四种基质表面上常规杀虫剂对四纹豆象的药效评价（英文）

在害虫治理中, 在消费或贮藏粮食加工产品的建筑设施或场所进行害虫防治需要将杀虫剂施用在各种基质表面上。为了测定不同基质表面上杀虫剂的药效, 将四纹豆象Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)成虫接触田间推荐剂量的阿维菌素、 溴氰菊酯和毒死蜱。结果表明： 施用在玻璃、 瓷砖、 塑料和纸盘表面上, 阿维菌素对四纹豆象成虫的致死率分别为63.33%, 22.41%, 12.9%和11.9%, 而溴氰菊酯在这4种基质表面上对四纹豆象成虫的致死率分别为 55%, 44.2%, 41.3%和 37.4%。在所有基质表面上接触毒死蜱, 四纹豆象成虫的死亡率均为100%。对数据进行的Probit 分析表明, 毒死蜱制剂在玻璃、 瓷砖、 塑料和纸盘上对四纹豆象成虫 的LC₅₀ 值分别为 8.66, 13.6, 29.16和 56.5 μg/mL, 阿维菌素制剂的相应数值分别为119.4, 446.2, 774.2 和 836.4 μg/mL, 溴氰菊酯制剂的相应数值分别为 1 008, 1 131, 1 210和 1 336 μg/mL。据此推断, 毒死蜱对四纹豆象的毒性最强, 且在玻璃、 瓷砖、 塑料和纸盘表面上的毒性依次降低。     

四纹豆象不同地理种群的遗传分化

【目的】通过对四纹豆象Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius不同地理种群mtDNA-Cytb和COⅠ基因部分序列进行比较, 分析其不同地理种群间的遗传分化情况, 为揭示其与生物入侵的关系及入侵过程中种群系统发育地理格局与演变机制提供依据。【方法】用PCR产物直接测序法对分别来自中国海南、喀麦隆、韩国和泰国的四纹豆象4个地理种群的mtDNA-Cytb和COⅠ序列进行测序, 运用软件MEGA3.1对四纹豆象不同地理种群mtDNA-Cytb和COⅠ序列进行序列分析, 以绿豆象C. chinensis为外群构建了不同单倍型的分子系统树。【结果】34条420 bp Cytb序列中共检测到14个多态位点和5种单倍型, 33条822 bp COⅠ序列中检测到28个多态位点和9种单倍型, 其中4种单倍型为独享单倍型, 其余为全部或部分种群的共享单倍型。AMOVA分析结果显示, 四纹豆象4个地理种群间的遗传结构差异并不明显, 遗传差异主要发生在地理种群内。对4个地理种群进行了Fst值和基因流动统计, 结果表明4个地理种群间既存在着一定数量的基因交流, 也存在一定程度的遗传分化。【结论】根据单倍型分布格局初步推测, 中国不可能是四纹豆象的原产地, 而喀麦隆有可能是原产地之一, 并且喀麦隆种群与泰国种群之间的基因交流比较充分, 而中国种群与其他种群之间的遗传分化相对较大。     

Biological activity of tree marigold, Tithonia diversifolia, on cowpea seed bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

The powder and ethanol extract of Tithonia diversifolia leaves were tested for their efficacy at five different concentrations (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) on bruchid mortality, oviposition and adult emergence of cowpea seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus at ambient tropical storage conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Results showed that the leaf extract had a higher bioactivity on oviposition, adult emergence and mortality of C. maculatus. The mean number of eggs laid on seeds treated with extract was reduced from 20.7 in the solvent-treated to 4.7 at 2%Tithonia extract concentration while adult emergence reduced from a mean of 92.2 in the solvent-treated seeds to 72.2 at 2.0% extract treatment. Mortality was 100% at higher concentrations of 3%, 4% and 5% within 24 h of extract application but at lower concentrations mortality was 73.3% and 93.3% at 1% and 2%, respectively after 24 h. Fourty-eight hours after application, 100% mortality of adult C. maculatus was obtained at all concentrations. The mean number of eggs laid was reduced from 41.3 in the untreated to 17.3 at 2.0% powder concentration while adult emergence dropped from 98.5% in the control to 74.2% at the highest powder concentration. The powder was effective at higher concentrations and longer exposure time. At 3%, 4% and 5%, 63–75% mortalities occurred within 24 h of application while at 48 h, mortality was 76–98% at 3–5% powder application rates. The results of this study revealed T. diversifolia as a potential candidate for bioinsecticide preparations because of antiovipositional, ovicidal and knockdown properties of its products, which have some volatile components.     

