覆盖旱作水稻群体发育特征分析

通过田间试验,研究了不同覆盖旱作水稻处理与水作处理水稻的群体生育特征。结果表明,旱作水稻营养生长期较水作长,叶片变短、变窄,群体LAI变小,光合生产能力下降,最终粒数变少、粒重变轻,不同旱作处理之间表现为地膜覆盖旱作处理分蘖发生多,成穗率低,穗分化和籽粒形成与灌浆时间缩短,半腐解秸秆覆盖旱作和裸地旱作分蘖发生少,成穗率高,穗分化时间缩短,籽粒形成与灌浆的时间延长,产量表现为水作处理>地膜覆盖旱作>半腐解秸秆覆盖旱作>裸地旱作。     

秸秆覆盖旱作瓜田土壤水分的空间变化及对西瓜产量的影响

为了探明秸秆覆盖栽培对西瓜产量及土壤水分的影响,选用玉米秸秆在生育期设置地表全覆盖（WM）、行间覆盖（SM）和根域覆盖（RM）3个覆盖处理,以不覆盖为对照（CK）,研究不同秸秆覆盖方式对旱作西瓜不同生育时期土壤总贮水量、不同深度土壤含水量及产量的影响.结果表明：秸秆地表全覆盖和根域覆盖处理显著提高了西瓜全生育期根域和行间0～120 cm的土壤含水量和贮水量,且伸蔓后期以后的土壤贮水量根域高于行间;秸秆覆盖处理对西瓜伸蔓后期至膨大前期的土壤含水量影响最大,随着西瓜的生长发育,秸秆覆盖处理提高根域土壤含水量的幅度增加,深度下延.秸秆覆盖处理提高西瓜产量主要受根域土壤水分条件改善的影响;各覆盖处理均显著提高了西瓜的产量和水分利用效率,WM、SM和RM处理的增产幅度分别为24.8%、11.5%和15.1%,水分利用效率分别提高了42.7%、24.3%和294%.以地表全覆盖13500 kg·hm^-2秸秆量的处理蓄水保墒、提高西瓜产量和水分利用效率的效果最显著.     

华北旱地覆膜春玉米田水温效应及增产限制因子

为探求覆膜栽培春玉米旱作田土壤水温变化特征及其对玉米产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响,设计垄作覆膜、垄作裸地、平作覆膜、平作裸地(对照)4个处理的田间试验,对春玉米田各生育时段的土壤温度、土层水分、耗水结构及玉米产量进行了监测.结果表明：自播种到抽雄的生育前期春玉米田覆膜较裸地增温1～3 ℃,土壤积温增加155.2～280.9 ℃;延长生育期约5.9～10.7 d.自播种到成苗期覆膜保水效应显著,WUE较裸地提高81.6%～136.4%.春玉米成苗到拔节期正值该区域稳定干旱期,覆膜处理土壤供水层深达80～100 cm,干旱胁迫使WUE较对照降低17.0%～21.6%,产生奢侈耗水.春玉米小喇叭口期后进入雨季,各处理土体复水,并产生过饱渗漏,最终使收获期土体水分与播期持平,贮水丰富.垄作覆膜较裸地增产9.5%;平作覆膜不利于降水入渗而导致渍水,减产5.0%;垄作裸地与平作裸地差异不显著.以雨季前气象干旱期的土壤枯水与雨季后的土壤库水为特征的春玉米田水分供求时序失衡,限制了春玉米的高产.     

鱼鳞坑与覆盖组合措施对陕北旱作枣园土壤水分的影响

土壤水分是制约陕北红枣林健康生长的关键因子.通过土壤水分定位观测,研究不同鱼鳞坑与覆盖措施组合对陕北黄土丘陵区旱作枣园土壤水分的影响.结果表明: 鱼鳞坑+树枝覆盖、鱼鳞坑+秸秆覆盖、鱼鳞坑无覆盖处理下0～180 cm平均土壤含水量较裸地分别提高14.2%、9.4%、4.8%.不同处理在红枣生育期均能显著增加土壤表层(0～20 cm)和主要根系层(20～100 cm)土壤水分含量,其中,以鱼鳞坑+树枝覆盖处理效果最为显著.不同组合措施条件下,次降雨量对土壤水分的影响深度主要集中在100 cm以内,对深层土壤水分影响不显著.无覆盖鱼鳞坑措施在高、中、低水分状况下,各土层土壤水分与裸地无显著差异.在陕北旱作枣园,利用修剪枣枝进行覆盖在节省材料减少成本的同时,实现了保墒蓄水目标.     

