蝗卵的研究,Ⅰ.亚洲飞蝗蝗卵孵育期中胚胎形态变化的观察及野外蝗卵胚胎发育期的调查

一.引言 亚洲飞蝗(Locusta migratoria manilensis Meyen)(以下简称飞蝗)在我国沿海诸省每年一般发生两代。根据在洪泽湖与微山湖蝗区观察的结果,夏蝗在6月下旬和7月上旬产卵,至同年7月中、下旬孵化;秋蝗在9月上、中旬产卵,到次年6月上旬孵化。越冬蝗卵在土中停留8个月左右的时间,这使它们有充分的机会去领受当地环境因素如寒冷、干,湿、天敌等的作用,从而左右次年飞蝗发生时间     

对中国飞蝗种下阶元划分和历史演化过程的几点看法

前人把我国飞蝗划分为东亚飞蝗、亚洲飞蝗和西藏飞蝗三个亚种，并推测我国最原始的飞蝗发生地可能是郑州-开封东北至临清-禹南以南的古黄河冲积扇地带。由于飞蝗的形态、生理、生态等性状受气候与生态条件影响，从而在地区间变化很大，而且过去关于我国飞蝗发生动态和演化的分析均忽视了地史中重大气候事件的影响，因此有关结论的可靠性值得质疑并有待深入验证。根据分子群体遗传学的最新研究结果，我们认为：(1)我国飞蝗应被重新划分为青藏种群、海南种群和北方种群3大类群；(2)我国东部地区(辽宁、黄淮平原、陕西和山西)的飞蝗与海南的飞蝗之间的遗传差别已达亚种水平，因此不是东亚飞蝗，而是亚洲飞蝗经过适应性演化在我国华北地区形成的特异地理宗——华北地理宗；(3)华北地理宗的形成应是末次冰期后种群大规模扩张的结果，推测是由蒙新高原的飞蝗沿黄河流域逐步扩散而来；(4)结合历史上飞蝗发生的情况可以推断，在中国，至少在北至北纬46℃的地区，光周期不会成为飞蝗发育的限制性因素，有效积温可能是惟一限制性气候因子。因此，在气候逐渐变暖的趋势下，飞蝗有逐渐向北扩散的可能，东北地区将会逐步具有飞蝗大发生所需要的必要气候条。     

中国东亚飞蝗新蝗区──海南热带稀树草原蝗区

东亚飞蝗Locustamigraioriamanilensis（Meyen）自1987年在我国海南岛突然爆发以来,7年来每年均有发生为害,1993年又是大发生年,这不仅使海南道受很大的经济损失,而且由于没有掌握煌区的成因与煌区演变的生态规律,不能提出有效的改造蝗区与控制蝗害的生态对策,只能依靠农药防治,从而使控制煌害陷于被动局面。1992年通过整个煌区的考察,及近6年来的田间飞蝗发生动态规律,参考该岛近500年来该害虫的发生为害资料,结合该岛飞蝗发生地近100年来的生态地理的演变特征与东亚飞蝗的生态学特性的综合分析,明确了海南东亚飞蝗蝗区是“热…     

飞蝗型变分子机理研究前沿

飞蝗的型变是重要的科学问题,也是防治害虫的理论基础。近年来,我国昆虫学家围绕飞蝗型变的分子机制方面取得一系列开创性的工作进展,鉴定了多个飞蝗型变的关键基因及其生物学功能,提出了飞蝗型变的分子机制。这些研究成果在PNAS,PLoS Genetics,Genome Biology,Bioinformatics,Insect Molecular Biology,Journal of Insect Physiology,PLoS One等国际著名刊物发表,极大地提高了我国在该领域的研究水平,为今后彻底解决飞蝗型变这一科学难题奠定了基础。     