Comparative seed resistance in eighty cowpea accessions to the seed bruchid,Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Eighty cowpea accessions comprising both improved and local were assessed for their resistance to Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) attack under laboratory conditions (29 ± 3?°C and 65 ± 5% R.H.). Sixty-nine accessions were derived from the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture breeding programmes, four were local cultivars, while seven were improved cultivars from national research institutes. Results showed that there were significant differences among the accessions in terms of number of initial bruchid eggs laid on them, adult emergence, number of seeds damaged and bruchid-induced seed weight loss at three months after artificial infestation with C. maculatus. On IT04K-334-2, IT04K-343-1, IT06K-141, IT99K-216-48-1, IT99K-494-6 and IT99K-529-2, fewer initial eggs were laid and no adult emergence, seed damage or weight loss and were considered highly resistant to C. maculatus. On the other hand, IT03K-337, IT04K-217-51, IT04K-332-1, IT04K-339-1, IT06K-188-49, IT81D-1137, IT845-2231-15, IT93K-452-1, IT04K-154-1, IT96K-610, IT97K-1069-6, IT97K-390-2, Ife Bpc, IT99K-573-2-1, Ife Modupe, IT845-2246, Drum, Ife Brown and Oloyin were the most susceptible with the highest damage indices values (p?<?0.05). The range of each of the resistance indices measured in the susceptible varieties was: number of initial eggs laid (61–100), adult emergence (40.0–62.10%), number of seeds damaged (53.0–85.5) and seed weight loss (58.0–66.25%).     

在玻璃表面上短时接触硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象的致死效应和亚致死效应（英文）

四纹豆象Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)是伊朗豇豆种子上的主要贮藏害虫。控制这一害虫时, 用生物杀虫剂比用常规杀虫剂更为合适。本研究评价了室内条件下在玻璃表面上硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象成虫的致死效应和亚致死效应。结果表明： 硅藻土处理24 h和48 h后, 对四纹豆象成虫的LC50 值分别为 1.47和0.2 g/m²; 多杀菌素处理24 h和48 h后, 对四纹豆象成虫的LC50 值分别为102.9 和68.8 mg ai/L, 说明两种化合物都对四纹豆象成虫具有较高的急性毒性。通过检测生物学参数, 研究了LC₂₀浓度的硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象的亚致死效应。LC₂₀浓度的硅藻土和多杀菌素使四纹豆象成虫的繁殖力分别比对照降低了71.5%和17.2%, 卵孵化率降低了57.5%和27.8%, 成虫寿命缩短了74.7%和17.1%。接触LC₂₀浓度的硅藻土和多杀菌素使这一害虫的蛹期分别比对照延长了4.8%和2.3%。亚致死效应研究表明, 硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象的生命参数均产生了负面影响。总之, 致死效应和亚致死效应综合显示, 硅藻土在防治四纹豆象上具有较大的潜力。     

Insecticidal activity of Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) seed oil against cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus F.) in stored cowpea

In this study, the insecticidal effect of Poppy (Papaver somniferum) seed oil was investigated against Callosobruchus maculatus (Bruchidae) in cowpea, at different concentrations and exposure time. The Poppy seed oil at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10?ml/kg was tested against adults of C. maculatus, and the mortality was counted after 24, 48 and 72?h of exposure. All tests were conducted at 27–30?°C and 65?±?5% r.h. The experiments were carried out based on the factorial experiment by randomized complete design with four replications. Twenty-five insects with 0–24?h old were used for each replication. The effect of Poppy seed oil on the reduction of emergence of insects in next generation (F₁) was also assayed. The results of experiments indicate the significant differences between concentrations and exposure time (p?<?0.0001), and the increase of concentrations and exposure time increased mortality. The amount of mortality at high concentrations was remarkable, and highest mortality rate (96.91%) was recorded at 10?ml/kg, after 72?h of exposure. The application of oil significantly reduced F₁ progeny production and even at lowest concentration (2?ml/kg), the amount of F₁ production was reduced more than 70%, compared with control treatment. Complete (100%) reduction in progeny production was recorded at the rates of 8 and 10?ml/kg. The results of seed germination assay showed no significant differences between control and treated seed, and no harmful effect was observed on the seed germination. These results proved that Poppy seed oil can be used as a controlling agent of storage pests, especially C. maculatus, although more detailed studies are necessary.     

