林网保护区冬小麦生长过程的数值模拟

给出了一个模拟冬小麦生长过程的产量生态学模式,并对黄淮海平原林网保护区冬小麦的生长过程进行了数值模拟.模型输出变量包括作物的叶面积指数,根、茎、叶、籽等地上和地下器官生物量,以及与作物生长密切相关的土壤水分变化情况、作物水分利用率、光合/呼吸效率等生理生态因子.结果表明,由于林网地区小气候条件的改善,使得农林复合系统较之单作农田有更强的抗旱能力,在干旱的1994年,林网保护下的农林复合系统生产力较单作农田提高11.6%左右.模式输出的小麦地上部分生物量与生长监测资料十分一致.     

灌草与林带搭配条件下防护效应的数值模拟

在对林带和灌草进行参数化的基础上,将有、无灌草带存在情况下绕林带流场进行了数值模拟,分析比较了两种流场中沿流相对风速、不同断面风速廓线及湍动能的变化。结果表明,灌草在防护林体系中起着重要作用,在林带迎风面和带后一定区域内,均使风速减小。最后将数值模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比,并从实验角度分析了灌草的作用。     

The flow field around a freely swimming copepod in steady motion. Part II: Numerical simulation

Three-dimensional, numerical simulations of the flow field arounda freely swimming model-copepod were performed using a finite-volumecode. The model copepod had a realistic body shape representedby a curvilinear body-fitted coordinate system. The beatingmovement of the cephalic appendages was replaced by a distributedforce field acting on the water ventrally adjacent to the copepod'sbody. In the simulations, we took into account that freely swimmingcopepods are self-propelled bodies through properly couplingthe Navier–Stokes equations with the dynamic equationfor the copepod's body. Flow fields were calculated for fivesteady motions: (1) hovering, (2) sinking, (3) upwards swimming,(4) backwards swimming and (5) forwards swimming. The numericalresults confirm the conclusions drawn from the theoretical analysisusing Stokes flow models by Jiang et al. [in a companion paper(Jiang et al., 2002a)] for a spherical copepod shape and showthat the geometry of the flow field around a freely swimmingcopepod varies significantly with the different swimming behaviours.When a copepod hovers in the water, or swims very slowly, itgenerates a cone-shaped and wide flow field. In contrast, whena copepod sinks, or swims fast, the flow geometry is not cone-shaped,but cylindrical, narrow and long. The relationships betweencopepods' swimming behaviour and body orientation, hydrodynamicconspicuousness, energetics as well as feeding efficiency werediscussed, based on the simulation data. It is shown that thebehaviour of hovering or swimming slowly is more energeticallyefficient in terms of relative capture volume per energy expendedthan the behaviour of swimming fast, i.e. for a same amountof energy expended a hovering or slow-swimming copepod is ableto scan more water than a fast-swimming one. The numerical resultsalso suggest that the flow field generated by a fast-swimmingcopepod enables the copepod to use mechanoreception to perceivethe food/prey and therefore increases the food concentrationin the swept volume and that the flow field around a free-sinkingcopepod favours the copepod's mechanoreception while minimizingthe energy expense, so that the energy budget can still be maintainedfor both cases.     

Numerical simulation and comparative analysis of flow field in axial blood pumps

The objective study was to estimate the rheological properties and physiological compatibility of the blood pump by simulating the internal flow field of the blood pump. In this study we use computational fluid dynamics method to simulate and analyse two models of axial blood pumps with a three-blade diffuser and a six-blade diffuser, named pump I and pump II, respectively, and to compare the flow patterns of these two kinds of blood pumps while both of them satisfy the conditions of the normal human blood differential pressure and blood flow. Results indicate that (i) the high shear force occurs between the diffuser and the rotor in which the crucial place leads to haemolysis and (ii) under the condition of 100 mmHg pressure head and 5 l/min flow rate, the difference between the two kinds of blood pumps, as far as the haemolytic performance is concerned, is notable. The haemolysis index of the two pumps is 0.32% and 0.2%. In conclusion, the performance of the blood pump is influenced by the diffusers' blade number. Pump II performed better than pump I, which can be the basic model for blood pump option.     

