交感传出对多觉型伤害性感受器持续放电的易化效应

向大鼠皮肤感受野注射复合致痛剂使多觉型伤害性感受器产生持续放电。刺激支配感受野的交感神经可使单位持续放电显著增多,部分单位为先易化后抑制。这种易化效应时程较长,可以反复激发。局部动脉注射去甲肾上腺素(5μg/0.2ml)也可引起类似的效应。结果证实交感神经传出活动能够易化多觉型伤害性感受器的持续放电。讨论了不同实验结果和产生烧灼痛的可能原因。     

刺激清醒大鼠躯体神经对失血性低血压的升压效应

在清醒雄性大鼠中经静脉抽出血液总量的约50%,造成失血性低血压。对照组大鼠在失血后不予处理。刺激组大鼠在失血后半小时用低频电脉冲刺激坐骨神经30min。刺激组动物的平均动脉压在刺激肘和刺激停止后2小时内均显著高于对照组。在同时记录内脏神经放电的动物中还看到,刺激坐骨神经时交感神经活动显著加强。这可能和血压、心率的恢复有关。在失血动物中刺激坐骨神经引起的升压效应不能被静脉内注射纳洛酮(8mg/kg)翻转;预先注射纳洛酮也不能阻断这种升压效应。在用水合氯醛麻醉的大鼠中,失血后刺激坐骨神经仍能引起升压反应。但如在刺激坐骨神经前静脉注射东莨菪碱(8—20mg/kg),则在多数动物中上述升压反应的幅度显著减小,甚至消失。实验结果表明,在失血性低血压的大鼠中,刺激坐骨神经可促进机体代偿反应,进一步加强交感神经活动,有利于血压的恢复。这一效应可能需要胆硷能递质参与,而内啡肽系统似乎不起重要作用。     

电刺激兔尾核对丘脑束旁核神经元痛放电的影响

实验在75只家兔上进行。以玻璃微电极记录丘脑束旁核痛放电,以电脉冲(5次/s、0.2ms、8—10V)通过双极同心电极刺激尾核头部,结果表明刺激尾核对束旁核痛放电既产生抑制效应(34/38),也产生易化效应(4/38)。抑制有两种表现方式:1.改变诱发放电的型式,2.跟随着单个刺激脉冲出现对痛放电的短暂压抑。静脉注射纳洛酮或阿托品可以阻断尾核刺激所引起的第一种抑制效应,提示尾核内阿片肽能系统和胆碱能系统活动参与对束旁核痛觉信号活动的调制。本文也观察到尾核刺激可诱发束旁核神经元出现每分钟约6次的周期性锋形电位串。     

不同血压水平下刺激腓深神经对兔肾交感神经放电的影响

本实验观察了53例兔在不同血压水平下不同参数的腓深神经刺激对肾交感神经活动的影响。物在正常血压时,用低强度电流(3V,0.15—0.3mA,12Hz,0.5ms)刺激腓深神经可明显抑制肾交感冲动发放,静脉注射纳洛酮可以阻断此抑制效应;而用中等强度电流(10V,0.5—0.8mA)刺激腓深神经对肾交感活动没有明显抑制效应。当静脉匀速注射硝普钠使动物血压降低、肾交感冲动增加时,用中等强度刺激腓深神经可使肾交感冲动发放进一步增多,而用低强度刺激对肾交感活动无显著影响。静脉注射东莨菪碱(0.25mg/kg)可阻断低血压时刺激腓深神经引起的肾交感兴奋效应,但静脉注射纳洛酮(0.4mg/kg)却不能阻断。又当静脉匀速注射去甲肾上腺素造成动物较高血压时,肾交感冲动减少,用上述二种强度刺激腓深神经均使肾交感活动进一步受到明显抑制,此抑制效应可被静脉注射纳洛酮阻断,但不受东莨菪碱的影响。实验结果表明:刺激腓深神经引起的不同肾交感活动反应与所用刺激参数及动物血压水平和肾交感活动水平有关。刺激腓深神经引起的交感活动减弱或增强的反应,其神经机制可能不完全相同。前者可能有阿片受体的参与,而后者可能是胆碱能受体起着较重要的作用。     

