氯虫苯甲酰胺对黑肩绿盲蝽实验种群的影响

采取稻茎浸渍法测定了氯虫苯甲酰胺对黑肩绿盲蝽毒力,利用生命表技术研究了氯虫苯甲酰胺对黑肩绿盲蝽实验种群的影响,为协调水稻害虫的化学防治和生物防治提供参考。结果表明,氯虫苯甲酰胺对黑肩绿盲蝽若虫LC50和LC10分别为83.5mg/L和61.3 mg/L,氯虫苯甲酰胺对黑肩绿盲蝽成虫LC50和LC10分别为64.3 mg/L和39.0 mg/L。氯虫苯甲酰胺对黑肩绿盲蝽若虫和成虫的LC10分别大于和接近于大田使用剂量40mg/L。以大田使用剂量40 mg/L氯虫苯甲酰胺稻茎浸渍法处理黑肩绿盲蝽3龄若虫后,其产卵期、寿命和产卵量降低了4.3 d、3.0 d和22.0粒,与对照相比差异显著,表明氯虫苯甲酰胺对当代成虫寿命与生殖力影响较大;药剂处理后次代种群的成虫前期延长了2.3 d;存活率、平均日产卵量跟对照相比明显降低;种群净增值率、周限增长率、内禀增长率跟对照相比明显降低,分别为21.0(对照63.3)、18.8(对照19.2)、0.16(对照0.22),而种群加倍时间延长为4.3(对照3.2);这些结果表明,在40 mg/L浓度下,氯虫苯甲酰胺能够降低黑肩绿盲蝽种群的增长。     

稻田氮肥施用量对黑肩绿盲蝽捕食功能的影响

在实验室条件下研究了黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinuslividipennis Reuter在不同含氮量稻株上对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stal卵和低龄若虫的捕食能力、对褐飞虱卵的捕食功能反应以及褐飞虱蜜露和水稻伤流液对其捕食 能力的影响。结果表明,黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱卵和若虫的捕食量均与寄主植物的含氮量呈显著 负相关。黑肩绿盲蝽在相同氮肥施用量的稻株上连续饲养2代后对褐飞虱卵的捕食能力没有改变 。黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱卵的功能反应呈Holling Ⅱ型方程,其参数瞬时发现率(a)和处置时间(T_h)只与寄主含氮量有关,而与黑肩绿盲蝽种群和褐飞虱卵的来源无关。 在高氮量稻株上黑肩绿盲蝽种群对褐飞虱卵的瞬时发现率(a)下降导致了功能反应的减弱, 而在相同含氮量稻株上黑肩绿盲蝽种群之间的捕食功能没有明显差异。黑肩绿盲蝽成虫取食水 稻伤流液和褐飞虱蜜露时寿命明显延长,取食高氮稻株的褐飞虱分泌的蜜露对延长黑肩绿盲蝽 雌成虫寿命的作用最大。但是,在高氮稻株上褐飞虱蜜露显著降低黑肩绿盲蝽的捕食能力。这 些结果表明黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱自然控制作用的下降是稻田过量施用氮肥后褐飞虱种群增加的 主要原因之一。     

黑肩绿盲蝽捕食褐飞虱卵的功能与数值反应

褐飞虱作为水稻的重要迁飞性害虫,至今未见有效的生物防治技术报道。黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱卵及低龄若虫有较强的捕食能力,为评价黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱的控害能力,研究了黑肩绿盲蝽若虫各虫期和雌雄成虫对褐飞虱卵的捕食功能反应与数值反应。功能反应研究结果表明,黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱卵的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型方程,捕食量在一定范围内随着猎物密度的增加而增加,若虫的捕食能力大于成虫;四龄若虫理论捕食量最大,为104.2粒卵/d。数值反应研究结果表明,不同褐飞虱卵密度对黑肩绿盲蝽的生长、发育、繁殖有着显著影响。随着猎物密度增大,黑肩绿盲蝽若虫发育速率、雌虫产卵量、孵化率及雌性比增大,成虫寿命减小,最后趋于稳定。猎物密度1、3、5卵/d分别是黑肩绿盲蝽若虫存活、成虫羽化及维持种群最低繁殖力的临界值。在天敌控害潜能的研究过程中,数值反应的研究目的在于探讨捕食者对猎物密度的依赖程度,探明能引起捕食者种群衰退的猎物密度临界值,为大田释放捕食者时增补替代寄主,增强捕食者持续控害能力提供理论依据。     