Numerical flow simulation of pool-type fishways: new ways with well-known tools

Fish passage structures are built to restore the connectivity of rivers and allow the migration of aquatic fauna. In order to assess the functioning of a pool-type fishway, it is necessary, inter alia, to possess detailed knowledge of its flow structure, since observations of fishways, and in particular of the visible water surface, can only provide a rough idea of the actual conditions inside the pools. Numerical simulation has been used for many years to support engineering sciences. Especially, the modeling of flow processes in hydraulic machines can, on the one hand, help avoid major problems during the design stage of fish passage structures and, on the other, improve the structure’s hydraulic performance. To this end, two diploma theses within the framework of a research project of the local energy supplier Energie Baden-Württemberg AG (EnBW) employed modeling tools for 3D flow simulation, primarily for pool-slot fishways (PSF), and for traditional vertical slot fishways (VSF). Guest editors: R. L. Welcomme & G. Marmulla Hydropower, Flood Control and Water Abstraction: Implications for Fish and Fisheries     

High-resolution 3-D imaging of living cells in suspension using confocal axial tomography

Conventional flow cytometry (FC) methods report optical signals integrated from individual cells at throughput rates as high as thousands of cells per second. This is further combined with the powerful utility to subsequently sort and/or recover the cells of interest. However, these methods cannot extract spatial information. This limitation has prompted efforts by some commercial manufacturers to produce state-of-the-art commercial flow cytometry systems allowing fluorescence images to be recorded by an imaging detector. Nonetheless, there remains an immediate and growing need for technologies facilitating spatial analysis of fluorescent signals from cells maintained in flow suspension. Here, we report a novel methodological approach to this problem that combines micro-fluidic flow, and microelectrode dielectric-field control to manipulate, immobilize and image individual cells in suspension. The method also offers unique possibilities for imaging studies on cells in suspension. In particular, we report the system's immediate utility for confocal "axial tomography" using micro-rotation imaging and show that it greatly enhances 3-D optical resolution compared with conventional light reconstruction (deconvolution) image data treatment. That the method we present here is relatively rapid and lends itself to full automation suggests its eventual utility for 3-D imaging cytometry.     

Hemodynamic characteristics of flow around a deformable stenosis

Clinical studies reported that some vulnerable stenoses deformed their shape in a blood vessel based on flow condition. However, the effects of shape variation on flow characteristics remain unclear. The flow characteristics are known to affect vulnerable stenosis rupture and fractional flow reserve (FFR) value which has been widely used as a diagnostic tool for stenosis. Vulnerable stenosis rupture occurs when the structural stress exerted on a fibrous cap exceeds its tolerable threshold. The stress magnitude is determined from the spatial distribution of static pressure around the stenosis. In the present study, the static pressure distribution and the FFR value in deformable stenosis were investigated with related other flow characteristics. Two phantom models were fabricated to mimic deformable and nondeformable stenoses using polydimethylsiloxane. The flow characteristics were observed under a steady-flow condition at three Reynolds numbers (Re = 500, 1000, 1500) using a particle image velocimetry. The pressure drop across the stenosis models were measured using a pressure sensor to determine effects of shape deformation on FFR value. Shape variations and jet deflections were clearly observed in the deformable stenosis model, and the effective severity of the stenosis increased up to 17.2%. The shape variations of deformable stenosis model increased the static pressure difference at the upstream and downstream sides of the stenosis. The pressure drop across the deformable stenosis model was significantly higher than that of the nondeformable stenosis model. The present results substantiate that stenosis deformability should be carefully considered to diagnose the rupture of vulnerable stenosis.     

