Direct local approach through a W-shaped incision in moderate or severe blowout fractures of the medial orbital wall

For moderate or severe blowout fractures of the medial orbital wall, the goals of treatment are complete reduction of the herniated soft tissue and anatomic reconstruction of the wall without surgical complications. Various surgical approaches have been used, depending on the anatomic location and the extent of medial wall fracture. However, there is no consistent method to achieve the treatment goals with minimal morbidity because of one or more problems of limitation of entire medial wall exposure, limitation of large implant or bone graft insertion, surgical damage of important periorbital or intraorbital structures, or postoperative scar deformities. In this study, a direct local approach through a 3-cm, W-shaped incision on the superior medial orbital area was used as a consistent method to reconstruct medial orbital blowout fractures. The angle of the W-limbs is 110 to 120 degrees. Four limbs of the W were placed parallel or oblique to the relaxed skin tension lines. This technique was applied to 39 orbits of 37 patients with moderate or severe blowout fractures of the medial orbital wall. This approach provided exposure of the entire medial orbital wall, adequate placement of a large implant, short operation time within 2 hours, and no damage of important internal structures. Postoperative computed tomographic scans showed complete reduction of the herniated orbital tissues and anatomic reconstruction of the medial orbital wall without complication related to the surgical approach in all cases. During the follow-up period of 6 to 14 months, excellent functional and cosmetic results were observed with an inconspicuous scar without secondary scar deformities. Therefore, a direct local approach through a W-shaped incision on the superior medial orbit may be a consistent method to gain the surgical goal in treatment of moderate or severe blowout fractures of the medial orbital wall.     

The medial periareolar approach to submuscular augmentation mammaplasty under local anesthesia

The medial approach to submuscular augmentation mammaplasty under local anesthesia begins with a medial periareolar incision around one-half or more of the areola. A subcutaneous tunnel is made toward the medial breast border, avoiding mammary ducts and sensory nerves to the nipple. The breast is reflected laterally, exposing a patch of pectoralis major muscle. A submuscular pocket is then created beneath portions of the pectoralis major, rectus abdominis, external oblique abdominis, and serratus anterior muscles, after which the implant is inserted and the muscle, dermis, and skin are closed sequentially. The periareolar incision allows for favorable scars without compromising the access or exposure necessary for accurate implant placement. Complete muscle coverage of the implant should contribute to a lower rate of capsular contracture. With a medial submuscular approach, nipple sensation is rarely altered, and revisions, if necessary, can be done through the same incision, still under local anesthesia, for increased safety, economy, and convenience. The medial approach to breast augmentation is a highly versatile, safe, and consistent method of achieving excellent results in breast augmentation in terms of scar, symmetry, and softness.     

俯卧位后外侧入路联合内侧切口治疗三踝骨折35 例的临床疗效评价

目的:探讨在俯卧体位下采用后外侧入路联合内侧切口治疗三踝骨折方法的临床疗效及安全性。方法:选择2014年1月~2015年1月在我院治疗并由同一治疗组医生采用俯卧体位下治疗的三踝骨折患者35例,治疗外踝骨折时将钢板置于腓骨后侧或外侧,使用钢板或螺钉对后踝骨折进行固定,2枚拉力螺钉固定内踝。观察术后切口及骨折愈合、踝关节功能恢复情况。术后定期随访,采用AOFAS踝-后足评分标准对踝关节功能进行评价。结果:手术时长50~142 min,平均90 min,1例患者内侧切口出现局部红肿,抬高患肢及定期换药后局部红肿好转,未出现明显切口感染征象。2例病人术后出现足背部麻木,分别在术后6周、9周时消失。随访时间6~18月,平均随访15个月。术后3月X线显示所有病人骨折线模糊,骨痂生长良好,按美国足踝外科协会踝-后足评分系统评分:优28例,良5例,可2例,优良率94.29%。结论:在俯卧体位下采用后外侧切口治疗三踝骨折可一次性复位、固定后踝和外踝骨折,联合内侧切口可在一个体位下完成三踝骨折的手术,缩短手术时间,对软组织破坏少,骨折可获得解剖复位,术后踝关节功能恢复佳,可降低因反复翻身而污染术野的概率。     

Endoscopic endonasal reconstruction of blowout fractures of the medial orbital walls