鱼鳞坑与覆盖组合措施对陕北旱作枣园土壤水分的影响

土壤水分是制约陕北红枣林健康生长的关键因子.通过土壤水分定位观测,研究不同鱼鳞坑与覆盖措施组合对陕北黄土丘陵区旱作枣园土壤水分的影响.结果表明:鱼鳞坑+树枝覆盖、鱼鳞坑+秸秆覆盖、鱼鳞坑无覆盖处理下0~180 cm平均土壤含水量较裸地分别提高14.2%、9.4%、4.8%.不同处理在红枣生育期均能显著增加土壤表层(0~20 cm)和主要根系层(20~100 cm)土壤水分含量,其中,以鱼鳞坑+树枝覆盖处理效果最为显著.不同组合措施条件下,次降雨量对土壤水分的影响深度主要集中在100 cm以内,对深层土壤水分影响不显著.无覆盖鱼鳞坑措施在高、中、低水分状况下,各土层土壤水分与裸地无显著差异.在陕北旱作枣园,利用修剪枣枝进行覆盖在节省材料减少成本的同时,实现了保墒蓄水目标.     

秸秆和地膜覆盖对渭北旱作玉米农田土壤氮组分与产量的影响

基于田间定位试验,研究了秸秆和地膜覆盖措施对旱作春玉米田土壤氮组分和作物产量的影响。试验包括无覆盖对照,秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖3个处理,观测指标包括土壤全氮(STN)、颗粒有机氮(PON)、潜在可矿化氮(PNM)、微生物量氮(MBN)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)含量及作物产量。结果表明:试验进行5到7年后,与对照相比,秸秆覆盖处理0—10 cm土层STN、PON、PNM、MBN和NO_3~--N含量3年平均分别提高了13.11%、64.29%、17.51%、16.94%和55.37%,10—20 cm土层STN、PON、MBN和NO_3~--N含量3年平均分别提高了5.93%、33.33%、15.78%和27.57%(P0.05)。而地膜覆盖处理0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层NO_3~--N的含量较对照分别提高了189.14%和135.75%(P0.05),其他氮组分与对照处理差异不显著。秸秆和地膜覆盖处理玉米产量较对照处理3年平均分别提高了6.90%和36.74%(P0.05)。玉米产量与0—20 cm土层NO_3~--N含量和NO_3~--N/STN值呈显著正相关关系。总的来看,秸秆覆盖能显著增加旱地土壤全氮和活性有机氮含量,促进氮素固定,但需注意作物生长后期补充氮肥以满足作物生长需要。而地膜覆盖能显著提高土壤氮素有效性和作物产量,但不利于土壤有机氮的固定,且表层土壤存在潜在氮淋失风险。     

不同覆盖方式对旱地马铃薯耗水特性和产量的影响

在陇中半干旱区设置玉米整秆带状覆盖(ST)、地膜覆盖(PT) 2种覆盖方式,以露地平作为对照(CK),研究了不同覆盖方式对马铃薯田土壤水分、耗水规律、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,覆盖处理显著(P0.05)提高了马铃薯播种至收获期0～200 cm土壤贮水量,ST和PT处理土壤贮水量较CK的增幅分别以收获期(12.3%)和淀粉积累期(9.1%)最大;覆盖处理降低了马铃薯全生育期耗水量,以ST处理的降幅最大(23.4%);与CK相比,ST处理显著降低了生育前期(播种-块茎形成期)和后期(淀粉积累期-收获期)的耗水量,显著增加了生育中期(块茎形成期-淀粉积累期)耗水量,并增加了深层土壤水分,而PT处理主要降低了生育前期和中期耗水,显著增加了生育后期耗水; ST和PT处理分别使马铃薯产量较CK显著增加32.4%和32.9%,水分利用效率提高73.8%和48.8%。综上可知,玉米整秆带状覆盖处理能显著改善马铃薯生育中后期0～200 cm土壤水分状况,使马铃薯关键生长阶段耗水增多,能显著提高马铃薯产量和水分利用效率。     

