泉定北京中轴线的发现与验证

<正>2020年7月至2023年6月,“北京中轴线”准备申请世界文化遗产。2021年我们实施了“中轴线与北京湾：东方理想都城秩序的地理时空大背景”。北京湾构成了北京的地理特征,永定河冲洪积扇和北京凹陷构成了北京中心城区的地质背景,中轴线构成了北京的文化特征。研究三者之间的关系,就为中轴线申遗寻找地理学和地质学方面的科学依据。我们发现“泉定北京中轴线”的客观存在并进行了科学验证。     

生态库湾

正三峡水库有上千个大小不一的库湾。由于地理条件特殊,库湾的水量交换小,形成了水体滞留区。而岸上营养盐的进入,再叠加上以前淹没区的大量营养盐的释放,就容易造成库湾水体的富营养化。库湾一度是三峡水库的水华高发区,它们也因此成为水库环境治理的重点和难点。为此,我们希望通过对水库污染严重的香溪河库湾治理,为其他地方的相关工作探路。     

贵州黄花冲下奥陶统湄潭组疑源类

对贵州黄花冲奥陶系湄潭组Azygograptus suecicus带疑源类组合研究表明,该组合可以与扬子区陕南、川东南、黔北、黔南、湘西、鄂西等地同期组合对比,并根据特征分子产出判别该组合应划归环冈瓦纳疑源类生物地理区。鄂西宜昌大湾组疑源类组合与黄花冲湄潭组疑源类组合的差异系环境因素所致。     

三峡水库及香溪河库湾理化特征的比较研究

根据2003年6月三峡水库初期蓄水后对香溪河库湾的常规监测,对该水域的理化特征及其动态进行了分析,并与三峡水库库首的数据进行了比较研究。结果显示库湾TN、NO3-N浓度要显著低于库首,前者两周年平均值为1.29mg/L,0.88mg/L,后者两周年平均值为1.62mg/L,1.22mg/L。而PO4-P则是库湾显著高于库首,并且在7—9月库首的TP/PO4-P有显著提高。结果同时表明库首的水土流失较严重,而库湾则有较好的水土保持。最后对TSIM的计算结果表明,由于TP、TN都处于高水平,库首呈现中营养化(TSIM>37),而库湾则呈现严重富营养化(TSIM>53)。     

近20年广西钦州湾有机污染状况变化特征及生态影响

利用1990至2010年长期监测的结果,采用有机污染指数法对钦州湾近20年有机污染程度进行评价,分析其变化趋势并探讨其对海湾环境的潜在生态影响。结果表明近20a钦州湾有机污染指数变化较大,内湾变化范围为-0.55-5.49,外湾的变化范围为-0.44-3.96。20世纪90年代内湾和外湾有机污染物程度均显下降趋势,1999-2003年显上升趋势,2003年以后外湾显平稳波动状态而内湾为显著增加的趋势,近几年内湾有机污染加重到严重污染的程度。径流输入、浮游植物消耗以及水体交换等因子的综合作用是该海湾有机污染变化的主要因素,也是导致内湾和外湾变化差异的主要原因。海湾有机污染的变化导致富营养化的变化,有机污染和富营养化程度的变化并没有与浮游植物生物量的变化显著相关,但内湾近年来急剧加重的有机污染增加了赤潮等生态灾害的风险。内湾有机污染加重也会对水产增养殖等产生影响,需要加大关注和防治。     

试论珠海市东部岛屿的开发利用与生态环境保护

试论珠海市东部岛屿的开发利用与生态环境保护邓爱清（珠海市环境科学研究所）珠海市是我国最早开办的经济特区之一。地处改革开发的前沿,经过多年的建设,珠海市已从昔日一个经济落后的边隆小镇发展成以外向型经济为主的中等城市。珠海市毗连港澳,三面临海,有诸多的岛...     