High-resolution endoscopes and the advent of endoscopic instruments for sinus surgery currently provide surgeons with excellent endonasal visualization and access to the medial orbital walls. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the reduction of medial orbital wall fractures through an endonasal endoscopic approach that allows the repair of the medial orbital wall fractures without an external incision. This study was a retrospective analysis of 16 patients who underwent surgical repair of medial orbital wall fractures from March of 1997 to May of 1998. The 11 male and five female patients ranged in age from 16 to 54 years (mean, 30.5 years). These patients had undergone primary reduction of medial orbital wall fractures and were observed for at least 12 months after surgery. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Fifteen of 16 patients showed a complete improvement of their symptoms. One patient showed persistent diplopia, which was well managed by prisms. Endoscopic reduction of medial orbital wall fracture using an endonasal approach seems to produce good results and definite cosmetic advantages.     

Extended incision in open-approach rhinoplasty for asians

The purpose of this study was to introduce an extended incision in open-approach rhinoplasty for obtaining greater satisfaction in aesthetic rhinoplasty for Asians. This incision is the same as for the usual open rhinoplasty incision, but it is extended along the caudal border of the footplates of the medial crura onto the floor of the nasal vestibule to access the footplates of the medial crura more easily. This simple extended incision enabled the authors to achieve further tip projection because the pressure of the skin flap on the tip was reduced. By approximating the lateral curves of the medial crural footplates, the width and the length of the columella were narrowed and lengthened, respectively. The columella was also advanced caudally; thus, the shape of the nostrils could also be elongated. In addition, a cartilage graft or an implant insertion for alar base augmentation could be performed through this extended incision without an additional incision. Another advantage was that in correction of caudal septal deviation, displaced septal cartilage could be repositioned by suturing to the periosteum or soft tissue around the anterior nasal spine without drilling into it through an intraoral incision. Fifty-one consecutive patients who underwent this extended open-approach rhinoplasty between August of 1999 and September of 2000 were included in this study. A total of 40 patients had an adequate follow-up time of over 6 months. Patient satisfaction and postoperative complications were recorded. The majority of the patients (35 of 40) were satisfied with the results of the procedure. Two patients had complications of nostril-scar contracture requiring close follow-up. There were no cases of implant extrusion, displacement, or infection. No patients experienced transcolumellar or extended-incision scarring. Although further studies and longer follow-up are needed to determine the value of this incision, the authors believe that the addition of the extended incision in open-approach rhinoplasty is safe and reliable for effecting better results for Asians.     

Surgical treatment of thyrotoxic exophthalmos

Conservative treatment of thyrotoxic exophthalmos has not given satisfactory results. Our observations, modifications of the standard surgical technique, and the results of orbital decompression for this condition are presented. Through a transverse incision close to the lower eyelid margin, the floor and the lateral orbital wall are explored. The posterior part of the orbital floor and the zygomatic part of the lateral orbital wall, as well as the periorbital fat, are removed. Through an incision made over the medial margin of the orbit, the medial orbital wall is explored and its ethmoidal part is removed. By the same approach, further retrobulbar fat is removed. Through an upper eyelid incision, fat is removed from the eyelid region and the levator aponeurosis is divided. This produces satisfactory symmetrical decompression of the orbit with good correction of exophthalmos and a significant decrease in the signs and symptoms of this condition.     

Long head of the triceps branch transfer to axillary nerve in C5, C6 brachial plexus injuries: anterior approach

Shoulder abduction is a very complex movement and quite important for upper limb function, as more distal functions depend on a stable shoulder, especially in C5, C6 brachial plexus injuries. Various studies in the literature have emphasized the importance of improved functional outcome and shoulder reanimation with concomitant neurotization of suprascapular nerve and axillary nerve in C5, C6 brachial plexus injuries. A number of approaches to axillary nerve transfer in brachial plexus injuries have been reported. The author describes an innovative anterior deltopectoral approach for axillary nerve transfers in five patients with C5, C6 brachial plexus injuries. The spinal accessory nerve was neurotized with the suprascapular nerve through a transverse supraclavicular incision. The axillary nerve and the long head of the triceps branch were identified through the anterior deltopectoral approach and neurotized at the posterior cord level. This approach gives easy access to other donors such as the medial pectoral, thoracodorsal, and median and ulnar nerves. Oberlin's transfer was also performed for elbow flexion by extending the deltopectoral incision. The regained shoulder active abduction (M5) averaged 120 degrees and active external rotation averaged 65 degrees at the final follow-up of 26 months (average). This anterior deltopectoral approach is an excellent alternative for axillary nerve transfer in brachial plexus injuries and produces results comparable with those of other approaches. All brachial plexus surgeons must understand the anatomy and the relationship of the axillary nerve to the surrounding structures. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, V.     