黑肩绿盲蝽的国内外研究概况

<正> 黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis(Reuter)亦称苍翅盲蝽,属半翅目、盲蝽科、嗜卵盲蝽属Cyrtorhinus(=Cyrtorrhinus)它分布广泛,是水稻产区稻飞虱等害虫的重要捕食性天敌。早在1920年就发现对飞虱有捕食作用(Usinger,R.J.1939),1952年日本首先研究了黑肩绿盲蝽的捕食行为(Suenaga,H.et al.,1952)。浙江农业大学植保系于70年代初已在东阳县病虫测报站开始观察其生活习性、田间消长情况和施药影响等。现将有关该天敌的研究概况综述于下。     

水稻挥发物在黑肩绿盲蝽捕食行为中的作用(英文)

在室内研究了水稻品种和氮肥水平对黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱卵嗜好性的影响 ,及其与水稻挥发物的关系。双向选择试验表明 ,黑肩绿盲蝽对不同水稻品种上的褐飞虱卵有着不同的嗜好性 ,但对不同氮肥水平稻株上褐飞虱卵的嗜好性无明显差异。嗅觉试验表明 ,黑肩绿盲蝽对水稻健康苗挥发物的趋性明显地强于空白对照 ,对褐飞虱若虫为害苗挥发物的趋性强于健康苗 ,对褐飞虱雌成虫为害苗的趋性又强于若虫为害苗。不同品种的水稻挥发物对黑肩绿盲蝽的引诱作用存在明显差异 ,但不同氮肥水平的水稻挥发物间差异不显著。上述结果表明 ,水稻挥发物在黑肩绿盲蝽的捕食行为中起着重要作用。文中就如何改进水稻特性和栽培措施以增强天敌作用进行了讨论。     

黑肩绿盲蝽种群空间分布型及其应用

<正> 黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reu(?)er是我省水稻主要害虫稻飞虱和稻叶蝉的重要捕食性天敌。关于黑肩绿盲蝽的研究报道较多;但有关其空间分布型的研究未见报道。为此,我们于1989年对该虫的空间分布型进行了研究,以便为其种群消长及科学的抽样提供理论依据。 调查方法 我们于1989年8月中旬在贵州铜仁市川硐区白水乡,选择好中差三种类型的稻田10块进行调整。在各调查田的中央连片调查1000丛,记录每丛上的成、若虫数。根据各田的调查     

转Bt水稻对捕食性天敌黑肩绿盲蝽种群动态的影响

【目的】为研究转Bt水稻对其非靶标害虫稻飞虱的主要捕食性天敌黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis种群发生动态的影响。【方法】本研究以cry1Ac/cry1Ab融合基因型转Bt抗虫水稻"华恢1号"及其对照亲本"明恢63"为供试水稻,于2011、2012和2013连续3年在广西兴安县"转基因水稻试验基地"开展大田试验。【结果】与对照亲本稻田相比,转Bt水稻稻田黑肩绿盲蝽种群发生量有增加趋势,且在2012年出现极显著差异。此外,就被捕食者褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera而言,无论在水稻品种,年份还是两者交互作用之间都存在极显著差异;而就两种稻飞虱总量而言,只在不同年份间存在极显著差异,在水稻品种及两者交互作用间不存在显著性差异。进一步通过相关分析表明,2011—2013连续3年黑肩绿盲蝽与褐飞虱、白背飞虱和两者总虫量之间均存在极显著正相关关系。【结论】转Bt水稻稻田捕食性天敌黑肩绿盲蝽的数量较大,这与非靶标害虫褐飞虱和白背飞虱种群发生量较大有关。     