微电泳U—50488对大鼠疑核呼吸相关单位电活动的影响

本工作观察了微电泳给予 U-50488对大鼠延髓疑核呼吸相关单位自发放电活动的影响。在96个单位中,呈抑制效应的51个,兴奋效应的11个,先抑制后兴奋的3个,先兴奋后抑制的6个,其余25个单位的自发放电活动无明显变化。在16个 U-50488产生抑制效应的单位中,12个单位的抑制效应能被纳洛酮对抗。2个 U-50488 表现为兴奋效应的单位,纳洛酮也显出拮抗效应。U-50488产生抑制效应持续的时间明显长于兴奋效应持续的时间。本工作的结果提示,k 受体可能也参与呼吸调控作用,并且介导 U-50488抑制效应的阿片受体亚型可能不同于介导兴奋效应的阿片受体亚型。     

电刺激大鼠外侧缰核对延髓甩尾相关细胞的活动和甩尾反射的影响

在浅麻醉大鼠上,在延髓腹内侧结构内观察到三种具有不同放电类型的细胞,即乃尾前放电骤停的撤反应细胞,甩尾前放电骤增的给反应细胞和甩尾无关的中性细胞。电刺激外侧缰核可抑制撤反应细胞的自发放电,加强给反应细胞自发放电,从而易化两类细胞的甩尾相关反应,同时易化伤害刺激引起的甩尾反射。实验结果说明,外侧缰核对节段性防御反射有易化作用,这种易化作用可能是通过延髓内撤反应和反应细胞的协同活动而实现的。     

电刺激蝙蝠小脑对下丘神经元听反应的影响

实验在34只长翼蝠(Miniopterus schrebersi)上进行.使用玻璃微电极在中脑下丘中央核记录听神经元电反应.电刺激点分别位于小脑蚓部、半球和绒球小结叶共观察了515个对超声刺激产生反应的下丘听神经元.当电刺激小脑时,有171个(占33.2%)神经元听反应受到影响.其中126个(占24.5%)表现为抑制,45个(8.7%)表现为易化.抑制效应表现为神经元所反应放电频数降低和反应潜伏期延长.易化效应则相反.抑制与易化潜伏期一般都在6毫秒以上.抑制效应与电刺激强度、声刺激强度以及声刺激和电刺激的时间间隔有关.抑制和易化性影响都是双侧性的.     

OMF对大鼠疑核呼吸相关单位电活动的影响

本工作观察了微电泳给予 OMF 对大鼠延髓疑核呼吸相关单位自发放电活动的影响。在96个单位中,呈现抑制效应的48个,兴奋效应的14个,先兴奋后抑制的14个,先抑制后兴奋的9个,其余11个单位无明显变化。在15个 OMF 产生抑制效应的单位中,有11个单位的抑制效应能被纳洛酮对抗。在6个 OMF 产生兴奋效应的单位中,有5个单位的兴奋效应能被纳洛酮对抗。在13个 OMF 引起抑制效应的单位中,有9个单位的抑制效应能被微电泳给予的 U-50488对抗。OMF 产生抑制效应持续的时间明显长于兴奋效应持续的时间。结果提示介导 OMF 抑制效应的阿片受体亚型可能不同于介导兴奋效应的阿片受体亚型。     