Reduction malarplasty through an intraoral incision: a new method

Until recently, osteotomies and surgeries to reposition prominent zygoma have been performed by means of a coronal incision or intraoral and preauricular incisions. Such incisions have penalties such as scars, the possibility of facial nerve injury, and long operative times. After reflecting on their past experiences with facial bone surgery, the authors developed an alternative approach. In this method, the cheekbone protrusion is corrected by performing an osteotomy and repositioning through an intraoral incision only. During the past 3 years, the authors have operated on 23 patients with malar prominences. The amount of bone to be removed is determined by preoperative interviews, physical examinations, and x-rays. Intraoral incisions provide access to the zygomatic body and lateral orbital rim. After L-shaped osteotomies (two parallel vertical and one transverse osteotomy at the medial part of the zygomatic body), the midsegment is removed. The posterior portion of the zygomatic arch was approached through the medial aspect and was outfractured using a curved osteotome. After completing the triple osteotomy, the movable zygomatic complex was reduced medially and fixed with miniplates and screws on the zygomaticomaxillary buttress. The patients were followed for 9.5 months, with acceptable results and few complications. The authors conclude that this technique is an effective and safe method of reduction malarplasty.     

Muscles that act on glabellar skin: a closer look

The coronal incision forehead lift became a component of the face-lift procedure 35 years ago and increased the cosmetic benefit for the facial aesthetic surgery patient. Later, this enhanced cosmetic effect achieved from eyebrow resuspension was complemented by treatment of the glabellar skin lines by modifying corrugator supercilii and procerus muscle function through the same coronal incision. In recent years, newer procedures for treating the corrugator supercilii and procerus muscles by using endoscopy or limited incision techniques have eliminated the need for the coronal incision. With these newer techniques has come a renewed interest in the surgical anatomy of the muscle complex that acts on glabellar skin. This study was designed to examine the current understanding of the anatomy of these muscles and to resolve misconceptions and controversy concerning them. Fresh cadaver dissections and simulated muscle action studies done on the glabellar musculature of four specimens were correlated with nerve blockade studies performed in 10 subjects on the temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve. The presence of the depressor supercilii muscle as a distinct entity was confirmed. The little-appreciated oblique head of the corrugator supercilii muscle was identified. The conclusions from this study suggest that the transverse head of the corrugator supercilii muscle produces the vertical component of the glabellar skin line and also contributes to the formation of the oblique component of the glabellar skin line. The oblique head of the corrugator supercilii muscle, the depressor supercilii muscle, and the medial head of the orbital portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle all appear to depress the medial head of the eyebrow and contribute to the formation of the oblique glabellar skin line. The nerve block study provided evidence that the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve supplies the three medial eyebrow depressor muscles, which opens the possibility for future nerve ablation techniques to control the action of the medial eyebrow depressor muscle group. This nerve block study also supports the concept of "physiologic" elevation of the medial eyebrow as an effective component of foreheadplasty.     

Transcaruncular orbital decompression for management of compressive optic neuropathy in thyroid-related orbitopathy

This study was conducted to assess the outcome of transcaruncular orbital decompression to treat compressive optic neuropathy in thyroid-related orbitopathy. It involved a retrospective, noncomparative case series of 18 eyes of 10 consecutive patients with documented vision loss secondary to thyroid-related orbitopathy. Bony decompression of the orbital apex was performed via a transcaruncular approach. Main outcome measures were visual acuity, color vision, presence of diplopia, and reduction of exophthalmos. Of 18 eyes, 16 (89 percent) had improved visual acuity after the operation. One eye had no improvement and one had worsening of vision in the setting of diabetic retinopathy. Color vision was improved in 12 eyes (67 percent). Five of the patients did not have diplopia before the operation; none of these patients developed double vision after intervention. Exophthalmos was decreased by an average of 2.6 mm. The authors conclude that transcaruncular orbital decompression for compressive optic neuropathy in thyroid-related orbitopathy is successful in restoring visual function. Compared with other approaches used for decompression surgery, the transcaruncular approach offers direct access to the medial wall and orbital apex without a cutaneous incision or disruption of the medial canthus. In addition, this approach allows a controlled, graded removal of the ethmoidal air cells and reduced recovery time.     