三峡水库香溪河库湾夏季水华调查

以三峡水库支流香溪河为研究对象,以2011年夏季的采样数据为基础,比较分析了水华前后支流库湾营养盐和叶绿素a的时空分布规律及其相关性。结果表明,2011年6月21—29日,香溪河暴发了显著的藻类水华,叶绿素a峰值达到125.8 mg·m-3。相关分析表明,水华过程显著影响可溶性无机N、P的空间分布,营养盐空间分布从中游高、河口低,转变为从河口至上游递减,并且在水华区域锐减;长江干流较高的营养盐本底值增大了支流库湾水华的风险;高营养盐背景值的长江干流水体在香溪河库湾的潜出位置是水华最严重的区域;干流水体对库湾表层的营养盐补给作用是影响库湾水华生消的关键因素。     

珠海市旅游资源及开发中存在的环境问题

珠海市旅游资源及开发中存在的环境问题陈金华（珠海市环境科学研究所）珠海市依山傍海,环境优美,风景秀丽,近年旅游事业获得了迅速发展,各个旅游中心、宾馆、公园、游乐场、商业城、渡假村、名胜古迹相继建立开放,接待了各地大批游客。再加上交通、电讯、住宿和服务...     

UK~(37)沉积地层记录:三门湾海表温度(SST)和EI Nio现象及其对大型底栖动物生命活动的影响

应用UK37估算三门湾(1916~2003年)表层海水温度,SST波动范围在15.97~18.00℃之间,年平均为17.03℃,此计算值比当年实测海水全年平均温度低3.52℃,与秋季海水实测温度相接近。研究显示出,三门湾的EI Nio事件在大尺度上与东太平洋一样,均受制于气候影响因素,但在变化尺度上又受到地理位置和地方性气候(季风)的影响,事件在形式和年代上相互对应,但其颤动幅度远不如东太平洋强烈。同时通过比较EI Nio期间(2003/2002)和非EI Nio期间(2006/2005)大型底栖生物的群落结构变动信号、生物量、栖息密度以及物种多样性等,研究显示出三门湾若干大型底栖生物对EI Nio事件产生响应迹象,若干大型底栖生物对EI Ni o的响应主要是通过海洋环流的影响来体现生命和生态效应的,主要表现在改变了底栖生物种类数和多样性、以及生命活动及栖息密度分布模式。在EI Nio影响下,台湾暖流入侵势力加强,2003/2002年底栖生物群落种类数减少与海流入侵及盐度密切相关;通过与同海域浮游动物对比研究,三门湾海域浮游动物和底栖生物对EI Nio的生态响应均较大,前者可能与三门湾海域水域较浅,外海暖水从底部入侵改变水温和盐度,直接影响底栖生物的生态环境,致使种类数大大减少有关;而后者由于入侵暖水强度增大,携带大量暖水性浮游动物,呈现出在EI Nio时期浮游动物种类数、生物量和丰度有偏高趋势。     

UK37沉积地层记录:三门湾海表温度(SST)和EI Ni(n)o现象及其对大型底栖动物生命活动的影响

应用U^K37估算三门湾（1916～2003年）表层海水温度,SST波动范围在15．97～18．00℃之间,年平均为17．03℃,此计算值比当年实测海水全年平均温度低3．52℃,与秋季海水实测温度相接近。研究显示出,三门湾的EINino事件在大尺度上与东太平洋一样,均受制于气候影响因素,但在变化尺度上又受到地理位置和地方性气候（季风）的影响,事件在形式和年代上相互对应,但其颤动幅度远不如东太平洋强烈。同时通过比较EINino期间（2003／2002）和非EINino期间（2006／2005）大型底栖生物的群落结构变动信号、生物量、栖息密度以及物种多样性等,研究显示出三门湾若干大型底栖生物对EINino事件产生响应迹象,若干大型底栖生物对EINino的响应主要是通过海洋环流的影响来体现生命和生态效应的,主要表现在改变了底栖生物种类数和多样性、以及生命活动及栖息密度分布模式。在EINino影响下,台湾暖流人侵势力加强,2003／2002年底栖生物群落种类数减少与海流人侵及盐度密切相关;通过与同海域浮游动物对比研究,三门湾海域浮游动物和底栖生物对EINino的生态响应均较大,前者可能与三门湾海域水域较浅,外海暖水从底部人侵改变水温和盐度,直接影响底栖生物的生态环境,致使种类数大大减少有关;而后者由于人侵暖水强度增大,携带大量暖水性浮游动物,呈现出在EINino时期浮游动物种类数、生物量和丰度有偏高趋势。     