黑肩绿盲蝽耐饥饿能力的研究

【目的】为早期释放黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis提供理论依据,研究了黑肩绿盲蝽不同虫态耐受饥饿及低温的能力。【方法】室内条件下,比较了稻苗+水、无苗有水和无苗无水三种食物条件下黑肩绿盲蝽耐饥力大小。【结果】适温(26℃)下,黑肩绿盲蝽3龄若虫、5龄若虫和成虫在稻苗+水的存活时间显著高于无苗有水,无苗有水时的存活时间又显著高于无苗无水,表明稻苗对于黑肩绿盲蝽有营养作用,取食稻苗有助于提高黑肩绿盲蝽的耐饥力。黑肩绿盲蝽成虫耐饥力最强,3龄若虫和5龄若虫接近,有苗有水时,3龄若虫、5龄若虫和成虫的平均存活时间分别为2.10、2.22和4.25 d。在低温(15℃)下,水稻苗对黑肩绿盲蝽成虫的存活不利,有苗有水时雌雄成虫的存活时间均低于无苗有水处理,其中雌成虫两处理间的差异显著(P=0.001)。【结论】黑肩绿盲蝽对饥饿和低温有较强的耐受性,以成虫最强,水稻生长前期田间释放时以成虫为宜。     

黑肩绿盲蝽外生殖器及其感器的超微结构

黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter是稻飞虱重要天敌之一.为分析黑肩绿盲蝽成虫生殖器上与生殖有关的感器类型,本文通过扫描电镜对黑肩绿盲蝽雌成虫交配孔和产卵器,雄成虫交配器感器分布进行了观察.结果表明,黑肩绿盲蝽雌成虫交配孔有毛形感器Ⅱ(TSⅡ)和锥形感器Ⅱ(BSⅡ)2种感器;产卵器上...     

Prey preference of the wolf spider,Pardosa pseudoannulata (Boesenberg et Strand)

Functional responses of the wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata (Boesenberg et Strand) attacking the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål.), and the mirid predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter were both those of Holling Type II. The attack rate was higher and handling time lower for C. lividipennis. However, when caged with the two prey, the wolf spider showed a significant preference for N. lugens at a lower prey proportion. Proportions of prey attacked were significantly different from the expected ratios of prey available as well as from the predicted preferences derived from the functional response parameters. As proportions of N. lugens attacked changed from greater to less than expected as the proportions of N. lugens available increased, a “reverse switch” behaviour seems to be evident.     

Reciprocal intraguild predation between two mirid predators,Cyrtorhinus lividipennis and Tytthus chinensis (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Interactions between predator species shape ecological communities and are crucial in the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. They contribute to improving the natural biological control. Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter and Tytthus chinensis Stål (Hemiptera: Miridae) are important natural enemies of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), the most destructive rice pest in Asia. Comparative functional responses of both sexes of the two mirids at different development stages were estimated and the direction, symmetry, as well as intensity of intraguild predation (IGP) were studied in the laboratory. Prey preferences of the two mirid species and the influence of alternative prey on functional responses were also evaluated. The mirids exhibited reciprocal IGP in addition to consuming eggs of BPH. All predator–prey combinations exhibited a type II functional response. Females and fourth instar nymphs of C. lividipennis showed greater voracity for eggs of BPH than of T. chinensis. The two mirids were more voracious to intraguild prey than to extraguild prey. Alternative prey released the functional responses of C. lividipennis to both intra- and extraguild prey. In contrast, alternative prey had no effect on the functional response of T. chinensis. RIGP was symmetrical in the absence of extraguild prey. And in the presence of extraguild prey that was common in the field, resulted in different responses by the mirids.     

黑肩绿盲蝽口器的结构和感器

黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reute是水稻飞虱和叶蝉的重要天敌。为了更好的探讨这种盲蝽的取食行为,本研究在扫描电镜下观察了黑肩绿盲蝽口器及其感器的超微结构。结果表明黑肩绿盲蝽口针束由1对上颚针和1对相互连锁的下颚针构成。上颚口针具两排脊状突起,并通过连锁机制紧密的嵌合在一起,形成了中空的食物道和唾液道。下颚口针内侧边缘具两排与口针末端方向一致的锐利齿状结构。黑肩绿盲蝽口器上可观察到毛形感器Ⅰ(TSⅠ)、毛形感器Ⅱ(TSⅡ)、锥形感器(BS)和多孔钉形感器(MPGS),大都分布于口器下唇,尤其在下唇端部可见锥形感器密集分布。研究结果对今后进一步探讨这种天敌的食性和取食行为有重要意义。     