冠状-睑下缘-口内联合切口手术治疗眶-上颌-颧骨复合骨折

目的：探讨经冠状-睑下缘-口内联合切口行眶-上颌-颧骨复合骨折坚强内固定术的临床应用价值。方法：回顾性分析69例患者经冠状-睑下缘-口内联合切口行眶-上颌-颧骨复合骨折解剖复位,钛板坚强内固定。结果：69例均一期愈合,68例治疗效果优良,1例治疗效果欠佳;2例轻度睑外翻,两周后恢复正常,无额纹变浅、面神经损伤等其他并发症。结论：冠状-睑下缘-口内联合切口具有切口隐蔽、面部疤痕不明显、显露充分、并发症少等优点,是治疗眶-上颌-颧骨复合骨折的良好手术进路。     

New technique for correction of the microform cleft lip using vertical interdigitation of the orbicularis oris muscle through the intraoral incision

A microform cleft lip has three major components: (1) a minor defect of the upper vermilion border with loss of the mucocutaneous ridge; (2) a narrow ridge of tissue, resembling an exaggerated philtral column extending to the nostril sill; and (3) a deformity of the nostril. To attain the muscle continuity without an external scar on the upper lip, the author introduced a new method for the correction of a microform cleft lip deformity using vertical interdigitation of the orbicularis oris muscle through the intraoral incision to create the philtrum. Through the intraoral incision, a full-thickness incision is made down to the mucosa and the posterior portion of the muscle. Then, the remaining portion of the muscle is dissected. The medial and lateral muscle flaps are also detached from the oral mucosa and completely exposed and split into two leaves. The upper leaf of the lateral muscle flap is sutured to the dermis on the philtral dimple and base of the upper leaf of the medial muscle flap. Two leaves of each muscle flap are sutured together to create a vertical interdigitation to increase the thickness of the philtral column and to provide continuity of the muscle. A total of 12 patients with microform cleft lip were treated between August of 2001 and October of 2002. Seven of the patients were male and five were female, with an age range of 1 to 43 years. The follow-up period ranged from 6 months to 15 months, with an average follow-up of 9 months. The results of vertical interdigitation of the muscle were examined. All patients were satisfied with their results. The orbicularis oris muscle provided continuity and preserved good function. In all cases, the operation scar was not visible on the depressed philtral groove on the cleft side. Correction of cleft lip nasal deformity was performed in four patients and alar base advancement was performed in two patients. The advantages of the proposed procedure include the creation of an anatomically natural philtrum without an external visible scar through the intraoral incision, preservation of the continuity and function of the muscle, and sufficient augmentation of the philtral column by the vertical interdigitation of the muscle.     

Improvement of the "young" fatty neck

The properly selected relatively young patient with good skin tone and an obtuse cervicomental angle can be aesthetically improved through just a submental incision, combined with an extensive submandibular defatting and medial platysmoplasty.     

右腋下小切口与胸骨正中切口入路手术治疗儿童简单先天性心脏病疗效比较的回顾性研究

摘要 目的：对比右腋下小切口、胸骨正中切口入路手术治疗儿童简单先天性心脏病（CHD）的疗效。方法：回顾性分析2019年4月~2020年12月期间我院收治的简单CHD患儿100例的临床资料。根据不同的手术方法将接受胸骨正中切口入路的48例纳为A组,将接受右腋下小切口入路的52例纳为B组,观察两组患儿手术指标、术后恢复指标、瘢痕情况及术后并发症发生率。结果：两组患儿主动脉阻断、体外循环、手术时间对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）,与A组相比,B组的术中失血量较少,组间对比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与A组相比,B组住院费用、胸腔引流量均减少,术后辅助通气、监护及住院时间均明显缩短,组间对比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。B组血管分布、皮肤色泽、皮肤柔软、皮肤厚度的各维度评分及总分均低于A组（P<0.05）。两组患儿术后并发症发生率组间对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：右腋下小切口入路手术治疗简单CHD患儿,可获得与胸骨正中切口入路相当的治疗效果,同时还可减少术中出血量,促进患儿术后恢复,改善伤口瘢痕情况。     