持续治理飞蝗灾害的新对策

该文通过对飞蝗Locusta migratoria为害特性的描述以及本世纪我国飞蝗防治历史的回顾,对各个时期的飞蝗治理策略的特点及不足进行了分析,并在总结我国近几年飞蝗生物治理理论研究与实践的基础上,提出了21世纪我国飞蝗生物治理的对策,即逐步扩大采用生物防治措施,增强如蝗虫微孢子虫生物防治制剂及天敌的控制作用,在飞蝗虫口密度中等或较低时,采用生物防治制剂为主,阻止或延缓中、低密度的飞蝗向高密度群居型的发展进程;在飞蝗虫口密度高时,可采用化防(昆虫生长调节剂等)与生防(如微孢子虫)配合使用,以迅速压低虫口密度,防治其迁飞为害,同时也可使蝗虫微孢子虫疾病长期流行于蝗群中,抑制飞蝗种群数量的增长。并积极探讨信息化合物对飞蝗行为的调控作用。     

东亚飞蝗谷胱甘肽S-转移酶RNA干扰效率研究

东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis(Meyen)是我国主要的农业害虫之一,已发现东亚飞蝗对某些农药产生了抗性,其抗性机制可能与谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)代谢解毒相关.本研究利用特异性引物合成东亚飞蝗GST 4个不同家族基因的双链RNA(dsRNA),将dsRNA注射到东亚飞蝗幼虫体内,采...     

飞蝗研究进展

飞蝗作为农业重大害虫,其分布遍及欧洲、亚洲、非洲和澳洲。全世界共有10个亚种,我国有3个亚种。飞蝗不但分布广,而且数量多、发生频率高,危害极为严重。作者在查阅了国内外近20年文献资料的基础上,结合我国蝗害情况,分别从形态、组织、生理、生化、遗传、毒力及分子系统学等方面综述了国内外飞蝗的研究进展,以期对我国飞蝗的基础及应用研究提供参考。     

边境线上的蝗虫阻击战

我国二十世纪六十年代以后出生的人．极少有人看到“飞蝗起飞．遮天蔽日”的场面,那是因为我国高度重视蝗灾的防治工作。所有人都希望永远看不到那种景象,就像我们不希望再看到SARS、旱灾、水灾一样。作为1964年出生的人．在我学习、从事害虫防治工作20年后的2004年夏天,我看到了“飞蝗起飞”。这飞蝗不是国产的,而是不请自到的“境外飞蝗”。想知道我当时的感受吗？请跟着我的镜头,回顾那场“惊心动魄”的飞蝗阻击战。     

东亚飞蝗中长期数量预测的研究

本文以洪泽湖蝗区为例,分析了东亚飞蝗中长期数量预测方程的建立基础,提出三种预测方法:(一)根据种群动态型趋势进行外推估值,(二)应用随机序列及周期方程的预测法,(三)多因素过滤回归预测法,此三种方法虽各有其独立的预测模式,但在应用时应将其视为总预测式中的三个相互补充的部分。     

南阳湖农场根除蝗害的初步成就

国营南阳湖农场位于山东省济宁市的南阳湖畔,建场前原系湖水泛滥、杂草丛生的地区,由于湖水涨落不定,经年耕作失时,大片一地荒芜,因而成为微山湖蝗区飞蝗发生的严重地带。发生面积厂,蝗蝻密度每平方丈1,000—2,000头左右。农田常因蝗害、水灾、草荒等而颗粒无收。1956平建场后,通过机耕垦殖、规划土地、栽培作物和人工捕打及药剂防治等措施,取得了一定成绩,但蝗害仍较严重。亦曾有小麦穗头被全部咬掉,或因蝗害减产3—4成。1959年之后,由于贯彻了改治并举的方针,在农场党委正确领导下,从1960年春季开始,采取了根除蝗害的一系列措施,几年来已收到了良好效果,不仅大大压缩了飞蝗发生的面积,而且夏、秋蝗密度亦大为减少(表1)。     

黑龙江省三江平原丹顶鹤的数量分布

在地面调查的基础上,我们使用Y-11轻型飞机对黑龙江省三江平原地区的丹顶鹤的数量分布近行了调查,调查时飞行高度80米,航速140公里/小时,续航里程共3748公里。调查结果表明,丹顶鹤在三江平原主要分布在8个地区,其中嘟噜河下游、洪河自然保护区、七星河流域和兴凯湖低地是主要繁殖地,总数量共309只。     