在清醒家兔中电针对刺激下丘脑引起的防御反应的抑制作用

在清醒家兔中电刺激下丘脑背内侧区可引起血压升高、肾交感神经放电增加、心率减慢等一系列防御反应的表现。用低频电脉冲刺激一侧“足三里”穴20min,可明显抑制刺激下丘脑引起的防御反应。这种抑制效应在停止电针后仍能持续一段时间,但可被静脉内注射纳洛酮(0.4mg/kg)翻转。预先注射纳洛酮也能防止电针的抑制效应。损毁下丘脑基底部包括弓状核在内的局部区域后,电针对防御反应的抑制作用基本消失。在弓状核区微量注射 L-谷氨酸钠(50mM,1μl)也可抑制刺激下丘脑引起的防御反应。这种抑制效应同样可被静脉内注射纳洛酮翻转。以上实验结果表明,电针可抑制刺激下丘脑引起的防御反应,弓状核区的内啡肽神经元可能在电针对防御反应的抑制效应中起重要的作用。     

损毁和刺激蓝斑复合核对内脏躯体反射抑制效应的影响

以电刺激腓总神经对内脏躯体反射活动的抑制效应为指标,观察蓝斑复合核在此抑制效应中所起的作用,并对其作用途径进行初步分析。(1)损毁双侧蓝斑复合核大部分后,绝大部分动物上述的抑制效应有不同程度增强;(2)去大脑,损毁中缝背核或蓝斑复合核后方的相应区域对此抑制效应没有影响,此后再毁蓝斑复合核,仍可出现上述抑制效应增强的现象;若损毁延脑中缝大核区,则此增强现象不再出现。(3)以弱电流刺激蓝斑复合核中的某些点,本身并不引起任何效应,但可部分削弱腓总神经的抑制效应。据此推测,蓝斑复合核中某些成分的活动对针刺的下行性抑制效应起着紧张性的压抑作用,这一作用很可能主要施加于延脑中缝大核的痛觉调制系统或通过它来实现。     

刺激交感神经对大鼠多觉型伤害性感受器诱发和自发放电的不同作用

多觉型伤害性感受器是皮肤内专一性较强的痛觉感受器。本实验用剥制神经细束的技术,引导大鼠尾神经C类纤维的传入放电反映多觉型伤害性感受器的活动,以判定刺激交感神经对外周痛觉感受过程的调制作用。测试了57个该类感受器的单位放电,发现下述两个主要事实:(1)刺激腰骶部交感干外周端,可以显著抑制伤害性刺激(包括机械压力,直流电-钾离子,热烫等)诱发的多觉型伤害性感受器的单位放电,其作用出现较快,可使放电数减少1/3左右,后作用延续十多分钟。局部动脉注射去甲肾上腺素也产生类似的抑制效应。从而证实交感神经具有抑制痛觉感受器的作用。(2)交感神经对部分多觉型伤害性感受器活动的调制具有双重作用的特点,即对同一单位因外加刺激引起的诱发放电有抑制作用,对其自发放电则有易化作用。讨论了交感神经这一双重作用的临床意义以及针刺通过交感神经调制外周痛觉感受过程的设想。     

刺激皮肤感受野对大鼠多觉型伤害性感受器诱发放电的影响

在大鼠尾部,重复压力刺激皮肤感受野,当间隔时间小于2min时,多觉型伤害性感受器的单位放电数随间隔时间的缩短而减少。压力与辐射热交叉刺激同一感受野,随后刺激的放电数也显著减少。皮下注射致痛剂引起持续性放电的背景上,分别向感受野施加按压、辐射热或电针刺激,随着放电增多后出现一个放电减少的过程。刺激支配尾部的交感神经则使减少的放电显著增多。结果表明,多觉型伤害性感受器受到刺激兴奋后有个感受性降低的过程。本文讨论了这一过程在按摩、针灸缓解痛机制中的可能作用。     