小切口入路锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的临床疗效观察

目的:探讨小切口入路锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的疗效。方法:选取了80例肱骨近端骨折患者,按随机数字表法分为两组,对照组(39例)给予三角肌入路锁定钢板,观察组(41例)给予小切口入路锁定钢板治疗,通过观察并记录围手术期指标,术前术后3个月的Neer评分,术后24 h的凝血指标,随访3个月期间的并发症发生情况,评价小切口入路锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的疗效。结果:观察组手术、住院、骨折愈合所需时间均短于对照组(P0.05),两组术中出血量相比,无统计学差异(P.05),术前观察组与对照组Neer评分相比,无统计学差异(P0.05),术后3个月,观察组与对照组Neer评分均明显增加,且观察组高于对照组(P0.05)。术前两组凝血指标无明显差异,术后24 h,两组国际标准化比率(International Normalized Ratio,INR)相比无明显变化,血浆凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT),活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)均明显降低(P0.05)。对照组血浆纤维蛋白原(Plasma fibrinogen,FIB)水平明显升高,观察组FIB术前术后24 h无明显变化(P0.05),术后24 h,两组患者PT,APTT,INR相比无统计学差异(P0.05)观察组FIB水平明显低于对照组(P0.05)。随访3个月期间,两组均未出现切口感染、血管神经损伤等严重并发症。结论:小切口入路锁定钢板对老年肱骨骨折具有较好的治疗效果,能显著改善患者肩关节功能,对血液系统影响较小,术后并发症少,值得临床推广使用。     

Primary repair of the unilateral cleft lip nose in the Oriental: a 20-year follow-up

The unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity is corrected as a primary procedure with the lip repair. The abnormal attachment of the alar base is first released by an incision along the superior buccal sulcus and piriform margin. There is no intercartilaginous incision. Basically, we use the Brown-McDowell technique with the addition of an alar rim incision. Undermining of the ala between the two incisions is carefully and adequately done, splitting it into two layers. The first is a skin and the second, a chondrocutaneous (vestibular skin) layer, which is handled as a single unit, thus enhancing its vascularity. This second layer is a bipedicle flap with a broad medial pedicle and a narrow lateral pedicle at the alar base. When the alar base is rolled into its normal position, the chondrocutaneous unit hinging on its two pedicles counterrotates, correcting the subluxation of the ala, a major component of the cleft lip nasal deformity. We depend on the normal position of the alar base, the postoperative scar tissue, and the inherently thick nostril wall in the Oriental to keep the alar dome up. No transfixion sutures are used. Ten consecutive patients are shown 20 years after surgery. All had one operation only. None showed any disturbance of nasal growth.     

Topographical relation between the olfactory bulb and the olfactory tract in tench (Tinca tinca L)

Electrical activity was recorded from single cells in the olfactorybulb when electrically stimulating the medial and lateral olfactorytract and when stimulating the olfactory epithelium with aminoacids. Bulbar units excited by stimulation of the medial olfactorytract were found in the medial and middle parts of the bulb.Neurones in the dorso-lateral part of the bulb were excitedby stimulation of lateral tract. Units inhibited by stimulationof the lateral or medial olfactory tracts had a reversed distributionwith the majority found in the medial or lateral parts of thebulb respectively. The chemicals tested induced changes in thedischarge of units mainly situated in the lateral part of thebulb.     

Three-dimensional endoscopic midface enhancement: a personal quest for the ideal cheek rejuvenation.