Entomopathogenic Fungi Associated with Natural Populations of the Moroccan Locust Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thunberg) (Orthoptera: Gomphocerinae) and Other Acridoidea in Spain

The entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana Vuill . and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) have been found in natural populations of the Moroccan locust Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thunberg) and other species of acridoids that cohabit the same locust breeding areas in southern Spain . Infection levels of B. bassiana on insects collected in the field and maintained under laboratory conditions were relatively high (1 . 6 - 20 . 5%) . The prevalence of the disease extended from spring to summer in the three consecutive years monitored . A local isolate of this fungus demonstrated high virulence (LD = 440 conidia / insect) against the 50 locust D. maroccanus in the laboratory bioassay . The relatively wide host range of B. bassiana and its adaptation to the dry and hot conditions dominating the locust breeding area suggest that this isolate could be considered in the development of a biological control programme against D. maroccanus.     

THE BREEDING BEHAVIOUR OF THE LESSER FLAMINGO PHOENICONAIAS MINOR

This paper summarizes what has been learned about the breeding behaviour of the Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor from 1954 to 1969, especially at Lake Magadi, Kenya, in 1962. The only known regular breeding site is on soda mudflats at Lake Natron, Tanzania. Lake Magadi, used in 1962 when Lake Natron was full of water, may only have been used once this century. Breeding has been sporadically reported from other lakes, but reports are usually inadequate and in many cases successful breeding was not proven. At Lake Natron the breeding site is in the middle of the lake which is 70 km long by 24 km wide. Breeding conditions are extremely harsh, mid-day temperatures regularly exceeding 50^oC and reaching 70–75^oC. The advantage of the site lies in its complete freedom from predatory mammals. Details of known breeding, obtained by aerial surveys, are given. Lesser Flamingos do not breed annually, and tend to start in the last quarter, October to December, of any year in which they breed. There is no obvious relation between food supply and this breeding date. The last quarter of the year at Lake Natron tends to be rainy and warm. No really large-scale breeding has been observed since 1962. The methods used for estimating adults and young are given. They have shown good correlation with ground counts at Lake Magadi in 1962. The total population is of the order of three to four million, and the largest known breeding colonies were of 1,100,000 pairs at Lake Magadi in 1962 and 570,000 pairs in 1957 at Lake Natron. From 1953 to 1962 inclusive about 275,000 pairs (1/5 to 1 /6 of the population) bred annually on average, but since 1962 the average number breeding per year has been less, reducing the overall average to perhaps 180,000 pairs. At this rate a pair takes 22–24 years to replace itself. The nuptial display of the Lesser Flamingo resembles in many respects that of the Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber. When displaying, Lesser Flamingos congregate in a tightly-packed flock, rapidly moving, in which various ritual movements are performed. Display normally takes place in certain sites far from known breeding grounds, and may be stimulated by conditions of very dense population. Lesser Flamingos build mud-mound nests similar to but smaller than those of the Greater Flamingo. Measurements, weights, and other details are given. The huge 1962 Magadi colony involved the excavation of some 20,000 metric tons of soda mud. One egg is normally laid. Large numbers of birds tend to lay synchronously in particular parts of the colony. The threshold numbers for breeding may be of the order of 5,000 pairs. Both sexes incubate, for about 28–29 days. Incubating birds are liable to desert en masse when disturbed, e.g. by hyenas. 70–90% of eggs hatch, usually about 85%. Larger colonies are more successful than smaller, and birds that lay out of phase with others tend to desert without hatching. The development of the young resembles that of the Greater Flamingo, but the two are distinguishable at an early age by bill structure. At Lake Natron the fledging period is about 70 days, but at Lake Magadi it was about 90 days, probably because the parents had to fly to Lake Natron for food. Adults attend the chicks closely for the first week of life, but thereafter leave them increasingly. Chicks more than one week old gather in herds, which eventually aggregate to huge numbers, 300,000 or more. Both at Lake Natron and Lake Magadi the chicks moved en masse out of the breeding area to gathering grounds in shallow water, where they remained till able to feed themselves and fly. Both sexes feed the young with regurgigated liquid matter, delivered bill to bill with parent and young both facing forward, as in the Greater Flamingo. Feeding details were not closely observed at Lake Magadi as most feeding took place after dark. Breeding success has varied from 5 to 75%, averaging 41 to 43% of eggs laid. The 1962 Magadi colony had 33 to 38% breeding success. Mass moult to flightlessness is described. It may occur before, during, or after the breeding season, or without breeding, and normally only at Lake Natron. It lasts six to eight weeks, perhaps three weeks for an individual, and may be controllable in that it did not occur at Lake Magadi in 1962 when its effects would have been fatal for the colony. Predation by large mammals (from lions to jackals) and birds, especially Egyptian and other Vultures, is described and roughly quantified. Predation from all causes may have resulted in 5% loss at the Magadi colony, but at Lake Natron is probably less. Eight thousand young Lesser Flamingos and 80 Greater Flamingos were ringed at Lake Magadi in 1962. Ringing methods are described. Recoveries have been meagre, the most distant being from the Awash Valley, Ethiopia. No rings have been observed among the adult population in recent years. The most probable explanation of the poor results is ring loss through chemical action of the water.     