冬小麦生育期农田尺度下土壤硝态氮淋失动态的数值模拟

在北京通州区永乐店田间试验的基础上 ,假设土壤由一系列不发生相互作用的一维土柱组成 ,根据实测的土壤有机质含量 ,假定土壤有机氮的矿化作用速率常数 (零级动力学 )和有机质含量成正比 ,运用 HYDRUS- 1D软件 ,分别就考虑和不考虑土壤有机氮的矿化速率的空间变异性这两种方案 ,对 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 1年冬小麦生长条件下农田尺度土壤氮素转化和硝态氮淋失规律进行了数值分析。两种方案的模拟结果表明 :考虑和不考虑土壤有机氮矿化速率的空间变异性对剖面 2 5 0 cm埋深处硝态氮淋失量的影响很小 ,其差异主要在于前者对土壤氮素的矿化量、固持及反硝化量、作物吸氮量的影响更大 ,其空间变异性高于不考虑矿化速率时的结果。剖面 2 5 0 cm埋深处平均的土壤水渗透量和累积硝态氮淋失量分别为 2 .2 5 mm、0 .0 0 984 m g/cm2 ,变异系数大于 1.4 6 ,属于强变异性。对模拟结果进行地统计学分析 ,结果表明 :剖面 2 5 0 cm埋深处的土壤水渗透量和硝态氮淋失量的半方差函数为纯块金形式 ,在空间上表现为相互独立。考虑有机氮矿化速率空间变异性时的土壤氮素净转化量、吸氮量均可用球状模型描述 ,其变程与土壤有机质含量的变程接近 ,约为 4 .7m;而不考虑有机氮矿化速率空间变异性时的土壤氮素净转化量用线性无基台值     

Bioremediation of phenol by a novel partitioning bioreactor using cow dung microbial consortia

A bioreactor has been designed and developed for partitioning of aqueous and organic phases with a provision for aeration and stirring, a cooling system and a sampling port. The potential of a cow dung microbial consortium has been assessed for bioremediation of phenol in a single-phase bioreactor and a two-phase partitioning bioreactor. The advantages of the two-phase partitioning bioreactor are discussed. The Pseudomonas putida IFO 14671 has been isolated, cultured and identified from the cow dung microbial consortium as a high-potential phenol degrader. The methods developed in this study present an advance in bioremediation techniques for the biodegradation of organic compounds such as phenol using a bioreactor. We have also demonstrated the potential of microorganisms from cow dung as a source of biomass.     

森林生态系统与大气边界层相互作用的数值模拟

基于大气边界层和植被冠层微气象学基本原理,建立了一个森林生态系统与大气边界层相互作用的数值模式．应用该模式模拟了森林生态系统的热量平衡、植被温度、植被冠层内空气温度、地表温度日变化特征,及森林生态系统下垫面大气边界层风速、位温、比湿、湍流交换系数的时空分布和廓线的日变化特征．该模式还可应用于不同下垫面,模拟陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用机制及其区域气候效应的研究,这将为气候模式与生物圈的耦合研究奠定一个良好的基础．     

利用数值模拟重构物种多样性格局的形成过程

生命形成的过程极其漫长, 经历了地球系统复杂的沧海桑田变化。当前人类所观察到的物种分布格局的形成除了由物种本身特征决定外, 还受到环境变化、人类活动以及各种随机事件的影响。受限于实验条件、时间、经费、人力等诸多因素, 我们尚无法完整地观察并记录到物种多样性形成的全过程, 只能通过片段化数据来推测该过程。信息科学中包括数值模拟在内的仿真技术以其高效、可控及全过程记录等优势, 能从某种程度上解决物种多样性格局形成过程中的部分数据黑箱问题。本文介绍了数值模拟的概念和工作原理及在物种多样性研究中应用的特点, 列举了物种生态位、扩散模式、种间互作及物种分布应对气候变化等方面的数值模拟研究, 基于已有研究系统地介绍了如何综合上述数值模拟研究构建虚拟物种、气候和场景来解释物种多样性的形成与维持机制, 并阐述了数值模拟在物种多样性研究中的优缺点及应用前景。     