保水剂和微生物菌肥配施对旱作燕麦干物质积累、分配、转运和产量的影响

针对旱作燕麦产量低而不稳的现状,选取旱作农业栽培中应用较广泛的保水剂和微生物菌肥,通过田间试验,设置单施保水剂(A)、单施微生物菌肥(B)、保水剂和微生物菌肥配施(AB)和不施用保水剂和微生物菌肥(CK) 4个处理,探讨配施后对旱作燕麦不同生育阶段干物质积累、分配、转运和水分利用的影响,以期为提高旱作燕麦产量提供有效措施。结果表明:保水剂和微生物菌肥单施和配施均能影响旱作燕麦不同生育阶段不同器官干物质积累量及其分配比例,促进干物质量生育前期由叶向茎转运,生育后期由茎叶向穗、籽粒转运,且在对分配比例影响中仅有配施(AB)在全生育时期与CK达到显著性差异,其中拔节期茎分配比例、开花期和灌浆期穗分配比例、成熟期籽粒分配比例较其余3个处理分别提高13.13%～28.61%、21.46%～36.45%、0.26%～3.94%,同时配施各生育阶段干物质积累量和水分利用效率均保持较高水平,且在播种-拔节和灌浆-成熟2个阶段与CK达到显著差异,干物质积累量提高41.98%～55.14%和2.64%～90.92%,对应水分利用效率提高40.92%～71.04%和4.96%～96.35%;保水剂和微生物菌肥单施和配施均能提高燕麦花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒产量贡献率,最终提高旱作燕麦产量,其中保水剂和微生物菌肥配施后效果显著优于两种单施处理,配施后花后干物质积累量提高8.38%～22.92%,花后干物质对籽粒产量贡献率提高0.18%～2.26%,籽粒产量提高8.40%～20.12%。     

不同覆盖方式对黄土高原旱地土壤水分及糜子生长、光合特性和产量的影响

为探索黄土高原旱地覆盖栽培模式下糜子田土壤蓄水保墒和节水增产效果,于2011—2013年连续3个糜子生长季在陕西横山县小杂粮试验示范基地,研究了不同覆盖栽培方式对农田土壤水分、糜子生长发育、光合特性、产量及水分利用效率的影响.试验设置4种覆盖栽培处理,分别是“W”垄覆地膜+垄间覆秸秆(SG)、垄覆地膜+垄间覆秸秆(LM)、双垄面覆地膜+垄间覆秸秆(QM)、秸秆覆盖(JG)处理,以传统平作无覆盖(CK)为对照.结果表明：各覆盖处理均较CK显著提高了糜子各生育期0～100 cm土层土壤含水量,其中以SG处理蓄水保墒效果最好,其次依次为LM、QM和JG处理,且各覆盖处理间差异达到显著水平.在各覆盖处理中,SG处理对糜子生长发育和光合能力的影响最大,增产效果最显著,3年平均产量和水分利用效率分别较CK提高55.9％和64.9％,其中各覆盖处理之间差异达到显著水平.因此,“W”垄覆地膜垄间覆秸秆的二元沟垄集雨覆盖种植模式提高糜子产量和水分利用效率的效果最为明显,适宜在黄土高原旱地糜子生产中应用和推广.     