Proteolysis of peripheral nerve myelin in acute experimental allergic neuritis

Proteolysis of peripheral nerve myelin was studied in rats with experimental allergic neuritis (EAN). In vitro measurements using rat sciatic nerve homogenate and denatured bovine myelin as a substrate showed two myelin specific enzyme activities at pH 3.8 (inhibited by pepstatin) and pH 5.8 (inhibited by PMSF) in the normal rat and newly appearing activities at pH 2.8 (inhibited by pepstatin) and pH 5.0 (not characterized) in the EAN rat. In EAN the proteolytic activity was not restricted to myelin substrate but degraded total sciatic nerve protein as well. Endogenous sciatic nerve protease at pH 5.8 did not significantly change in activity during the course of disease. On the contrary, activity of acid protease at pH 2.8 corresponded well to the disease. Myelin degradation in EAN, therefore, appears to be mainly due to exogenous non-tissue protease.Abbreviations EAN experimental allergic neuritis - EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid - HBM hydroxymercuro benzoate - PLP proteolipid protein - PMSF phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride - PNS peripheral nervous system - SDS sodium dodecylsulfate - TCA trichloroacetic acid This work is part of the M.D. thesis of R. B.     

Dopamine Involved in the Nociceptive Modulation in the Parafascicular Nucleus of Morphine-Dependent Rat

Dopamine regulates pain perception in some areas of the central nervous system. Previously, we have confirmed that dopamine potentiated the electric activities of the evoked discharges of pain-excited neurons (PENs) and inhibited those of pain-inhibited neurons (PINs) in the parafascicular nucleus (Pfn) of normal rats. The mechanism of action of dopamine on pain-related neurons in the Pfn of morphine-dependent rat is still unknown. The present study aimed to determine the effects of dopamine and its receptor antagonist droperidol on the pain-evoked responses of the PEN and PIN in the Pfn of morphine-dependent rats, and to compare the effects between the morphine-dependent rat and the normal rat. The trains of electric impulses applied to the sciatic nerve were used as noxious stimulation. The discharges of PEN or PIN in the Pfn were recorded by using a glass microelectrode. The results showed that intra-Pfn microinjection of dopamine decreased the frequency of noxious stimulation-induced discharges of PEN and increased the frequency of PIN. The intra-Pfn administration of droperidol produced an opposite effect. These results demonstrated that dopamine is involved in nociceptive modulation in the morphine-dependent rat, the responses to noxious stimulation between normal rat and morphine-dependent rat are completely opposite. The effect of dopamine is through the dopamine D₂ receptor of PENs and PINs in Pfn. The results suggest that the dopamine system of the Pfn may become a therapeutic target for analgesia and the treatment of morphine dependence.     

Facilitation of transmitter release by neurotoxins from snake venoms

Toxins C13S1C3 and C13S2C3 from green mamba venom (Dendroaspis angusticeps) acted like dendrotoxin to increase acetylcholine release in response to nerve stimulation in the chick biventer cervicis preparation. Proteins B and E from black mamba venom (Dendroaspis polylepis) had no prejunctional facilitatory activity. All four proteins are trypsin inhibitor homologues. Binding of a prejunctional facilitatory toxin (Polylepis toxin I) to motor nerves was rapid and did not require the presence of Ca2+ or nerve stimulation. Binding was not prevented by protease inhibitors that lacked facilitatory actions. Prejunctional facilitatory toxins also augmented transmitter release in the chick oesophagus and the mouse vas deferens preparations. The effects were rapid in onset and could wane spontaneously. 125I-labelled dendrotoxin bound specifically to rat brain synaptosomes with a KD of about 3 nM. Binding was prevented by native dendrotoxin but not by beta-bungarotoxin or atropine. It is concluded that prejunctional facilitatory toxins affect transmitter release at many types of nerve endings in addition to motor nerve terminals. From consideration of the structures of active and inactive molecules, it is thought that binding of the active toxins may involve several exposed lysine residues.     

THE EXCRETION OF CARBON DIOXIDE BY FROG NERVE

1. Quiescent sciatic nerve of the frog discharges CO₂ at the average rate of 0.00876 mg. CO₂ per gram of nerve per minute. 2. Sciatic nerve steeped one minute in boiling water discharges CO₂ at first at a low rate and after an hour and a half not at all. 3. Degenerated sciatic nerve discharges CO₂ at a slightly higher rate than normal living nerve does. 4. Connective tissue from the frog discharges CO₂ at an average rate of 0.0097 mg. per gram of tissue per minute. 5. Assuming that a nerve is composed of from one-half to one-quarter connective tissue the CO₂ output from its strictly nervous components is estimated to be at a rate of 0.008 mg. CO₂ per gram of nerve per minute. 6. Stimulated sciatic nerve increases the rate of its CO₂ output over quiescent nerve by about 14 per cent. When this number is corrected for strictly nervous tissue the rate is about 16 per cent. 7. The increased rate of CO₂ production noted on stimulation in normal sciatic nerves was not observed when they were boiled, blocked, or degenerated. It was also not observed with stimulated strands of connective tissue.     