Bacterial transformation and biodegradation processes simulation in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands using CWM1-RETRASO

The performance and reliability of the CWM1-RETRASO model for simulating processes in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF CWs) and the relative contribution of different microbial reactions to organic matter (COD) removal in a HSSF CW treating urban wastewater were evaluated. Various different approaches with diverse influent configurations were simulated. According to the simulations, anaerobic processes were more widespread in the simulated wetland and contributed to a higher COD removal rate [72-79%] than anoxic [0-1%] and aerobic reactions [20-27%] did. In all the cases tested, the reaction that most contributed to COD removal was methanogenesis [58-73%]. All results provided by the model were in consonance with literature and experimental field observations, suggesting a good performance and reliability of CWM1-RETRASO. According to the good simulation predictions, CWM1-RETRASO is the first mechanistic model able to successfully simulate the processes described by the CWM1 model in HSSF CWs.     

Proposal of a thorax segment coordinate system for the 3D kinematical analysis of the cervical spine

The International Society of Biomechanics detailed the recommendations for 3D kinematics of intervertebral movements (Wu, et al. 2002. J Biomech. 35:543–548), but does not specify how to adapt this proposal to describe the kinematics of the cervical spine, between the head and the thorax. The analysis of the literature shows that no consensus exists at the present time on this subject. The objective of our study was to identify the reference points that formed the most rigid triplet allowing building an optimal thorax segment coordinate system (SCS). We thus measured the variations of distances between markers placed on various anatomical landmarks, and then the deformations of the combinations of three markers on different cervical movements of a sample of 10 asymptomatic subjects. The results show that the triplet formed by the sternum and both acromions undergoes less deformation on the flexion–extension movement. For all the other movements (lateral bending, axial rotation and complex movements), the triplet formed by sternum, T3 and TH (positioned on the thoracic spinal column, in a horizontal plane containing the sternal marker), undergoes less deformation. As a conclusion, the optimal triplet to define the thorax SCS for 3D kinematical analysis of the cervical spine is that formed by the markers: sternum, T3 and TH. This triplet makes it possible to define an orthonormal SCS, the axes of which coincide with anatomical directions, i.e. with the functional axes of the movement.     

三维支架材料中软骨细胞生长过程的数值模拟

组织工程是临床上用于修复以及重建受损软骨的一项有广泛应用前景的方法。但是在支架材料内部物质传递仅仅依赖于扩散,这是支架材料中细胞生长的主要限制因素。利用氧扩散-反应基本原理建立了软骨细胞生长过程的数学模型,同时考虑了由于细胞生长引起的扩散系数下降以及空间抑制因素对细胞生长的影响。模拟结果与实验数据吻合良好,表明该模型对材料内部的细胞生长的分析具有较高的可靠性,可用于组织工程生物反应器以及三维多孔支架材料的优化设计。     

Numerical simulation of the remodelling process of trabecular architecture around dental implants

Dental implants may alter the mechanical environment in the jawbone, thereby causing remodelling and adaptation of the surrounding trabecular bone tissues. To improve the efficacy of dental implant systems, it is necessary to consider the effect of bone remodelling on the performance of the prosthetic systems. In this study, finite element simulations were implemented to predict the evolution of microarchitecture around four implant systems using a previously developed model that combines both adaptive and microdamage-based mechano-sensory mechanisms in bone remodelling process. Changes in the trabecular architecture around dental implants were mainly focused. The simulation results indicate that the orientational and ladder-like architecture around the implants predicted herein is in good agreement with those observed in animal experiments and clinical observations. The proposed algorithms were shown to be effective in simulating the remodelling process of trabecular architecture around dental implant systems. In addition, the architectural features around four typical dental implant systems in alveolar bone were evaluated comparatively.     