海口市污水处理厂活性污泥中细菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了解海口市白沙门污水处理厂活性污泥中细菌抗生素耐性情况,采用平板分离技术分离、纯化细菌,并通过BIOLOG微生物鉴定系统对筛选到的细菌进行鉴定,同时采用Kirby-Bauer纸片琼脂扩散法进行药敏试验并进行抗生素耐性分析。本研究共分离到18株细菌,分属8个属,14个种,其中G+和G-均为9株。抗生素药敏性试验结果表明,所有菌株均耐药,菌株单重耐药率、双重耐药性及多重耐药性分别为50%、38.9%、和11.1%。菌株对9种常用抗生素:头孢他啶、环丙沙星、庆大霉素、链霉素、氨苄西林、红霉素、氯霉素、四环素、卡那霉素的耐药率分别为61.1%、0%、5.6%、16.7%、50%、16.7%、11.1%、0%、5.6%。综上所述,白沙门污水处理厂活性污泥中的细菌耐药性比较严重,存在潜在的环境生态和人畜健康风险。本研究揭示了当前白沙门污水处理厂活性污泥中细菌对常见抗生素耐药的严重现状,为建议污水处理厂加强出水及污泥中抗生素耐药性及耐药基因的检测并评估其生态影响提供基础,避免出水及污泥中的抗性菌和耐药基因可能带来的风险问题。     

高效净水异养硝化细菌的筛选鉴定及固定化应用研究

本研究从海参养殖水体、泥土中筛选出4株具有硝化能力的异养硝化细菌。分别将其游离菌体细胞投入海参养殖水体,测定亚硝态氮、氨氮去除率,筛选出HS．NOB2为高效净化菌株,对HS-NOB2进行16SrDNA扩增及序列测定,初步鉴定为节杆菌（Arthrobactersp．）。利用海藻酸钠包埋法对高效净化菌体细胞进行固定化,将该固定化菌投入养殖水体及人工合成污水,研究其对水体中亚硝态氮、氨氮的处理效果,并与游离菌体细胞进行比较。结果表明,固定化后亚硝态氮去除率达到49．85％,氨氮去除率达到56．58％,均明显高于游离菌体细胞。上述研究为探寻水体净化提供了新思路,为水质改良剂的实际生产提供可选菌株。     

The effect of repetitive stimulation on the passive electrical properties of the presynaptic terminal of the squid giant synapse.

The resting electrical properties of the presynaptic terminal of the squid giant synapse have been determined by using constant current pulses. After short periods of repetitive stimulation, the terminal resistance, time constant and capacitance are found to be increased. These changes are absent in terminals bathed in artificial sea water containing no calcium, and sea water containing 5 mM cobalt. It seems likely that these changes are associated with transmitter release.     

Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in Swedish sewage sludge

Background  

Antimicrobial resistance is a serious threat in veterinary medicine and human healthcare. Resistance genes can spread from animals, through the food-chain, and back to humans. Sewage sludge may act as the link back from humans to animals. The main aims of this study were to investigate the occurrence of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in treated sewage sludge, in a Swedish waste water treatment plant (WWTP), and to compare VRE isolates from sewage sludge with isolates from humans and chickens.     

The Spore-Pollen and Algal. Assemblages from the Surface Sediments of Yellow Sea

Yellow Sea is a shelf sea situated between China and Korea Peninsula. The distribution of spore-pollen and algae of the surface sediments of Yellow Sea may be divided into 4 characteristic regions:1. Artemisia-Chenopodiaccae-Gramineae region. 2. Pinus-Quercus-herbaceous pollen-Hystrichosphaera region. 3. Pinus-Balti-sphaeridinm-Quercus-Pteridium-Pteris region. 4. Pinus-Quercus-Pteris-Baltisphaeridium region. Through the study of spore-pollen and algae, the problems under discussion are: 1. the relationship between the spore-pollen assemblages of surface sediments and vegetation of continental margin, 2. resedimentation of fossils of spore-pollen and sedimental provenance of the sea basin, 3. the relationship between the distribution of Hystrichosphaera and Baltisphaeridium and water depth, 4. the relationship between the distribution of diatom and depth and characteristics of water bodies and 5. the relationship between mangrove pollen and sea currents.     

Pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS) and 16S-23S rDNA spacer region fingerprinting suggests the presence of novel acinetobacters in activated sludge

Screening of large numbers of Acinetobacter spp. from activated sludge systems with Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry (PyMS) showed that many did not cluster tightly with the currently described genomic species which have been obtained mainly from clinical sources. Selected isolates were then genotypically fingerprinted using their 16S-23S rDNA spacer region, and again the data revealed considerable differences in the genomic fingerprints of many of these activated sludge isolates to the predominantly clinical genomic species. In fact, few could be identified from them. The possibility that the current speciation within this genus is not adequate to encompass all these environmental isolates is addressed in relation to the methods used to study the population dynamics of Acinetobacter in activated sludge.     

