美花石斛菌根真菌接菌方式与接种效应初步研究

自然条件下,兰科菌根真菌的共生对于兰科植物种子萌芽和植株生长是必不可少的。为探讨有益共生真菌对兰科植物生长的促进作用,特别是在实验室环境下接菌方式的改变与接种效应直接的联系,本研究从野生美花石斛(Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe.)新鲜营养根中分离、筛选出3种菌根真菌（M1、M2和M3）,采用单一接菌和混合接菌的接种方式,分析3个菌株及其不同接种方式对美花石斛生长的影响。研究得到优势菌株M1和M3,并证实混合接菌对美花石斛的生物量增长具有较好的正效应,两两混合接种方式M1-M2、M2-M3及3个混合接种方式M1-M2-M3均能较好的促进美花石斛生物量的积累。充分发挥混合接菌对兰科植物生长发育所产生的效能,提高生产效率,具有较强的现实意义。     

柴胡内生真菌鉴定与抑菌活性筛选

从野生柴胡中分离内生真菌,旨在寻找具广谱抗菌活性的内生真菌。对采自四川省甘孜藏族自治州的一株健康野生柴胡中的内生真菌进行分离,以枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)为指示菌,对分离到的内生真菌分别利用琼脂块法和双层平板法法进行抑菌活性的初筛和复筛。从其根、茎、叶中共分离出27株内生真菌,经分类鉴定,隶属于9个属,其中青霉属(Penicillium)和曲霉属(Aspergillus)为优势属。26株内生真菌对两种或3种指示菌均具有一定的抑菌活性,占分离菌株总数的96.30%,其中5株(CHG-01、CHG-04、GHJ-10、CHY-01和CHY-03)对3种指示菌均有较强抑菌活性。柴胡内生真菌的次级代谢产物中存在着天然抑菌活性物质,可为寻找新型抗菌物质提供资源。     

正交试验优选环草石斛(D.loddigesii Rolfe.)组培苗壮苗生产工艺

采取正交试验设计对环草石斛(Dendrobium loddigesiiRolfe.)组培苗壮苗进行了优化生产工艺研究,以培养基(A)、添加物马铃薯汁液(B)、激素NAA(C)和pH值(D)为因素,以环草石斛组培苗的株高(cm)、茎粗(cm)、叶片数、叶面积(cm2)、根数、根长(cm)、丛生芽数、单株鲜重(g)等各个性状的增加值为考察指标,优选环草石斛组培苗壮苗的生产工艺。其中自己设计了一种改良培养基(WM),结果显示,改良培养基、添加物马铃薯汁液、激素NAA和pH值均对环草石斛组培苗壮苗产生显著影响,其影响程度为培养基>pH>马铃薯汁液>NAA。由此正交试验筛选出环草石斛组培苗壮苗较优生产工艺为A3B3C3D2,即培养基WM,添加马铃薯汁液200 g/L,NAA2 mg/L,pH值5.6。优选出的壮苗工艺经济,简便,苗壮根多且长,适宜工厂化生产。     

Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity of Culturable Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Moso Bamboo Seeds