Consequences of inbreeding for the cowpea seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)(Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Inbreeding is said to reduce vigour and fitness. It may also determine how a population responds to selection. Local populations of Callosobruchus maculatus , the cowpea seed beetle, are established annually from small numbers of founders and the species has been distributed to many parts of the world where isolated populations may have been founded by very small numbers of individuals. After more than 20 generations of inbreeding, inbred lines have been shown to diverge from a common ancestral stock in similar directions with respect of some variables such as developmental speed, but haphazardly in respect of other parameters such as male weight. The respective roles of drift and of selection as effective evolutionary forces in inbred lines are discussed in the light of these results. It is argued that some intraspecific differences in C. maculatus may be explained as a product of periodic inbreeding, but that the process does not impair the ability to adapt to local conditions so contributing to the status of the species as a pest of international importance.     

Toxic and deterrent effects of two volatile oils against cowpea weevil,Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

The fumigant effect of Mentha piperita and Ocimum basilicum oils and their mixture against adults and eggs of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) was evaluated. Bioassay experiments showed that Ocimum basilicum oil was significantly effective against adult and egg stage which was the least effective. However, in the fumigant toxicity experiments against adult stage, Ocimum basilicum oil at a dose of 1.0 μl/38.5 ml air caused 100% mortality (LC₅₀ = 1.88), the mixture of both oils at a dose of 6.0 μl/38.5 ml air caused 100% mortality (LC₅₀ = 10.3) and Mentha piperita oil at a dose of 80.0 μl/38.5 ml air caused 80.0% mortality (LC₅₀ = 41.224) during a one day exposure period. Regarding the oviposition deterrent activity, Ocimum basilicum oil achieved 100% oviposition deterrent (at a dose of 0.5 μl/38.5 ml air) followed by the mixture of Mentha piperita and Ocimum basilicum oils, which achieved 71.22% oviposition deterrent (at a dose of 1.0 μl/38.5 ml air) and Mentha piperita oil, which achieved 39.6% oviposition deterrent (at a dose of 5.0 μl/38.5 ml air). The essential oils and their mixtures studied here determined a significant decrease in the number of eggs hatched and in the emergence of adults. The eggs failed to hatch on using Ocimum basilicum oil at a dose of 0.6 μl/38.5 ml air. However, the number of eggs hatched decreased to 7.4 on using a mixture of oils at a dose of 2.0 μl/38.5 ml air and 14.0 with Mentha piperita oil at a dose of 80.0 μl/38.5 ml air compared with 25.0 eggs hatched in the control experiments. On the other hand, the percentage reduction in emerging adults were 100% for Ocimum basilicum oil, 90.9% for a mixture of the two oils and 72.7% for Mentha piperita oil. Results showed that Ocimum basilicum oil and Ocimum basilicum oils plus Mentha piperita oils in blend are potential alternatives to synthetic fumigants in the treatment of durable agricultural products. Successful adoption of plant oils in the protection of food commodities promises an eco-friendly option compatible with international biosafety regulations.     

Protectability of nine Nigerian medicinal plants against cowpea beetle,Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Bruchiidae) in storage

A study was conducted to examine the protectability of nine Nigerian medicinal plants against Callosobruchus maculatus at an ambient temperature of 28?±?2?°C and relative humidity of 70?±?5%. The nine plants used were dried and milled into fine powder before application. Among the nine plant powders used, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides effected highest mortality rate of 73.40 and 100% at 5% (wt/wt) concentration within two and three days of application, respectively. The effect of this plant at this level of concentration was significantly (p?<?0.05) different from other plants. However, all the plant powders effected high mortality rate as they all achieved more than 50% beetle mortality within four days of application at 20% (wt/wt) concentration. Only the powder of Z. zanthoxyloides at 10% (wt/wt) concentration was able to achieve 0% adult emergence, 0% seed damage and 100% damage reduction. Moreover, powder of Z. zanthoxyloides, Aristolochia ringens and Colocasia esculenta at 20% (wt/wt) was also able to prevent the emergence of adult C. maculatus, prevent seed damage and achieve 100% damage reduction. All the powders had low weevil perforation index when compared to the control which had above 50% weevil perforation index. At all levels of concentration, the effect of the powders was significantly (p?<?0.05) different from the control. However, Z. xanthoxyloides appeared to be the most effective; therefore, the effective utilisation of Z. xanthoxyloides as a botanical pesticide could minimise the use of hazardous chemicals in stored product pest control since it is of a botanical source.     

