thidiazuron (TDZ). Hypocotyl, cotyledon and stem explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of N6-benzylaminopurine and TDZ. MS medium supplemented with 16 μM TDZ was the most effective for providing 100 % regeneration frequency associated with a 19.53 shoots per hypocotyl explant. Plantlets were rooted on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid. High rooting and survival was achieved using half strength MS medium supplemented with 8 μM IBA.This study was supported by The State Planning Commission of Turkey (DPT) and University of Ankara (Project Nos.: 98K120640 and 2001K120240). 相似文献
18.
Three genes from Ralstonia eutropha necessary for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) synthesis were introduced into the hairy roots of sugar beet. Transformation of a vector construct harbouring the PHB genes, each fused to the coding region of the pea ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase plastid targeting sequence, resulted in 20 transgenic hairy-root clones, producing up to 55 mg high molecular PHB/g dry weight, as identified by gas chromatography, gel permeation chromatography and HPLC. Accumulation of PHB polymer in sugar beet root leucoplasts was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Thus, for the first time, plastidic PHB production was demonstrated for roots of a carbohydrate-storing crop plant. 相似文献
19.
Sugar beet cv. Rizor was grown for five growing seasons (2002–2006) in field conditions in Thessaly, central Greece. A total
of 55 samplings took place during the growing seasons and allometric growth of the leaves was monitored. Highly significant
(p<0.001) quadratic relationships were found between individual leaf mass (LM), individual leaf area (LA), aboveground dry biomass
(ADB), and leaf area index (LAI). Only the LM-LA relationship (LA = 43.444 LM2 − 10.693 LM + 118.34) showed a relatively high r
2 (0.63) and thus could be used for prediction of LA. Specific leaf area (SLA) was significantly related with leaf water content
(LWC) (SLA = 26 279 LWC2 − 44 498 LWC + 18 951, r
2 = 0.91, p<0.001) and thus LWC could be a good indirect predictor of SLA in this cultivar. 相似文献
20.
Summary
In vitro adventitious shoot bud regeneration systems are considered most suitable for Agrobacterium-and biolisticsmediated genetic transformation to obtain transgenic plants. In the present investigation, multiple adventitious
shoot buds could be induced directly from Feronia limonia hypocotyl explants inoculated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different growth regulators. During the initial
phase, the hypocotyl segments nearer to the cotyledons responded quickly compared to those closer to the root. The response,
however, was comparable in both the segments in subsequent subculture. Of the various cytokinins, 2.22 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) proved to be more effective compared to kinetin (Kn). The two-way interaction of BA and Kn significantly
influenced shoot regeneration and contributed the most among the interactions studied. The best response, however, was obtained
when 2.22 μM BA and 2.32 μM Kn were combined. Although the effect of auxins like α-naphthaleneactic acid (NAA) combined with cytokinins evoked a significant
responsein terns of number of shoot buds, this response did not supersede the effect of combined cytokinins. Vone of the polyamines
tested induced shoot buds on hypocotyl segments. Adventitious shoots were multiplied on MS medium containing 2.22 μM BA, 6.96 μM Kn, and 0.05 μM NAA. More than 60% of the shoots produced roots when cultured on medium containing one-quarter strength MS salts, 10% suerose,
0.6% agar, and 7.36μM indole-3-butyric acid. The adventious origin of shoot buds showing continuous vascular connections was confirmed through
histological investigations. 相似文献