Bamboos, regarded as therapeutic agents in ethnomedicine, have been used to inhibit inflammation and enhance natural immunity for a long time in Asia, and there are many bamboo associated fungi with medical and edible value. In the present study, a total of 350 fungal strains were isolated from the uncommon moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) seeds for the first time. The molecular diversity of these endophytic fungi was investigated and bioactive compound producers were screened for the first time. All the fungal endophytes were categorized into 69 morphotypes according to culturable characteristics and their internal transcriber spacer (ITS) regions were analyzed by BLAST search with the NCBI database. The fungal isolates showed high diversity and were divided in Ascomycota (98.0%) and Basidiomycota (2.0%), including at least 19 genera in nine orders. Four particular genera were considered to be newly recorded bambusicolous fungi, including Leptosphaerulina, Simplicillium, Sebacina and an unknown genus in Basidiomycetes. Furthermore, inhibitory effects against clinical pathogens and phytopathogens were screened preliminarily and strains B09 (Cladosporium sp.), B34 (Curvularia sp.), B35 (undefined genus 1), B38 (Penicillium sp.) and zzz816 (Shiraia sp.) displayed broad-spectrum activity against clinical bacteria and yeasts by the agar diffusion method. The crude extracts of isolates B09, B34, B35, B38 and zzz816 under submerged fermentation, also demonstrated various levels of bioactivities against bambusicolous pathogenic fungi. This study is the first report on the antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi associated with moso bamboo seeds, and the results show that they could be exploited as a potential source of bioactive compounds and plant defense activators. In addition, it is the first time that strains of Shiraia sp. have been isolated and cultured from moso bamboo seeds, and one of them (zzz816) could produce hypocrellin A at high yield, which is significantly different from the other strains published.     

Diversity and Taxonomy of Endophytic Xylariaceous Fungi from Medicinal Plants of Dendrobium (Orchidaceae)

Dendrobium spp. are traditional Chinese medicinal plants, and the main effective ingredients (polysaccharides and alkaloids) have pharmacologic effects on gastritis infection, cancer, and anti-aging. Previously, we confirmed endophytic xylariaceous fungi as the dominant fungi in several Dendrobium species of tropical regions from China. In the present study, the diversity, taxonomy, and distribution of culturable endophytic xylariaceous fungi associated with seven medicinal species of Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) were investigated. Among the 961 endophytes newly isolated, 217 xylariaceous fungi (morphotaxa) were identified using morphological and molecular methods. The phylogenetic tree constructed using nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit of ribosomal DNA (LSU), and beta-tubulin sequences divided these anamorphic xylariaceous isolates into at least 18 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The diversity of the endophytic xylariaceous fungi in these seven Dendrobium species was estimated using Shannon and evenness indices, with the results indicating that the dominant Xylariaceae taxa in each Dendrobium species were greatly different, though common xylariaceous fungi were found in several Dendrobium species. These findings implied that different host plants in the same habitats exhibit a preference and selectivity for their fungal partners. Using culture-dependent approaches, these xylariaceous isolates may be important sources for the future screening of new natural products and drug discovery.     

人参内生菌的多样性及其次生代谢产物

人参是传统的名贵中药材,在医学上有很高的药用价值,同时也是宝贵的自然资源。内生菌广泛存在于健康植物组织内部,是植物微生态系统的重要组成部分,某些内生菌甚至能够产生同原植物相同或相似的活性物质。本文综述了从人参中分离得到内生菌的物种多样性,着重介绍从其内生真菌中发现并得到的次生代谢产物的丰富性并阐述了其在医药及生产生活中的应用前景。     

红树林内生真菌多样性及其应用潜能

红树林是分布于热带和亚热带潮间带的湿地林,为多样化的生物群落提供了必要的栖息之所。内生真菌是指一类生活于健康宿主体内,而不引起宿主组织发生任何病变的真菌,它们不仅在维护整个生态系统的平衡中起着重要作用,而且还具有多样化的应用潜能。文中在总结了红树林内生真菌多样性的基础上,对红树林内生真菌在工业、农业和医药业上的应用潜能进行了探讨,旨在为后续红树林内生真菌的研究提供一定的参考依据。     

广东石斛的组织培养

1植物名称广东石斛(Dendrobium wilsonii Rolfe). 2材料类别幼芽.     

粉花石斛的组织培养和植株再生

1植物名称粉花石斛(Dendrobium loddigesii),又名美花石斛、小环草、小黄草. 2材料类别茎段侧芽. 3培养条件以MS和1/2MS为基本培养基.诱导培养基附加:(1)6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1(单位下同) NAA 0.4;(2)6-BA 2.0 NAA 0.4;(3)6-BA 1.0 NAA 0.1;(4)6-BA 0.8 NAA0.1;(5)NAA 0.6.除(5)号培养基为1/2MS外,其余的均为MS培养基.上述培养基均附加3%蔗糖、0.8%琼脂,pH 5.8.培养温度为(22±2)℃,光照12 h·d-1,光照度1 500～2 0001x.     