Environmental quality assessment of water body and surface sediment in the sea area of Jiaozhou Bay wetland

Based on the investigation data from 48 sampling stations in the sea area of Jiaozhou Bay wetland in 2009, and by using Nemerow index, eutrophication index (EI), and Hakanson potential ecological risk index, an assessment was conducted on the environmental quality of water body and surface sediment in the sea area. According to the assessment on the 16 indicators including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorous (DIP), chemical oxygen demand (COD(Mn)), petroleum hydrocarbons, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, hexachlorocyolohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), coliform, and faecal coliform, the water quality was at moderate and serious pollution level in the tidal reach of Dagu River, at slight and moderate pollution level in the intertidal zone, and at slight pollution level in the shallow sea. The eutrophication level differed markedly with the regions, being very serious in the tidal reach of Dagu River (EI value 58.13-327.89), serious in the intertidal zone (EI value 1.34-19.96), and slight in the shallow sea (EI value 0.65-2.10). The surface sediments in the sea area were basically at slight pollution level. The sediment quality was at slight pollution level in the tidal reach of Dagu River, at slight and moderate pollution level in the intertidal zone, and at cleaner and slight pollution level in the shallow sea. The pollution parameter (C(f)(i)) and contamination index (Cd) of the heavy metals in the surface sediments were low, suggesting that the pollution degree was at a lower level. The Cu and Zn were the primary pollution factors in the sediments. The potential ecological risk parameter (E(r)(i)) and risk index (RI) of the heavy metals in the surface sediments were lower, indicating a slight ecological risk of heavy metals pollution.     

Infiltration phyto- and protozooplankton assemblages in the annual sea ice of Disko Island, West Greenland, spring 1996

During the spring of 1996 we occupied a station on annual sea ice located several kilometers from Disko Island, West Greenland in water depths greater than 200 m. The goal of this 3-week field season was to characterize sea-ice communities and the underlying water column prior to, and during, ice break-up. A heavier than usual snow load depressed the sea ice below sea level and the snow-ice interface became flooded. Some of this flooded region subsequently refroze and the whole process repeated itself when additional snow accumulated. The infiltration phytoplankton and protozooplankton assemblages that developed in this region were abundant and diverse. Algal biomass in the infiltration layer was approximately an order of magnitude greater than in the underlying water column but an order of magnitude less than in the well-developed bottom ice community. The infiltration autotrophic assemblage resembled the bottom-ice assemblage while the protozooplankton assemblage was more similar to the water column assemblage. Received: 13 February 1998 / Accepted: 30 May 1998     

鼎湖山人工马尾松第1代与自然更新代生长动态比较

应用年轮分析法研究马尾松栽种的第1代和自然更新代的动态。结果表明,本区域马尾松第1代在贫瘠土壤上能正常生长,并在成熟期有较高的生长量,因此不失为较好的造林绿化的先锋树种。从经济利用的角度出发,应在生长量高峰期后采伐最为合理,在本区域采伐期可选择在树龄40年左右。但马尾松的更新代严重退化,表明本区域在土地利用上不能连续栽种马尾松,最佳方式是在35年林龄左右进行林分改造。     

Tracer and nontracer potassium fluxes in squid giant axons and the effects of changes in external potassium concentration and membrane potential

The efflux of labeled and unlabeled potassium ions from the squid giant axon has been measured under a variety of experimental conditions. Axons soaked in sea water containing 42K ions lost radioactivity when placed in inactive sea water according to kinetics which indicate the presence of at least two cellular compartments. A rapidly equilibrating superficial compartment, probably the Schwann cell, was observed to elevate the specific activity of 42K lost from such axons to K-free sea water for a period of hours. The extra radioactive potassium loss from such axons during stimulation, however, was shown to have a specific activity identical within error to that measured in the axoplasm at the end of the experiment. The same was shown for the extra potassium loss occurring during passage of a steady depolarizing current. Axons placed in sea water with an elevated potassium ion concentration (50 mM) showed an increased potassium efflux that was in general agreement with the accompanying increase in membrane conductance. The efflux of potassium ions observed in 50 mM K sea water at different membrane potentials did not support the theory that the potassium fluxes obey the independence principle.