冬小麦田秸秆覆盖的小气候效应

近年来,国内外对秸秆覆盖的整体功能和节水效应[1～4]已有较多研究,但对秸秆覆盖地的小气候效应研究较少。小气候效应能够反映秸秆覆盖的机理和功效,为秸秆覆盖的进一步研究提供科学依据。本文对不同水分条件下的秸秆覆盖处理进行了研究,目的是了解秸秆覆盖冬小麦田的小气候效应。1　设计与方法1.1　试验地点试验于1996～1997年在郑州市南郊河南省气象局科学研究所试验基地进行。试验地土壤为砂壤土,肥力中等。小麦供试品种为温麦4号。1.2　试验设计试验设置了麦秸覆盖、玉米秆覆盖、裸地(对照)三种形式,以及土壤含水量占田间持水量的40%～5…     

Exercise-induced hormone responses in girls at different stages of sexual maturation

The dependence of exercise-induced hormone responses on sexual maturation was tested in a 3-year longitudinal experiment on 34 girls (aged 11–12 years at the beginning). Sexual maturation was evaluated by Tanners five-stage scale. Children cycled for 20-min at 60% maximal oxygen uptake once a year. Cortisol, insulin, growth hormone, β-oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone concentrations in venous blood were determined by radioimmunoassay procedures. Basal concentrations of growth hormone increased and of cortisol decreased when breast stage III was reached. Reaching breast stage IV was associated with an increase in basal concentrations of β-oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone. The exercise induced significant increases in concentrations of cortisol, growth hormone and β-oestradiol and a decrease in insulin concentration. At breast stage III the increase in cortisol concentration was to a lower level [467 (SEM 42) vs 567 (SEM 46)nmol · l⁻¹] and growth hormone concentration to a higher level [29.4 (SEM 0.5) vs 12.8 (SEM 0.4)ng · ml⁻¹], while the fall in insulin concentration was less pronounced [postexercise level 10.6 (SEM 0.9) vs 7.8 (SEM 0.8)mU · l⁻¹] than in stage II. The magnitude of the cortisol response was reduced in the last stage of breast development (+42.1% vs +55.5% at stage II, +66.2% at stage III, and +50.0% at stage IV). The magnitude of β-oestradiol response was the lowest in breast stage IV (+15.8%) and the highest at stage V (+41.1%). The progesterone response became significant at stage IV and testosterone response at stage V. In conclusion, we found that reaching breast stage III was associated with altered responses of cortisol, insulin and growth hormone concentrations while the responses of the sex hormone concentrations became pronounced in the last stages of sexual maturation. Accepted: 17 September 1997     

Rethinking the deserving body: altruism,markets, and political action in health care provision

Abstract

I seek to understand two dimensions in the evolution and practices of medical institutions in the USA. First, I ask, how and why do medical organizations limit, suspend, or redirect profit-oriented functions to abide by principles of altruism and still survive in a competitive market economy? Reaching out to poor and immigrant populations entails non-economic factors, including the deployment of religious and humanitarian narratives. Conversely, the extent and character of legislative actions supporting philanthropic endeavours is closely related to mobilization at the grassroots level. I investigate the ways in which community organizations bring about changes to support practices that confound, at least to some extent, market expectations and underscore the significance of political action to secure health care services on behalf of low-income populations, including immigrants.     

关于苏北地区某三甲医院进口与国产医疗设备和耗材使用情况及反馈的研究．

目的：初步了解了进口与国产医疗设备与耗材的发展状况和使用反馈情况,并对国内医疗设备与耗材行业的发展提供合理化建议。方法：通过对苏北地区某三级甲等医院设备科工作人员、医生、护士长、患者及患者家属进行调研或访谈,并以调研和访谈的统计结果为依据得出结论并提出建议。结果：技术成熟的中小型医疗设备或耗材,从质量、价格等因素综合考虑,国内产品优于进口产品,一定程度上得到了医务人员和消费者的认可。在高端大中型医疗设备与耗材方面,进口产品具有较大的技术优势。结论：国内医疗设备生产企业应当积极开展研发工作,提高产品的技术含量与质量,巩固自身在中小型医疗设备与耗材方面的优势,并努力在高端大中型医疗设备与耗材方面取得突破。     