Role of different habitats for the functional response of Crytorrhinus lividipennis (Hemiptera: Miridae) on Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

The functional response of a predator, Cyrtorrhinus lividipennis, on the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, was investigated in two different experimental habitats: a piece of tiller in a petri dish (5.5?cm in diameter) and a rice plant in a net cage (5.5?cm diameter?×?43?cm height) for 24?h at room temperature. In the petri dish experiment, 2nd–5th instar nymphs, adult male, and female C. lividipennis were introduced in separate experiments to eggs of N. lugens at densities of five, 10, 20, 30, and 40 eggs per piece of rice. In the rice plant experiment, each C. lividipennis was introduced to a cage with a rice plant containing N. lugens eggs. After 24?h, the number of dead eggs and remaining eggs were counted and data fitted to three functional response models. Among the three types of functional responses, Type II best described the predator response to host densities in N. lugens in both experimental habitats, according to the logistic regression analysis value. The results showed that C. lividipennis was a more effective predator in the rice plant experiment compared to the disc experiment. Additionally, the searching efficiency and handling time parameters were different in the two different experimental habitats. This may cause errors when applying the functional response to biological control and predator–prey models. Different habitats and other environmental conditions from the experiment and natural rice field have to be considered.     

Juvenile hormone-mediated reproduction induced by a sublethal concentration of imidacloprid in Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Hemiptera: Miridae)

The Hemipteran predator, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, feeds on the eggs and nymphs of rice planthoppers and leafhoppers. We previously demonstrated that sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid stimulated the reproduction of C. lividipennis. Considering the essential roles of juvenile hormone (JH) in insect reproduction, we speculated that sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid may stimulate the reproduction of C. lividipennis by regulating JH level. To test this, we cloned C. lividipennis JH acid methyl transferase (ClJHAMT) and JH esterase (ClJHE), which are responsible for JH biosynthesis and degradation genes, respectively. We then knocked down ClJHAMT by injecting dsRNA into C. lividipennis nymphs and found that emerging female adults exhibited 88.8% lower expression of the vitellogenin gene (ClVg) and the number of eggs was reduced by 41.5% as compared with controls. Silencing ClJHE increased ClVg mRNA expression by 275.0% but did not affect fecundity. A sublethal concentration of imidacloprid (LC₂₀) increased the JH titer in females by 35.3% and 60.6% at 24 and 48 h post-emergence, respectively. In treatments containing both imidacloprid and dsJHAMT, the silencing of CLJHAMT reduced the number of eggs produced by adult females by 21.4% as compared to the control (imidacloprid + dsGFP). Our results indicated that sublethal concentration of imidacloprid may induce C. lividipennis reproduction by upregulating JH level via JHAMT. The finding could provide valuable information for improved integration of C. lividipennis and insecticides in pest management.     

Effects of temperature on fitness costs in chlorpyrifos‐resistant brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

Insecticide resistance is inevitable if an insecticide is widely used to control insect pests. Fortunately, the resistance‐associated fitness costs often give chances to manage resistances. In most cases, the fitness cost in resistant insects is often evaluated under laboratory conditions for insect development, which limits its practical application in pest control in the field. In a laboratory population R9 with 253‐fold resistance to chlorpyrifos after nine‐generation selection with chlorpyrifos, the relative fitness was only 0.206 under laboratory conditions (25°C, humidity 70%–80% and 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod), when compared to S9, a susceptible counterpart (resistance ratio = 2.25‐fold) from the same origin as R9 but without any selection with insecticides. Temperatures varied the resistance‐associated fitness costs, with enhanced costs at high temperatures and reduced costs at low temperatures, such as 0.174 at 32°C and 0.527 at 18°C. The copulation rate and fecundity were two key factors for the reduced costs at low temperatures. Another finding was that R9 individuals needed much more time to recover from heat shock than that of S9, but R9 and S9 individuals were similarly sensitive to cold shock. The low fitness cost at low temperatures would increase the overwintering population, which might further increase risks of rapid development and widespread distribution of chlorpyrifos resistance in Nilaparvata lugens.