Standard face-lift techniques are excellent for the treatment of the jawline and neck. Treatment of the area between the lower eyelid and the corner of the mouth required the development of techniques in the intermediate lamella of the face. Alternative techniques of subperiosteal dissection by means of lower eyelid incisions were described with good aesthetic results but at the expense of increased morbidity and complications. All these techniques were also two-dimensional manipulations of the soft tissues of the face. The author presents a different approach that he believes is close to the ideal in terms of safety, morbidity, and complications.Although midface rejuvenation may be performed alone, it is more commonly done as a component of total facial rejuvenation. The midface is approached by means of a combination of a temporal slit incision and an upper oral sulcus incision; no eyelid access is used. Fifty percent of the midface dissection is performed under direct visualization, and 50 percent is performed under endoscopic control. Dissection of the temporal area is done under the temporoparietal fascia down to the zygomatic arch. The anterior two-thirds of the zygomatic arch periosteum is elevated along with a few millimeters of the intermediate temporal fascia and the fascia of the masseter muscle. The subperiosteal dissection of the zygoma and maxilla is completed with the medial extension of the dissection just medial to the infraorbital nerve. The orbital fat pads are released by means of intraoral route, and the lateral and middle fat pads are advanced over the orbital rim and fixed to the masseter tendon and the periosteum of the maxillary shelf at the intraoral incision. Three suspension points are typically used on the midface, each one with a different action. All are anchored to the temporal fascia proper. The vascularized Bichat's fat pad is mobilized and fixed with 4-0 polydioxanone sutures. This provides a volumetric cheek augmentation and improvement of the jowl. The inferior malar periosteum and fascia is used for malar imbrication with 4-0 polydioxanone sutures. This provides an anterior projection of the cheek and elevates the corner of the mouth. The suborbicularis oculi fat is used for en bloc vertical suspension of the cheek. This also improves the infraorbital V deformity.This technique has been used in close to 200 patients over the last 5 years. The complications have been minimal: two cases of temporary paresis of the levator of the upper lip, one case of paresis of the orbicularis oris (unilateral), one case of buccinator muscle dysfunction, and two moderate infections that were treated with simple drainage. The degree of facial edema has been minimal compared with the open or the transblepharoplasty approach. Typically, patients can return to work 2 weeks after surgery.The three-dimensional endoscopic midface enhancement provides a technique of midface remodeling that provides the missing dimension (volume) to the rejuvenation of the midface. This can be done with a minimal rate of complications, and the aesthetic results surpass by far the results of other midface techniques previously described by the author.     

3D finite element model of meniscectomy: changes in joint contact behavior

The goal of this study is to quantify changes in knee joint contact behavior following varying degrees of the medial partial meniscectomy. A previously validated 3D finite element model was used to simulate 11 different meniscectomies. The accompanying changes in the contact pressure on the superior surface of the menisci and tibial plateau were quantified as was the axial strain in the menisci and articular cartilage. The percentage of medial meniscus removed was linearly correlated with maximum contact pressure, mean contact pressure, and contact area. The lateral hemi-joint was minimally affected by the simulated medial meniscectomies. The location of maximum strain and location of maximum contact pressure did not change with varying degrees of partial medial meniscectomy. When 60% of the medial meniscus was removed, contact pressures increased 65% on the remaining medial meniscus and 55% on the medial tibial plateau. These data will be helpful for assessing potential complications with the surgical treatment of meniscal tears. Additionally, these data provide insight into the role of mechanical loading in the etiology of post-meniscectomy osteoarthritis.     

Primary and secondary orbit surgery: the transconjunctival approach

The transconjunctival approach to the orbit is underutilized because of concern regarding inadequate exposure and higher postoperative rates of lower eyelid shortening and ectropion. All patients who had a transconjunctival incision performed for orbital surgery over the last 6 years (1990 to 1996) were studied. Patients who had a transconjunctival blepharoplasty were excluded. A total of 35 patients, average age 32 years, had 45 transconjunctival incisions performed. Lateral canthotomy or cantholysis was not done. Operations fell into three categories: fracture plating alone, 10 (22 percent); split-calvarial bone graft placement with or without plating, 26 (58 percent); and orbital decompression, 9 (20 percent). The overall incidence of ectropion was 6.7 percent (3 of 45). One patient (2 percent) had transient ectropion, and two patients (4 percent) had persistent ectropion, which required surgical correction. Ectropion occurred only in those lower eyelids that had a previous transcutaneous incision (3 of 18 = 17 percent). None occurred in those eyelids that had no prior incision or only a previous transconjunctival incision. The transconjunctival approach without a lateral canthotomy provides safe access to the orbit in eyelids that have not had a previous transconjunctival incision.