昆虫病原真菌与硅藻土混用对四纹豆象的毒力效果(英文)

在室内条件下检测了白僵菌Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin 菌株IRAN-187C 和金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikow) Sorokin菌株A-396分别与硅藻土（DE）制剂InsectoSec混用对四纹豆象Callosobruchus maculatus成虫的毒力效果。结果表明：硅藻土与致死剂量和亚致死剂量的真菌分离物混用导致了四纹豆象成虫的高死亡率,且这些处理均缩短了真菌的致死中时(LT₅₀)。LC₅₀ 的白僵菌B. bassiana菌株IRAN-187C和 LC₅₀ 的DE混用对四纹豆象的LT₅₀ (122.2 h)最低,在95%置信限上与LC50 的金龟子绿僵菌M. anisopliae菌株A-396 与LC₅₀的DE混用得到的LT₅₀ (128.2 h) 相当,说明两种真菌分离物与DE混用对四纹豆象成虫都具有较好的毒力效果。用四纹豆象成虫检测3个温度（22, 27和30℃）和2个相对湿度（40%和55%）组合对DE活性的影响,结果显示30℃和40%相对湿度条件下得到的LT₅₀ (110.11 h)最低,说明高温低湿条件下DE活性较高。     

三种植物粉剂对四纹豆象(鞘翅目:豆象科)行为、死亡率和繁殖的影响

The effects of powders from dry flower buds of Eugenia aromatica Baill., seeds of Piper guineense Schum and Thonn and fruits of Capsicum frutescens L. on adult behaviour, mortality and reproductive fitness of the cowpea seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus （Fab.） were investigated under ambient laboratory conditions. All experiments were carried out in glass Petri plates. All powders elicited aversion in adult beetles. The contact toxicity symptoms included restlessness, loss of coordination, knock down and eventual death of adult beetles. These behaviours were more pronounced with E. aromatica in which adult beetles died within 16 hours. P. guineense and C. frutescens powders did not cause 100% mortality of adult beetles, even after 24 hours. Each of the three powders significantly （P 〈 0.05） reduced the mating competition of adult males after sub-lethal exposure for one, two, and three hours, respectively. E. aromatica powder caused more reduction in male mating competition for females than any of the other two powders after each period of exposure. Receptiveness of treated females to courting males was also decreased by exposure to any of the three powders. Similarly, E. aromatica powder caused greater decreases in female receptiveness to males than any of the other two powders after each period of exposure. Exposure of either adult male or female C. maculatus to the powders for sub-lethal times of three, six and nine hours significantly reduced the fecundity of the beetles. E. aromatica powder caused the most reduction of eggs laid and also significantly reduced fertility of the eggs.     

Oviposition deterrents of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Abstract Many bruchids distribute their eggs uniformly among the host seeds available to them and tend to avoid adding eggs to seeds bearing any eggs if pristine seeds remain. Several authors have postulated that the adult cowpea seed beetles, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), produce pheromones inhibiting oviposition by females exposed to them. It is shown that both sexes produce compounds which can be washed from glass surfaces in a variety of organic solvents which do not deter oviposition as such, but seeds coated with such washings are avoided by ovipositing females when they are selecting seeds for egg-laying and uncoated seeds are available. Some components, at least, of the products persist for at least 30 days, longer than the normal development time of insects in the seeds. The compounds affect the distribution of eggs among the available seeds. At least three different biotypes of the species produce, recognize, and respond in the same way to each other's products. It is emphasized that the eggs themselves may not be the site of the product produced by females but that the physical presence of eggs cannot be overlooked in any discussion of the possible role of pheromones in oviposition and egg distribution by bruchids.     