束旁核、中央中核对皮层体感觉区伤害性反应单位的影响

实验在清醒麻痹的猫上进行。先用记录诱发电位的方法,证明大脑皮层第 I 体感觉区(SI区)同一部位可接受来自外周神经、丘脑束旁核(Pf)和中央中核(CM)的上传信号;然后在这一皮层部位寻找在强电流刺激腓总神经时出现伤害性反应的神经元。在所观察的24个单位中,有20个单位如果先给予 Pf 刺激,可看到上述伤害性反应明显增强,增强的百分率平均在90.0%以上;在这同一组皮层单位,如果预先刺激 CM,有21个单位的伤害性反应明显减弱,反应抑制都在-55.6%以上。Pf 刺激本身对所观察单位的自发放电影响不明显,但 CM 刺激可明显抑制它们的自发放电。     

Biosynthesis of Long-Chain Alcohols by Developing and Regenerating Rat Sciatic Nerve

Abstract: Cell-free preparations of rat sciatic nerve were found to catalyze the reduction of fatty acid to alcohol in the presence of NADPH as reducing cofactor. The reductase was membrane-bound and associated primarily with the microsomal fraction. When fatty acid was the substrate, ATP, coenzyme A (CoA), and Mg²⁺ were required, indicating the formation of acyl CoA prior to reduction. When acyl CoA was used as substrate, the presence of albumin was required to inhibit acyl CoA hydro-lase activity. Fatty acid reductase activity was highest with palmitic and stearic acids, and somewhat lower with lauric and myristic acids. It was inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, indicating the participation of thiol groups in the reduction. Only traces of long-chain aldehyde could be detected or trapped as semicarbazone. Fatty acid reductase activity in rat sciatic nerve was highest between the second and tenth days after birth and decreased substantially thereafter. Microsomal preparations of sciatic nerve from 10-day-old rats exhibited about four times higher fatty acid reductase activity than brain or spinal cord microsomes from the same animals. Wallerian degeneration and regeneration of adult rat sciatic nerve resulted in enhanced fatty acid reductase activity, which reached a maximum at about 12 days after crush injury.     

STUDIES ON AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT OF INDIVIDUAL PROTEINS: 1–ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (AChE) IN ACRYLAMIDE NEUROPATHY

Abstract— The axoplasmic transport rate and distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChe, EC 3.1.1.7) was studied in the sciatic nerves of normal rats and those with a neuropathy due to acrylamide, by measuring the accumulation of the enzyme proximal to single and double ligatures. The single ligature experiments showed that the apparent transport rate of AChE was decreased in acrylamide neuropathy. The double ligature experiments indicated that only 8.1% of AChE was mobile in normal rat sciatic nerve. The mobility of the enzyme in acrylamide-treated rat sciatic nerves was altered to 11.8%. The absolute transport rate of AChE in normal rat sciatic nerve was 567 mm/24 h, and in acrylamide neuropathy it was decreased to 287 mm/24 h.
The amount of AChE activity transported in normal rat sciatic nerve was 2.64 μmol/24 h. The rats with acrylamide neuropathy showed a decrease in the amount of AChE activity moving in the orthograde direction (2.03 μmol/24 h).
The colchicine-binding properties of tubulin protein from sciatic nerves of normal and acrylamide-treated rats were studied. In rats with acrylamide neuropathy, a marked decrease of 75% in tubulin-colchicine binding was observed.