中华真地鳖空间格局及土壤性质对其存活的影响

为了明确中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker在自然界的分布及土壤性质对其存活的影响, 运用森下氏分散指数(Morisita’s index of dispersion)研究了中华真地鳖种群空间格局; 测试了4种不同土壤含水量（16%~29%）条件下中华真地鳖的卵孵化率与若虫存活率, 还测试了以野外不同来源土壤（山脚栖息土、 堆肥、 菜园土、 蘑菇料发酵土和黄砂红壤土）饲养时中华真地鳖若虫的存活率。结果表明, 中华真地鳖若虫在室外为聚集分布, 成虫为均匀分布, 从地面到40 cm的土壤深度都分布有中华真地鳖。土壤初始含水量21%和24%的卵孵化率最高, 其他含水量的卵孵化率均显著较低(P<0.05), 土壤初始含水量29%时的若虫存活率最低。堆肥、 山脚栖息土更适合中华真地鳖生存。结果可为该虫的采集、 饲养和深入研究提供科学的依据。     

温度对中华真地鳖生长发育及酶保护活性的的影响

为了阐明温度对中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker.各虫态存活率、发育历期、卵孵化率的影响,及温度对中华真地鳖保护酶活性的影响,分别测定了中华真地鳖在不同温度(18℃,22℃,26℃,30℃和34℃)下饲养对存活率、发育历期、卵孵化率,及保护酶活性的影响。结果显示,温度对中华真地鳖的存活率和发育历期有显著影响,在18℃、22℃、26℃、30℃下中华真地鳖存活率分别为0.45、0.49、0.55、0.56,显著高于在34℃下0.27的存活率(df=4,20;F=7.414;P=0.001)。相同温度下雌性若虫期发育历期大于雄性若虫期发育历期。在这5个温度下,卵期分别为74.6,65.9,53.3,44.5,39.4 d(F=24.251;df=4,20;P0.05);雌虫世代发育历期分别为286.2,258.6,228.2,198.6,182.5 d(F=72.846;df=4,20;P0.05);雄虫世代发育历期分别为263.3,232.6,216.2,186.4,169.3 d(F=38.332;df=4,20;P0.05)。中华真地鳖体内存在着清除自由基的SOD、POD、CAT保护酶系统,且不同温度饲养对保护酶POD、SOD活性、CAT的活性有明显的影响(P0.05),其中CAT活性在26℃最高,在34℃最低;POD活性在26℃和30℃下最高,在34℃下最低;SOD活性在30℃下最高。结合发育历期、存活率和卵孵化率考虑,26℃和30℃可做为人工大规模饲养的参考温度。     

中华真地鳖六地理种群若虫生长发育研究

本文对中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis六个地理种群进行了研究,发现中华真地鳖体长与体宽呈显著一元线性回归关系,不同地理种群斜率（体形）存在差异。六个地理种群各龄若虫发育历期并不随龄期增长而延长。天津种群雌性若虫期发育历期显著大于其它种群,其它种群间除江苏种群外均无显著差异。雄性若虫期发育历期除天津种群外均无显著差异。同一地理种群,雌性若虫期发育历期大于雄性若虫期发育历期。以上结果表明,中华真地鳖不同地理种群间在形态和生物学上均有一定的差异。     

中华真地鳖在饲养池内的分布格局

运用扩散系数、聚集指数、平均拥挤度、聚块性指数和负二相参数等指标比较分析了中华真地鳖EupolyphagasinensisWalker在饲养池内的空间分布格局。结果显示 ,中华真地鳖在饲养池内的空间分布格局为聚集分布 ,并喜好聚集在饲养池的边缘。随着虫口密度的增大 ,向饲养池中央扩散。     

中华真地鳖若虫肠道细菌的研究

中华真地鳖是一种传统中药资源昆虫,从人工饲养种群的正常取食及蜕皮若虫肠道环境中分离、纯化,好氧和厌氧培养获得11个细菌菌株,对其形态、染色反应、培养性状和生理生化反应进行了系统研究。鉴定结果表明,上述11个细菌菌株依次分别属于:不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、柠檬酸杆菌属(Citobacter)、沙门菌属(Sal-monella)、芽胞乳酸杆菌属(Sporolacillus)、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、地杆菌属(Terrabacter)、放线杆菌属(Actinobacillus)、克雷伯菌属(Klebsiella)、沙雷菌属(Serratia)、预研菌属(Yokenella)。中华真地鳖正常取食和蜕皮若虫肠道环境细菌种类不同。分离未获得真菌和放线菌。     