Insecticidal and biological efficacy of two vegetable oils against Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) under laboratory conditions

Bioefficacy of two vegetable oils, namely ethyl oleate and Acorus calamus, were conducted against the pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr.) under a constant temperature of 29 ± 1 °C and a relative humidity of 65 ± 5% R.H. Four concentrations (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0%) of each oil were used against the adult and tested their latent effect on the immature stages of the beetle. The results obtained show insecticidal effect of both ethyl oleate and A. calamus oil; however, A. calamus oil proved to be more toxic to the adults at all the concentrations tested in comparison to the ethyl oleate oil. As the concentration of the oils decreased, the percentage mortality decreased. The obtained results concentrated on biological efficacy of the oils tested against the adults. Both oils affected the longevities of both male and female C. maculatus adults in comparison to the control. The oviposition periods of the adult female were affected significantly in comparison to the control. A. calamus oil prohibited oviposition completely at high concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0% and caused complete sterility to the females. Lower concentrations decreased the oviposition period greatly and reduced the number of eggs laid in comparison to the control. Ethyl oleate had an inconsiderable latent effect on the incubation period as well as the percentage of hatching of the resulting eggs. A. calamus oil decreased the percentage of egg hatchability with serious increase in the percent sterility. The two tested oils had slight extension in either larval or pupal stage of the resulting progeny of C. maculatus. Both oils show oviposition deterrency towards C. maculatus adults. The oviposition deterrent index was 100% when mung bean seeds were treated with A. calamus oil. The bruchid females laid all eggs on control seeds and no eggs were laid on treated seeds.     

Use of commercial freezers to control cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), in organic garbanzo beans

One California processor of organic garbanzo beans (Cicer arietinum L.), unable to use chemical fumigants, relies on 30-d storage at -18 degrees C to disinfest product of the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F). To determine whether the storage period may be shortened, the most cold-tolerant life stage of the cowpea weevil was identified. Laboratory studies showed that the egg stage was most tolerant to -18 degrees C and that adults were most susceptible. To examine the efficacy of cold storage disinfestation, bags of black-eyed peas, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., infested with cowpea weevil eggs were buried within garbanzo bean bins placed in a commercial cold storage facility kept at approximately -18 degrees C and removed after 7, 14, and 21 d. Survival was highest in eggs located at the center of the bins and coincided with the slowest cooling rate. Although temperatures within the bins did not reach -18 degrees C until after 14-19 d, egg mortality was estimated to be >98% after just 7 d of exposure. Complete mortality of eggs occurred after 14 d of cold storage. A 2-wk treatment regimen may be sufficient for control of cowpea weevil in organic legumes.     

Fumigant toxicity of essential oil from Tanacetum balsamita L. (Compositae) against adults and eggs of Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

The essential oil of Tanacetum balsamita L. was tested against Callosobruchus maculatus F. at the rates of 5.12, 7.23, 10.19, 14.36 and 20.24?μl/l?air for adults and 5.3, 8.5, 10.8, 13.7 and 17.4?μl/l?air for eggs. All experiments were conducted at 27?±?1?°C and 65?±?5% relative humidity. Mortality was counted after 24, 48 and 72?h of exposure and all adults (dead and alive) were taken out of the vials and the vials were left at the same conditions for further 35?days to assess progeny production. For mortality of eggs, unhatched eggs were counted after 7?days. The adults treated with oil were more susceptible than eggs. At highest dose (20.24?μl/l?air) mortality of adults after 72?h, received 75.2%, but this amount for egg at 17.4?μl/l?air after 72?h was 49.06%. The lowest LC₅₀ value on 72?h was observed in adults (1.96?μl/l?air). Also, the lowest LC₉₅ value on 72?h was observed in adults (42.86?μl/l?air). The percentage of reduced progeny on 72?h was 50.92% at 20.24?μl/l?air. Our results suggest that T. balsamita can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides but higher dose may be needed.     