骆驼蓬内生真菌抑菌活性的研究

以金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、鼠伤沙门氏菌及大肠杆菌F为测试菌种,对从骆驼蓬(Peganum harmala L.)叶中分离出的14株内生真菌及其次生代谢产物进行了抗菌活性筛选。结果表明:8个菌株及10个菌株的代谢产物均至少对1种试验细菌具有抑菌活性,其中1株内生真菌及其次生代谢产物对测试病原细菌具有较强的抑菌作用。     

西洋参内生真菌抑菌活性的初步研究

以金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡状芽胞杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌、大肠杆菌、鼠伤沙门氏菌及肠炎沙门氏菌为测试菌种,对从西洋参(Panax quinquefolium L.)的茎和叶中分离得到的36株内生真菌进行抑菌活性试验,并测定活性菌株的代谢产物和不同极性物质对测试病菌的抑菌活性。试验筛选出2株具有明显抑菌活性的内生真菌,它们的代谢产物和不同极性物质对金黄色葡萄球菌和蜡状芽胞杆菌的抑菌效果最佳,其中胞外多糖和正丁醇提取物的抑菌效果较好。     

植物内生真菌抗菌活性物质的研究进展

植物内生真菌是一种新的微生物资源,具有潜在的应用前景,能产生生物碱类、肽类、甾体类、萜类、酚类、醌类、脂肪族类、异香豆素类等多种类型的抗菌活性物质.本文简要综述了植物内生真菌的抗菌活性物质的研究方法、提取物的抗菌活性、抗菌活性成分等方面的研究进展.     

Effect of Plant Age on Endophytic Bacterial Diversity of Balloon Flower (Platycodon grandiflorum) Root and Their Antimicrobial Activities

Balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum) is widely cultivated vegetable and used as a remedy for asthma in East Asia. Experiments were conducted to isolate endophytic bacteria from 1-, 3-, and 6-year-old balloon flower roots and to analyze the enzymatic, antifungal, and anti-human pathogenic activities of the potential endophytic biocontrol agents obtained. Total 120 bacterial colonies were isolated from the interior of all balloon flower roots samples. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the population of ‘low G + C gram-positive bacteria’ (LGCGPB) gradually increased 60.0–80.0% from 1 to 6 years balloon flower sample. On the other hand, maximum hydrolytic enzyme activity showing endophytic bacteria was under LGCGPB, among the bacterial strains, Bacillus sp. (BF1-1 and BF3-8), Bacillus sp. (BF1-2 and BF3-5), and Bacillus sp. (BF1-3, BF3-6, and BF6-4) showed maximum enzyme activities. Besides, Bacillus licheniformis (BF3-5 and BF6-6) and Bacillus pumilus (BF6-1) showed maximum antifungal activity against Phytophthora capsici, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Pythium ultimum. Moreover, Bacillus licheniformis was found in 3 and 6 years balloon flower roots, but Bacillus pumilus was found only in 6 years sample. It is presumed that older balloon flower plants invite more potential antifungal endophytes for there protection from plant diseases. In addition, Bacillus sp. (BF1-2 and BF3-5) showed maximum anti-human pathogenic activity. So, plant age is presumed to influence diversity of balloon flower endophytic bacteria.     