中华真地鳖的断足再生

报道了中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker的断足再生特征。研究结果表明,不同虫龄期的若虫都有断足再生能力;足的不同部位断足后均能再生;断掉不同数量的足后,只要能成活均可再生。断足再生后,继续断掉再生足的原位或其他部位也可以再生。再生足的跗节均比正常的少一节,具有再生不完整性。断足后,只要经1～2次蜕皮,均可再生。断掉一对足的腿节后,再生足出现大小不一的现象,小的一般发育不全,断足数量多容易出现再生足发育不全。再生足比正常足要小,但生长速度要快,断掉足的腿节或跗节后的再生足经过2次蜕皮后基本可恢复到正常足大小。     

The complete mitochondrial genome of the cockroach <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eupolyphaga sinensis</Emphasis> (Blattaria: Polyphagidae) and the phylogenetic relationships within the Dictyoptera

We present the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of Eupolyphaga sinensis. This closed circular molecule is 15553 bp long and consists of 37 genes that encode for 13 inner membrane proteins, 2 ribosomal RNAs and 22 transfer RNAs. The genome shares the gene order and orientation with previously known Blattaria mitochondrial genomes. All tRNAs could be folded into the typical cloverleaf secondary structure, but the tRNASer (AGN) appears to be missing the DHU arm. The A + T-rich region is 857 bp long and longer than other cockroaches. Based on the concatenated amino acid sequences of all protein coding genes of E. sinensis in conjunction with those 23 other arthropod sequences, we reconstruct the phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic analyses shows that Blataria (including Isoptera) and the Mantodea are sister groups. Furthermore the relationship of the three basal clades of winged insects are different from the three previous hypotheses ((Ephemeroptera + Odonata) +Neoptera, Ephemeroptera + (Odonata + Neoptera), Odonata + (Ephemeroptera +Neoptera)). The Ephemeroptera (Parafronurus youi) clusters with the Plecoptera (Pteronarcys princes).     

中华真地鳖雌虫产卵习性及其卵的发育

在室内饲养条件下,通过对不同月龄的中华真地鳖EupolyphagasinensisWalker雌成虫产卵量调查,并对卵块的质量品级和发育进度进行划分。结果表明1月龄至3月龄中华真地鳖的产卵能力较强;饱满、无破损、形状规则的卵块孵化较好;在卵的各发育阶段,卵块和卵粒的形态变化较明显,以此确立了卵发育的分级标准。     

地鳖虫纤溶活性蛋白cDNA序列克隆与毕赤酵母表达

依据已报道的地鳖虫成熟肽cDNA序列设计引物,通过RT-PCR法从地鳖虫(Eupolyphage sinensis Walker)中克隆得到675 bp地鳖虫纤溶活性蛋白 (fibrinolytic protein,EFP)成熟肽编码序列.将此片段克隆到表达载体pPICZα-A中,转化毕赤酵母GS115,甲醇诱导表达得到重组表达蛋白,经SDS-PAGE电泳和活性鉴定,表明重组EFP在毕赤酵母中均获得表达,重组表达蛋白相对分子质量为28.2 kD,表达产物分子质量与理论分子质量相符.重组蛋白在毕赤酵母中以分泌形式表达,具有纤溶活性.     

地鳖虫对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用

研究中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker免疫调节作用。经口给予小鼠1.89、3.78、7.56g/kg/d地鳖虫水煎萃取物,观察其对4周喂养小鼠免疫调节作用。地鳖虫水煎萃取物对小鼠廓清指数和吞噬指数明显增高;血清溶血素抗体滴度水平增加,小鼠脾细胞抗体生成有促进作用;中、高剂量组NO含量极显著高于空白对照组,碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活性只有高剂量组高于对照。试验结果表明地鳖虫对机体免疫有提高的作用,说明地鳖虫具有免疫调节功能,具有较高的资源开发利用价值。     