关于苏北地区某三甲医院进口与国产医疗设备和耗材使用情况

目的:初步了解了进口与国产医疗设备与耗材的发展状况和使用反馈情况,并对国内医疗设备与耗材行业的发展提供合理化建议。方法:通过对苏北地区某三级甲等医院设备科工作人员、医生、护士长、患者及患者家属进行调研或访谈,并以调研和访谈的统计结果为依据得出结论并提出建议。结果:技术成熟的中小型医疗设备或耗材,从质量、价格等因素综合考虑,国内产品优于进口产品,一定程度上得到了医务人员和消费者的认可。在高端大中型医疗设备与耗材方面,进口产品具有较大的技术优势。结论:国内医疗设备生产企业应当积极开展研发工作,提高产品的技术含量与质量,巩固自身在中小型医疗设备与耗材方面的优势,并努力在高端大中型医疗设备与耗材方面取得突破。     

Hiatal surfaces from the Miocene Globigerina Limestone Formation of Malta: Biostratigraphy, sedimentology, trace fossils and early diagenesis

The Miocene Globigerina Limestone of the Maltese islands contains widespread omission surfaces with very different characteristics and origins.The terminal Lower Globigerina Limestone hardground (TLGLHg) formed during a period of falling sea level. Coccolith assemblages suggest shallowness. Sedimentary structures and trace fossil assemblages, indicate increasing frequency of storm events and erosional episodes, towards the surface. Calcite cementation which took place around Thalassinoides burrows and formed irregular nodules was followed by dissolution of aragonite. It is suggested that lithification was linked to microbial reactions involving organic matter.In contrast two later surfaces, the terminal Middle Globigerina Limestone omissionground (TMGLOg), which marks the Lower to Middle Miocene boundary, and the Fomm-ir-Rih local hardground (FiRLHg) both contain early diagenetic dolomite. Lithification took place in two phases. The dolomite is interpreted to have formed beneath the sea floor; it was subsequently exhumed and partially corroded as the precipitation of calcitic and phosphatic cements took place around burrows open to the circulation of sea water.     

Comparative study of major lipid constituents in human and monkey aorta

The contents of total lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglyceride and free fatty acid in intima and media of thoracic and abdominal segments of aorta from normal human subjects and rhesus monkeys were determined. An increase in total lipids in intima as compared to that of media was noted in both species. A comparison of lipid contents of thoracic and abdominal segments from both species revealed that abdominal segment contained significantly greater lipid. Further, human thoracic and abdominal aortic intima and media had higher content of cholesterol as compared to that of monkey aorta. The differences in lipid profile in aorta of these two species have been highlighted to provide a clue with respect to the differences in the prevalence and morphology of atherosclerosis as seen in monkey and man.     

植物引种驯化研究概述

植物引种驯化是植物学的一个分支学科,该学科与植物的迁地保护和当地的经济建设紧密相关,属于应用基础研究的范畴。但有关理论和方法的研究至今仍显得比较零碎,不够系统,判断植物引种驯化成功的标准尚不够明确。本文就植物引种驯化的概念和意义、主要理论和方法、影响其成败的因子、途径和程序、判断植物引种驯化成功的标准等进行了综述和探讨,并提出了植物引种驯化的展望。     

论＂医德＂的基本范畴

医德是医疗卫生领域精神文明建设的重要部分,也是调整医务人员与病人、医务人员之间以及与社会之间关系的行为准则。医德范畴是指人们对现代医务人员职业道德和医患关系的总结,它不仅概括了医生所应履行的职责义务,而且反映着一段时间内医患关系的本质。本文通过对医德范畴内,医生的权利和义务、责任和良心、功力和荣誉、审慎和保密四类问题的阐述,探讨当下医生在工作中应该保持何种心态,如何与患者进行沟通,以期更好地提供医疗服务。     

Free and ester-bound triterpene alcohols and sterols in cellular subfractions of Calendula officinalis flowers

In the chromoplast fraction and in the chromoplast-free fraction, obtained from Calendula officinalis ligulate flowers, the contents of individual free and ester-bound triterpene alcohols and sterols as well as the fatty acid components of the ester form were determined. It was shown that all sterols and triterpene monols in both forms occur in the two subtractions investigated, whereas all diols are localized only in the chromoplast fraction. The compositions of the fatty acids esterifying monols and sterols were similar to those esterifying diols in the chromoplasts. However, the fatty acids esterifying extra-chromoplast monols and sterols were different. This result indicates that triterpene monol esters are substrates for the biosynthesis of 3-monoesters of diols.