江苏日本沼虾4个野生种群肌肉营养成分比较

对太湖、高邮湖、洪泽湖和骆马湖日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)的生长性状和肌肉营养进行评价与比较,以期为良种选育提供参考依据.结果发现:日本沼虾4个野生种群间虾体全长、体长、体重和肌肉重差异明显,但含肉率(33.99％—35.40％)无显著差异;日本沼虾粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分和水分含量分别为...     

THE OPERATION OF A GIS-BASED DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR AUSTRALIAN LOCUST MANAGEMENT

Abstract  The Australian Plague Locust Commission (APLC) is responsible for the monitoring and control of locust populations that pose a threat to agriculture in the inland areas of four Australian States, a total area of 2 million km2. A GIS-based decision support system (DSS) is used to co-ordinate the collection, processing, analysis and display of a range of spatial data for the forecasting of locust population development and to assist control operations. The resultant forecasts are used to help locate population aggregations early in a breeding sequence so as to enable effective preventive control. The data collection components of the DSS include wireless direct transfer of locust survey data from the field and daily internet collections of weather data. Locust distribution and age information is collected by APLC officers on regular vehicle surveys using GPS-connected palmtop computers, and sent directly to a GIS server via high frequency (HF) radio modems. Locust reports from landholders and state extension staff are also incorporated into the system. The current survey data are used to estimate broad distributions, and to seed spatially-explicit development models that can identify the timing of life stages that can be effectively managed. Information on the distribution of rainfall, temperature and wind-fields is collected automatically from the internet and integrated with habitat information and locust distributions. Online weather data products from the Bureau of Meterology are also accessed regularly to assist in operational decision making.     

洪泽湖大型水生植物群落结构和时空格局的GIS模拟

2010—2011年对洪泽湖大型水生植物进行了4个季度全面的调查和研究, 共发现大型水生植物8科12种, 其中沉水植物9种, 挺水植物1种, 浮叶植物2种。马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)、微齿眼子菜(P. maackianu)、篦齿眼子菜(P. pectinatus)和菹草(P. crispus)为全年优势度较高的水生植物, 但4个季节大型水生植物的优势种类组成差异明显。秋季的水草生物量最高, 其次为夏季和冬季, 春季最低。结合GPS (Global Position System)和GIS (Geographic Information System), 利用GIS的Kring插值法对洪泽湖大型水生植物总生物量及主要优势物种的时空分布进行了可视化模拟。结果发现洪泽湖现阶段大型水生植物分布区域主要集中在湖区北部水质较好、透明度较高且相对封闭的成子湖区。文章也分析了洪泽湖大型水生植物变迁的潜在影响因子, 为水生植物保护和生态系统健康提供了基础依据。     