短时高温胁迫对中华地鳖蛋白质和氨基酸含量的影响

土鳖虫体内富含蛋白质和氨基酸,是一种重要的药用昆虫。高温对昆虫生命活动产生重要影响。为探明短时高温胁迫对土鳖虫体内蛋白质和氨基酸含量的影响,本试验以中华地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker 8龄雌若虫为研究对象,通过人工设置29℃、33℃、37℃为高温处理组,以25℃为对照,测定2 h短时高温胁迫对中华地鳖存活率以及体内蛋白质和氨基酸含量的影响。结果表明:29℃、33℃和37℃短时高温处理对中华地鳖存活率无影响,蛋白质含量分别为76.57%±3.29%、79.60%±0.92%、77.00%±0.71%,与对照(84.50%±1.57%)相比均明显下降;短时高温处理后,29℃处理组土鳖虫总氨基酸含量为206.97±7.42 mg/g,6种人体必需的游离氨基酸苏氨酸8.23±0.32 mg/g,甲硫氨酸3.98±0.49 mg/g,异亮氨酸8.27±0.35 mg/g,亮氨酸16.38±0.86 mg/g,苯丙氨酸8.34±0.40 mg/g,以及赖氨酸12.56±0.64 mg/g的含量较对照和33℃、37℃高温处理组均显著升高,表明29℃短时高温处理可显著提高中华地鳖体内人体必需游离氨基酸含量。本研究是国内外对高温胁迫下药用昆虫体内活性成分的首次报道,研究结果将为进一步明确高温对土鳖虫的药用价值的影响,以及为土鳖虫人工养殖条件提供理论依据。     

柑桔爆皮虫羽化孔的空间分布

通过调查柑桔爆皮虫成虫羽化孔的分布,经空间分布型检验和聚集度指标的测定以及Taylor幂法则和m*- m（Iwao）回归分析,结果表明,柑桔爆皮虫的羽化孔在柑桔树树体内和桔园内均呈聚集分布: 在枯树内呈负二项分布,在半枯树内呈负二项分布或奈曼A型分布,在桔园内呈负二项分布,在树体内和桔园内分布的基本成分均为为个体群,个体间相互吸引。树势较差的柑桔树容易受柑桔爆皮虫危害,在树势强的树体内不能完成世代发育。因此,柑桔爆皮虫采用多次聚集攻击的策略攻击寄主。在桔园内聚集危害部分寄主,在树体内聚集危害寄主主枝的中下部,主枝的死亡导致整株树势下降,下一代虫源进而再次攻击寄主,在树势下降的树体内柑桔爆皮虫完成世代发育并羽化出孔,成虫继续为害健康的柑桔树。     

基于TM影像的表层土壤有机碳空间格局

土壤有机碳是土壤肥力的核心指标之一,理解其空间分布格局对促进精准农业的发展和科学施肥具有重要意义.本研究旨在检验TM影像结合地面采样数据分析黑龙江省黑土分布区表层土壤有机碳空间分布格局的可行性.结果表明:1)表层土壤有机碳浓度与TM5波段呈显著正相关(r=0.553,P＜0.01),与TM4、TM5波段影像像素值之间满足二次多项式回归关系(R2=0.6791,P＜0.05);2)回归模型对表层土壤有机碳空间分布格局具有较好的预测效果(R2=0.7097,P＜0.05);3)海拔高于200 m的地区表层土壤有机碳浓度显著高于海拔低于200 m的地区(P＜0.05).     

Spatial distribution of nitrifying (ammonium-oxidizing) bacteria in soil

An experiment in which the effect of increasing periods of chloroform fumigation on nitrification in soil was determined indicated that the active nitrifying bacteria were located at sites in the soil which were readily accessible to diffusing gas. This suggestion was supported by the distribution of potential nitrifying activity in relation to soil pore size, which indicated that nitrifying bacteria were concentrated in soil pores in the size range 136–214 μm.     