Response of cowpea bruchid,Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to cheese wood,Alstonia boonei De Wild stem bark oil extracted with different solvents

Cheese wood, Alstonia boonei De Wild stem bark was extracted with five different solvents namely: methanol, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether and n-hexane. The extracts were tested for insecticidal activity on cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.). Adult mortality and adult emergence of the insects were investigated. Oviposition deterrences using dual-choice and multiple-choice tests were also investigated as well as percentage damage and weight loss at temperature of 28?±?2?°C and 75?±?5% relative humidity. Results showed that at the rate of 2% extract per 20?g of cowpea seeds, methanol, petroleum ether and n-hexane extracts caused 100% mortality of adult cowpea bruchid after four?days of post treatment. When the bruchid had choice of oviposition substrate, they laid significantly (p?<?0.05) fewer eggs on cowpea seeds treated with extracts compared to untreated seeds. There was no adult emergence in seeds treated with methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether and n-hexane extracts and 100% reduction in F₁ progeny was recorded compared with untreated that had 81.86% adults emergence and 0% reduction in F₁ progeny. The results obtained from this study revealed that methanol, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether and n-hexane extracts of A. boonei stem bark were effective in controlling C. maculatus and could serve as an alternative to synthetic insecticides for the protection of stored cowpeas against bruchids.     

Adaptive plasticity of egg size in response to competition in the cowpea weevil,Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Life history theory predicts that larger propagules should be produced when the offspring are expected to experience intense competition. This study tested whether female cowpea weevils responded to high larval or adult density by producing larger eggs. In a splitbrood design I measured the effect of density experienced by females at their larval stage (1 vs. 4–6 larvae/cowpea) on the size of eggs produced just after emergence. The females were then kept either at low adult density (1 female+1 male per vial), or at high adult density (10 females+10 males) for 2 days, and tested for the effect of this adult density treatment on the size of eggs laid subsequently. I measured egg length and width, as well as the diameter of the entrance tunnel made by the larva, which can be regarded as a crude measure of larval size. Females that experienced high adult density subsequently laid slightly wider eggs than those kept at low density. This difference, albeit small (about 1–4% after correction for female weight and the effect of family, depending on the statistical model used), was statistically significant and robust to alterations of the statistical model. It may be a remnant of a larger plastic response of egg size to competition that has become eroded during many generations in high-density laboratory cultures. There was no difference in egg length or the diameter of the entrance tunnel. Eggs laid just after emergence by females reared at high larval density also tended to be wider than those produced by females that had no competitors. This effect was only marginally significant, however, and sensitive to the statistical model. Both egg length and width and the diameter of the entrance tunnel increased with female weight and decreased with female age. The tunnel diameter was positively correlated with both egg length and width, but the effect of width was larger.     

Laboratory evaluation of the toxic properties of forest anchomanes, Anchomanes difformis against pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus （Coleoptera： Bruchidae）

Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the efficacy of crude stem extracts of forest anchomanes, Anchomanes difformis （P. Beauv.） a plant occurring in West African forests, against the pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculattts （Fabricius）. Crude stem extracts at 3% concentration showed high contact toxicity to adult beetles within 24 h after application, while it was moderately toxic to the beetles at the lowest （1%） concentration. At the highest application rate, the plant extract provided good protection to grains stored for 90 days. Grain viability and water absorption capacity were not affected by treatments with ethanol extracts ofA. difformis. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to biopesticide-means of controlling cowpea bruchids.     

Evolution of clutch size in insects. II. A test of static optimality models using the beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Wilson and Lessells (1993) analysed the effect of constraint assumptions on the predictions of static optimality models for insect clutch size. They concluded that the models could be reliably distinguished between (and hence the main constraints identified) only after precise quantitative predictions had been examined. The present paper describes a series of laboratory experiments, using the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, that allow these quantitative predictions to be made and tested. Experiments in which female encounter rate with hosts was altered gave qualitative support for 3 out of 6 basic (single oviposition) models, but the quantitative fit of them all was poor. However, when the (a priori) condition was included in these models that several other females would oviposit on the same hosts (the multiple oviposition models), the time limiting multiple oviposition model alone produced quantitative predictions that were supported by observations. In other words, the results suggest that the main constraints on bruchid oviposition behaviour are the amount of time available for laying eggs and the number of other females ovipositing. However, additional qualitative predictions indicate that the number of eggs available to the female may also constrain clutch size evolutionarily. The usefulness of static optimality models for examining clutch size decisions in insects is discussed in the context of these results.