基于GIS的澳大利亚蝗虫治理决策支持系统的运行

澳大利亚疫蝗委员会（APLC）负责澳大利亚内陆四个州2000000km^2上严重威胁农业生产的蝗虫种群的监测与防治。应用一个基于GIS的“决策支持系统（DSS）”采集,处理,分析并显示多种空间数据,以预测蝗虫种群的发育并辅助实施防治。所做预测有助于对蝗群集聚区做出早期定位并采取有效的预防措施。该DSS的数据采集包括田间调查资料的无线直传和网上逐日天气资料的下载,蝗群的分布和年龄结构信息通过定期GPS定位调查获得,并连同农场主和地方农技推广人员的虫情报告通过高频调制直接传至APLC总部的GIS服务器上;当前的调查资料用于估测蝗群的分布并作为空间发育模型的输入数据以确定实施防治的最适发育阶段的始期;降水分布和风温场资料从网上自动下载并与栖境条件和蝗群分布信息集成。同时,澳大利亚联邦气象局的在线天气资料及产品也从网上定时存取用于决策支持。     

THE PROBLEM OF NOMENCLATURE

Whitfield, A. K. &; Blaber, S. J. M. 1978. Feeding ecology of piscivorous birds at Lake St Lucia, Part 3: Swimming birds. Ostrich 50:10-20. The diets, foraging periodicities and feeding behaviour of the Reed Cormorant Phalacrocorax africanus, Whitebreasted Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo and White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus were studied at Lake St Lucia, Natal, South Africa, during 1975 and 1976. The Reed Cormorant fishes in shallow water within 100 m of the shore and mainly caught Sarotherodon mossambicus and Solea bleekeri, while the Whitebreasted Cormorant caught Mugilidae, Rhabdosargus sarba and Thryssa vitrirostris in deeper water. The diet of the White Pelican followed three distinct phases: a pre-incubation phase when the birds followed and preyed heavily on migrating Mugil cephalus shoals; an incubation and post-incubation phase when the adults flew a round trip of 200 km to the north to obtain freshwater fish, mainly cichlids, from the Pongolo pans where fishes were concentrated and densities high; and a post-fledgling phase when both adults and juveniles fed on a variety of marine species of fish in Lake St Lucia for about a month before dispersing to other areas. The feeding and breeding of Reed Cormorants and White-breasted Cormorants is discussed in relation to wind speeds, water turbidity and flooding of backwaters. The diet and long-range foraging behaviour of White Pelicans at St Lucia are compared with data from other African lakes. The breeding season of White Pelicans at St Lucia is related to availability of fish and inaccessibility of the breeding site to predators. The latter is determined by lake levels.     

THE BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE GREAT WHITE PELICAN PELECANUS ONOCROTALUS ROSEUS AT LAKE SHALA, ETHIOPIA