赤松枯梢病叶内生真菌多样性研究

在微生物层面研究枯梢病与植物针叶内生微生物的互作关系,分析内生真菌的多样性差异,为松枯梢病的防控提供基础数据。利用高通量测序技术测定赤松(Pinus densiflora)不同染病程度的针叶内生真菌的多样性。结果显示,随着病害的加重,P. densiflora针叶内生真菌丰富度呈现出上升的趋势,多样性指数表现为先下降后上升的趋势。无病斑针叶内生真菌中,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)与担子菌门(Basidiomycota)相对丰度最高,优势属为Lapidomyces和Selenophoma,病害导致优势菌相对丰度的降低。通过对不同染病情况的P. densiflora针叶内生真菌的测定,明确了枯梢病不同发病程度的P. densiflora针叶内生真菌的多样性及群落结构组成。     

美花石斛化学成分及其护肤活性研究

本文研究美花石斛(Dendrobium loddigesii)的化学成分及其护肤活性。采用色谱法从美花石斛粗提物中分离得到12个化合物,利用波谱学方法分别鉴定为拖鞋状石斛素(1)、2,4,7-三羟基-9,10-二氢菲(2)、3,6,9-三羟基-3,4-二氢蒽-1(2H)-酮(3)、3,5′-二甲氧基-3′,4,9′-三羟基-7′,9-环氧-8,8′-木酚素(4)、5-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯乙基)-2-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)苯并二氢呋喃-3,7-二醇(5)、5-(4′′-羟基-3′′-甲氧基苯乙基)-2-(4′-羟基-5′-甲氧基苯基)-7-甲氧基苯并二氢吡喃-3-醇(6)、丁香脂素(7)、异香草醛(8)、松柏醛(9)、2-甲氧基-5-羟甲基苯酚(10)、二氢松柏醇(11)、4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯乙醇(12)。其中化合物3～5、7～12为首次从美花石斛中分离得到;化合物1、2、6(100μg/mL)有一定的自由基清除活性(>80%);化合物2(10μg/mL)有一定促胶原蛋白分泌活性(>20%)。结果显示从美花石斛的茎中分离得到了12个化合物,3个表现出良好的护肤活性。     

Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity of Endophytic Actinomycetes Isolated from Plant Roots in Thailand

Microbiology - In this study, 37 endophytic actinomycetes were isolated from roots of 14 plant species obtained in Thailand, where biological diversity is known to be high. The isolates were...     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in Chinese herb of Dendrobium loddigesii

As an invaluable herb, Dendrobium loddigesii is widely used in Chinese medicinal field. In order to develop a convenient and efficient identification method and investigate the genetic diversity and structure of this species, twelve microsatellite loci were isolated from two microsatellite-enriched libraries. Twenty-six individuals from Baise population were analysed. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.174 to 0.617 and from 0.182 to 0.608, respectively. These microsatellite loci characterized from D. loddigesii will contribute to research on the individual authentication, population structure, genetic diversity and conservation of this species and its similar species.     

元江印楝植物内生真菌及其抗菌活性筛选的研究

通过抗菌活性初步筛选,从采自云南元江县的印楝(Azadirachta indica A.Juss)植物茎和果实中已分离到的372株内生真菌中筛选出80株作为复筛菌株,经显微形态特征观察鉴定为5目、6科、29个属。选择16种病原微生物作为指示菌检测复筛菌株发酵产物的抗菌活性,结果表明,其中29株内生真菌对细菌、植物病原真菌和皮肤致病真菌中的一种或多种病原微生物有抑制生长作用,活性菌株比例占复筛菌株的36.25%,并显示种群多样性,其中7株内生真菌显示较强的广谱抗菌作用,活性较好的菌株主要分布在曲霉属和交链孢属。     

春兰内生真菌的分离及其抑菌活性的初步研究

采用平板分离法从皖西大别山野生兰花的根、茎、叶中分离内生真菌32株,用琼脂块法对获取的菌株进行抑菌活性筛选,其中有4种兰花内生真菌对供试菌株有抑菌作用,占总分离菌株的12.50%,对抑菌活性较强的一株内生真菌进行形态学鉴定,结果表明它属于无孢类群。