Numerical simulation of birch pollen dispersion with an operational weather forecast system

We included a parameterisation of the emissions of pollen grains into the comprehensive model system COSMO-ART. In addition, a detailed density distribution of birch trees within Switzerland was derived. Based on these new developments, we carried out numerical simulations of the dispersion of pollen grains for an episode that occurred in April 2006 over Switzerland and the adjacent regions. Since COSMO-ART is based on the operational forecast model of the German Weather Service, we are presenting a feasibility study of daily pollen forecast based on methods which have been developed during the last two decades for the treatment of anthropogenic aerosol. A comparison of the model results and very detailed pollen counts documents the current possibilities and the shortcomings of the method and gives hints for necessary improvements.     

Assessment of Mechanobiological Models for the Numerical Simulation of Tissue Differentiation around Immediately Loaded Implants

Nowadays, there is a growing consensus on the impact of mechanical loading on bone biology. A bone chamber provides a mechanically isolated in vivo environment in which the influence of different parameters on the tissue response around loaded implants can be investigated. This also provides data to assess the feasibility of different mechanobiological models that mathematically describe the mechanoregulation of tissue differentiation. Before comparing numerical results to animal experimental results, it is necessary to investigate the influence of the different model parameters on the outcome of the simulations. A 2D finite element model of the tissue inside the bone chamber was created. The differentiation models developed by Prendergast, et al. [“Biophysical stimuli on cells during tissue differentiation at implant interfaces”, Journal of Biomechanics, 30(6), (1997), 539–548], Huiskes et al. [“A biomechanical regulatory model for periprosthetic fibrous-tissue differentiation”, Journal of Material Science: Materials in Medicine, 8 (1997) 785–788] and by Claes and Heigele [“Magnitudes of local stress and strain along bony surfaces predict the course and type of fracture healing”, Journal of Biomechanics, 32(3), (1999) 255–266] were implemented and integrated in the finite element code. The fluid component in the first model has an important effect on the predicted differentiation patterns. It has a direct effect on the predicted degree of maturation of bone and a substantial indirect effect on the simulated deformations and hence the predicted phenotypes of the tissue in the chamber. Finally, the presence of fluid also causes time-dependent behavior.

Both models lead to qualitative and quantitative differences in predicted differentiation patterns. Because of the different nature of the tissue phenotypes used to describe the differentiation processes, it is however hard to compare both models in terms of their validity.     

Numerical investigation of drug delivery by using magnetic field in a 90-degree bent vessel: a 3D simulation

Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology - Magnetic drug delivery as a potential method to treat diseases such as cancer tumors has attracted the attention of many researchers. One of the...     

Analysis of the flow field of the krill, Euphausia pacifica

Velocity measurements were performed for the flow field generated by tethered krill Euphausia pacifica. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was used to measure the velocity field in vertical planes aligned with the krill body axis. The krill generates a narrow jet-like flow behind and below the pleopods (roughly 25° below horizontal). The volume of fluid moving at greater than 10% of the maximum velocity near the pleopods is roughly 18 times larger than the volume of the krill. Thus, the hydrodynamic disturbance occupies a significantly larger region than the animal body. Other krill, sensing the flow disturbance, may take advantage of the flow induced by a neighbor to locate a mate or to draft for efficient propulsion.     

Analysis of the flow field of the krill,Euphausia pacifica

Velocity measurements were performed for the flow field generated by tethered krill Euphausia pacifica. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was used to measure the velocity field in vertical planes aligned with the krill body axis. The krill generates a narrow jet-like flow behind and below the pleopods (roughly 25° below horizontal). The volume of fluid moving at greater than 10% of the maximum velocity near the pleopods is roughly 18 times larger than the volume of the krill. Thus, the hydrodynamic disturbance occupies a significantly larger region than the animal body. Other krill, sensing the flow disturbance, may take advantage of the flow induced by a neighbor to locate a mate or to draft for efficient propulsion.