浙西南常绿阔叶林凋落物空间分布及其对土壤养分的影响

凋落物作为养分的有效载体对于森林养分循环具有重要作用。近年来学者们对凋落物开展了大量研究,但森林内部凋落物的空间分布及其对土壤养分空间异质性的作用一直没有得到充分重视。利用位于浙江西南部的百山祖亚热带中山常绿阔叶林5 hm²森林动态监测样地中50个凋落物收集器2009-2017年收集到的凋落物产量数据和相关的地形和土壤养分数据,运用同步自相关回归分析地形和群落结构因素对凋落物及其组分产量的影响,利用多元线性混合效应模型研究了地形和年均凋落物输入量与土壤养分含量的关系。结果表明（1）地形因子中仅凸度与总凋落物以及叶凋落物产量呈显著正相关;（2）邻域内的大树和中树（胸径≥ 5 cm）的平均胸径显著提高总凋落物、叶凋落物和小枝及树皮凋落物产量,而邻域物种数显著提高总凋落物、叶凋落物和繁殖器官凋落物产量;（3）地形凸度与表层（深0-10 cm）土壤有机质含量显著正相关,但与近表层（深10-20 cm）土壤总氮、有效磷和速效钾含量显著负相关;（4）凋落物输入量显著提高表层（深0-10 cm）土壤的碱解氮和有机质含量。总体来看,百山祖常绿阔叶林凋落物产量的空间变异受到地形和森林群落结构因素的制约,并影响林内土壤养分的空间异质性。     

Spatial distribution of ant mounds and effects on soil physical properties in wetlands of the Sanjiang plain, China

Ants constitute a dominant element of soil mesofauna due to their biomass, abundance, richness of species and distribution within terrestrial ecosystems. They are important regulators of soil aggregate structure as they translocate large amounts of soil from the bottom to the soil surface. In doing so, they form biogenic structures (BS) made up of aggregates of different sizes and characteristics, i.e. ant mounds. These BS have varying characteristics according to the ant species and the soil where they carry their activities. Ants are considered soil engineers because of their effects on soil properties, availability of resource and flow of energy and nutrients in soil. Thus, it is important to gain information on their distribution and abundance. Relatively little is known about the spatial distribution of mounds and their role in the soil physical properties in wetlands of the Sanjiang plain, China. We conducted a survey of ant mounds and measured the density, height, and diameter and material composition of different ant mounds. The ecological characteristics of wetlands that ant mounds wide occurrence were also investigated, including soil type, hydrology characters and plant composition. Differences in soil particle composition, bulk density and soil moisture between ant mound and natural meadow were measured to assess the influences of ant mounds on soil physical properties. We also studied the effects of ant mounds on the microtopography of meadows. Ant mounds were found mainly in the transition zone between terrestrial and aquatic habitats, with wetland type, including Calamagrostis augustifolia wet meadow, C.augustifolia marsh meadow, shrubs marsh meadow and Carexmeyeriana–Carexappendiculata wetland, being a significant factor. Most of the mounds detected were inhabited by Lasius flavus Fabricius, Lasius niger Linnaeus and Formica sanguinea Latreille, which occupied 52.9%, 26.5% and 20.6% of the mounds surveyed, respectively. The density, height, diameter and mound composition were significantly different among the mounds of F. sanguinea Latreille, L. flavus Fabricius and L. niger Linnaeus. The average density and diameter of L. flavus mounds was significantly higher than those of other ant mounds. The average height of F. sanguinea mounds was highest among the mounds detected. Mound building activities changed soil particle size distribution, with the silt and clay content of mounds higher than for non-mound soil. Compared with adjacent, non-mound soil, the bulk density (0–30 cm) and water content (0–25 cm) of mound soil were significantly lower, but there were no significant differences between the mound soil of F. sanguinea Latreille and L. flavus Fabricius. The spatial distribution of ant mounds with different height and diameter also changed the micro-geomorphology of the soil surface, increasing the degree of fluctuation of the microtopography. The ant distribution characteristics and their ecological roles respond to a wide range of environmental alterations. The biogenic structures of ant and the specific environment associated with them have been defined as the “functional domain”, a sphere of influence that may significantly affect soil processes at certain spatial and temporal scales. Our results suggest that the distribution and structure of ant mounds can indicate wetland environmental changes, with mounds influencing ecosystem functions and enhancing wetland degradation.     