Pelecanus onocrotalus roseus is known to breed more or less regularly in Africa at Lake Shala, Ethiopia; Lake Rukwa, Tanzania; St. Lucia Bay, Natal; Abou Tougour, Chad; Kapsikis, Northern Cameroons; and Wase Rock, Nigeria; and has been observed or reported breeding at Mweru Marsh, Zambia; Lake Ngami, Botswana; Seal and Dyers Islands, South Africa; and Lake Natron, Tanzania. The Shala colony, after Lake Rukwa's, is the largest known breeding colony in Africa and is probably of crucial importance to the species in Africa. For successful breeding regular colonies of P. onocrotalus must have an assured supply offish and an inaccessible breeding site. These conditions are met at the Lake Shala colony. Assuming that a Great White Pelican consumes about 10% of body weight or about 900-1,200 g per day, the Lake Shala breeding colony with 7,500-12,000 pairs would consume about 3,140-5,040 tonnes in the breeding seasons. The partially unsuccessful breeding of perhaps 10,000 pairs at Lake Natron in 1962 is described. Failure was attributed to sudden failure of the food supply. Breeding of the Great White Pelican on Lake Shala takes place throughout the year although there is a peak of numbers breeding from December to the end of March, which is in the dry season. Observations recorded in this paper cover two full breeding seasons, 1965-6 and 1966-7. Although during the peak period of breeding the flock at Shala is made up of 2,500-5,000 pairs, this mass is composed of smaller units, each made up of 300-1,200 pairs, laying more or less together with little overlap from one group to the next. Three changes occur in the plumage of the Great White Pelican towards the onset of the breeding season: (a) the development of a knob or swelling on the forehead at the base of the beak with associated expanses of brightly-coloured bare skin, pinkish yellow in males and bright orange in females; (b) the development of a crest; and (c) the development of a yellowish band across the chest or larger areas of darker brown in the plumage. Four distinct colour-types of breeding plumage were observed: the dark-brown type, the brown-breasted type, the yellow-banded type, and the type with scarcely any suggestion of a breast patch. No correlation was found between plumage type and sex, size, length of bill or any other obvious physical feature. Group display and individual displays of the adults are described. There appears to be no special pre-copulation display. Elaborate nests are not prepared; the male collects the nesting material, and both sexes build the nest. Nests are small, 35–60 cm in diameter (averaging 46-4 cm), and close together (364 nests averaged 1–55/m²). Average clutch-size is 1–88. Incubation begins with the first egg; both sexes incubate; the incubation period is probably about 38 days. The fledging period is 65–70 days, of which about the first 28–30 days are spent in the nesting area. After that the young form into groups or “pods”. The development of the young is described. When it is very small it is fed by either parent several times each day. When the young is 30–35 days or older, it is probably fed less than once per day. The bright red nail-like tip of the adult's upper mandible serves to direct the begging movements of the young chick, and it probably holds the liquid food on which the chick feeds. It is suggested that pod formation of young both in the middle of the day and at night possibly helps to avoid extremes of temperature, either of heat or cold. Parents recognise their own chicks; and young pelicans, at a later stage, recognise their parents. Indiscriminate feeding of young does not occur in P. o. roseus. Adults often are quiescent but not asleep at night. Activity is stimulated by the earliest light, and most pelicans begin leaving the island by 09.30-10.00 hrs. Most departures and arrivals take place from about 10.00 to 16.00 hrs. The distance from which food is brought to the colony is not known for certain, but most birds probably fly to and from Lake Abiata. It is not known where the young go once they leave the colony; most do not fly to the obvious place, Lake Abiata. Although difficult to determine, we suggest that the breeding success of the pelicans is on the average less than one young per nest. Egyptian Vultures were the most important predators at the colony, but all forms of predation together accounted for less than 10% of the nesting losses. The timing of breeding in relation to food supply, climatic factors and inaccessibility of the breeding site is discussed. Inaccessibility appears to override seasonal factors, but in permanently inaccessible sites the peak of breeding is in the dry season. It is suggested that the Great White Pelican nests in discrete breeding units within the main colony to minimise the effect of predation.     

Can forest management have season-dependent effects on bird diversity?

Forest management modified the original structure of most European forests, and in the most extreme cases, genuinely natural and semi-natural forests were turned into plantations through clear felling and replanting, often using non-native species. We compared the bird community structure of native oak woods of northern Italy with that of their anthropogenic counter-parts: black locust and sweet chestnut woods. The three stand types were compared in terms of vegetation structure, bird species richness, diversity and abundance of foraging guilds. We analysed both the overwintering and the breeding community, to assess whether management had specific seasonal effects on bird diversity. Forestry-imposed disturbances affected bird diversity more consistently in winter than in breeding time: bird species richness and diversity were significantly greater in oak and chestnut stands, which were the preferred habitat for bark foragers and foliage gleaners. In the breeding period, bird diversity of black locust woodlands increased, and inter-stand differences were not significant. At this time of year, understorey gleaners were more abundant in black locust stands (where shrubs were denser). In winter, species richness, diversity and the abundance of several guilds were positively correlated with stand age, whereas in the breeding period canopy gleaners preferred younger woodlots. Despite the lack of inter-stand differences in breeding bird diversity, young-managed woods benefited generalist birds that need no particular conservation efforts. Conversely, priority species for forest conservation such as specialised bark foragers positively selected native and mature stands throughout the year. We suggest that detailed year-round studies on diversity and community composition could sharpen the precision with which it is possible to prescribe conservation measures in forested areas.