Spatial distribution of ant mounds and effects on soil physical properties in wetlands of the Sanjiang plain, China

Ants constitute a dominant element of soil mesofauna due to their biomass, abundance, richness of species and distribution within terrestrial ecosystems. They are important regulators of soil aggregate structure as they translocate large amounts of soil from the bottom to the soil surface. In doing so, they form biogenic structures (BS) made up of aggregates of different sizes and characteristics, i.e. ant mounds. These BS have varying characteristics according to the ant species and the soil where they carry their activities. Ants are considered soil engineers because of their effects on soil properties, availability of resource and flow of energy and nutrients in soil. Thus, it is important to gain information on their distribution and abundance. Relatively little is known about the spatial distribution of mounds and their role in the soil physical properties in wetlands of the Sanjiang plain, China. We conducted a survey of ant mounds and measured the density, height, and diameter and material composition of different ant mounds. The ecological characteristics of wetlands that ant mounds wide occurrence were also investigated, including soil type, hydrology characters and plant composition. Differences in soil particle composition, bulk density and soil moisture between ant mound and natural meadow were measured to assess the influences of ant mounds on soil physical properties. We also studied the effects of ant mounds on the microtopography of meadows. Ant mounds were found mainly in the transition zone between terrestrial and aquatic habitats, with wetland type, including Calamagrostis augustifolia wet meadow, C.augustifolia marsh meadow, shrubs marsh meadow and Carexmeyeriana–Carexappendiculata wetland, being a significant factor. Most of the mounds detected were inhabited by Lasius flavus Fabricius, Lasius niger Linnaeus and Formica sanguinea Latreille, which occupied 52.9%, 26.5% and 20.6% of the mounds surveyed, respectively. The density, height, diameter and mound composition were significantly different among the mounds of F. sanguinea Latreille, L. flavus Fabricius and L. niger Linnaeus. The average density and diameter of L. flavus mounds was significantly higher than those of other ant mounds. The average height of F. sanguinea mounds was highest among the mounds detected. Mound building activities changed soil particle size distribution, with the silt and clay content of mounds higher than for non-mound soil. Compared with adjacent, non-mound soil, the bulk density (0–30 cm) and water content (0–25 cm) of mound soil were significantly lower, but there were no significant differences between the mound soil of F. sanguinea Latreille and L. flavus Fabricius. The spatial distribution of ant mounds with different height and diameter also changed the micro-geomorphology of the soil surface, increasing the degree of fluctuation of the microtopography. The ant distribution characteristics and their ecological roles respond to a wide range of environmental alterations. The biogenic structures of ant and the specific environment associated with them have been defined as the “functional domain”, a sphere of influence that may significantly affect soil processes at certain spatial and temporal scales. Our results suggest that the distribution and structure of ant mounds can indicate wetland environmental changes, with mounds influencing ecosystem functions and enhancing wetland degradation.     

古尔班通古特沙漠土壤水分与化学性质的空间分布

区域尺度上,气象和水文状况是影响植被分布格局和土壤性状的主要因子,当然,局部的地貌特征及植被分布对土壤性质的影响也是不能忽视的。以古尔班通古特沙漠为研究对象,对其南缘至腹地约25 km的土壤水分与化学性质的空间分布及其相互关系进行研究,结果显示:水平方向上,从沙漠南缘至腹地,土壤水分在丘底呈减小趋势,尤其是距边缘10 km以外,且在距边缘6—7 km出现1个峰值。同时土壤pH值和电导率的大小以及有机碳,全氮,有效氮,全磷和有效磷含量与土壤水分的变化状况相似,在丘底呈减小趋势,而在丘坡和丘顶上均呈波动分布。这说明丘底土壤性质的空间格局受到气象和水文状况的显著影响,而丘坡和丘顶土壤性质并没有受到气象和水文状况的显著影响,这种波动分布主要由采样点的设置及植物的分布状况所引起。丘底土壤水分及化学性质均显著高于丘坡和丘顶,这说明地貌特征对土壤性质的空间分布有显著影响。垂直方向上,不同深度土层土壤性质也存在显著差异,土壤水分,pH值和电导率随着土层深度增加而增加,而土壤养分随土层深度增加而减小。相关分析结果表明:仅4、5月份的土壤含水量及年平均土壤含水量与丘底土壤化学性质显著正相关,这可能由于冬季积雪的融化导致了土壤水分在4、5月份的聚集比较明显,使土壤水分对土壤化学性质发挥作用。总之,土壤空间异质性是由气象和水文以及地貌特征共同影响的,而土壤空间异质性的变异进而影响到植被的分布,植被的分布反过来又影响土壤的空间分布,因此土壤的空间分布和植被的空间分布是相互影响,共同作用的。