韩国贝加尔湖南部群集细菌的群落分析

Bacteria in lake ecosystems can be classified asfree-living and attached.Aggregated bacteria are oftenlarger,present in higher local concentrations and aremore active on a per-cell basis than free-living bacteriain surrounding water[1].Higher specific exoenzyme ac-tivities have also been found with macroaggregates[2].Thus they may have an important role in carbon cyclingin aquatic ecosystems.Recently,new molecular techniques such as fluo-rescent in situ hybridization(FISH)with group-specific…     

细菌群集运动特性的研究进展

群集运动(swarming motility)是细菌以群体方式协调性地依靠鞭毛和Ⅳ型菌毛(type Ⅳ pili,TFP)在半固体表面共同运动,是一种典型的协同运动。群集运动因其与生物被膜、子实体的形成、病原体的侵入和微生物的扩散及共生等过程都有着密切的关系而备受人们的关注,是当前微生物领域的一个研究热点。人们对细菌群集运动开展了大量的研究,包括群集运动中关键蛋白表达的变化、细胞间化学交流的变化以及机械性变化等。鞭毛蛋白的表达以及胞内环二鸟苷酸(cyclic diguanosine monophosphate,c-di-GMP)的水平等会对群集运动产生一定的影响,在菌落中复杂地调控着细菌集体行为;群集运动细胞独特的物理性质表现有益于菌落整体的扩张;细菌周围生长环境中的营养和水分含量等因素也在不同程度上影响细菌群集运动的能力。未来,在解析群集运动分子机制的基础上,如何构建一个统一的群集运动模型成为该领域研究面临的一个挑战。     

新疆泥火山细菌群落PCR-SSCP 分析

采用单链构象多态性(SSCP)技术, 以16S rDNA 基因的V3 区为靶对象, 分析泥火山细菌多样性及其群落结构。通过对泥火山不同月份的不同深度土样DNA 提取后, 针对16S rDNA 进行PCR 扩增出236 bp 大小片段, 通过SSCP 电泳对泥火山细菌进行季节性多样性分析, 并对主要条带进行克隆分析。结果显示: 新疆泥火山细菌不同季节多态性明显, 而且这种多态性容易受生态和气候的影响; 假单胞菌属是泥火山土壤优势菌群, 在泥火山区土壤中广泛分布, 受生态和气候环境影响较小。     

浙江南部沿岸产卵场春季虾类群落结构特征分析

根据2011年春季(46月)对浙江南部沿岸产卵场进行的共3个航次的底拖网调查数据, 分析了该海域虾类的群落结构特征。结果表明:春季共发现虾类22种, 隶属于1目9科16属; 虾类生物量与尾数密度的最小值与最大值均分别出现在5月与6月; 细巧仿对虾、葛氏长臂虾与周氏新对虾为各月的共同优势种; 5月与6月的多样性指数(H)存在显著差异(P0.05); 多样性指数(H)和水深、底盐与生物量均呈线性负相关(P0.05)。浙江南部沿岸产卵场春季虾类群落以广温广盐种为主、结构简单, 其多样性(H)随水深、底盐与生物量的增加而降低, 各月共同优势种对生物量与尾数密度的贡献率均超过四成。       

水葫芦根际细菌群落结构多样性分析

【目的】了解水葫芦根际细菌群落结构。【方法】运用末端限制性片段长度多态性(Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)技术分析富营养化水体中水葫芦根际和水葫芦近、远水样的细菌群落特征及多样性,结合克隆文库技术和培养法分析根际的细菌种群类型。【结果】同一时期水葫芦根际细菌多样性(Shannon-Weiner指数H′或Simpson指数D)更高,水葫芦近水样次之,远水样最小。10月份的细菌多样性高于5月份的。通过水葫芦根际细菌的克隆文库可知变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)是水葫芦根际细菌的主要类群,占总群体的65.1%,包括噬菌弧菌(Bacteriovorax sp.)、Dechloromonas sp.、Leptothrix sp.、红螺菌科(Rhodospirillaceae)、Rhodoferax sp.和红环菌科(Rhodocyclaceae)等。T-RFLP图谱显示159 bp为最大优势菌,247 bp为第二大优势菌,对照克隆文库及培养结果分析247 bp属于γ-Proteobacteria,159 bp为不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.)。【结论】水葫芦根际细菌的群落结构丰富,不同时段水葫芦根际细菌的丰度略有变化,主要类群为变形杆菌门。     

江苏南部麦田杂草群落发生分布规律的数量分析

利用七级目测法对江苏省南部麦田81个样点796块田地共计82,7hm^2草害进行调查,采集数据,经转化后,对其进行主成分(PCA)和系统聚类分析,并赋予生态学意义的解释,研究表明,决定江苏省南部麦田杂草的发生、危害和分布的主要因素是种植制度导致的田间土壤饱和水分持续时间和土壤酸碱度,生境相似,杂草群落具有趋同性,并就杂草发生的特点提出杂草综合治理的建议。     

贝加尔湖海豹的难解之谜

据俄罗斯伊尔库茨克州紧急情况局提供的报道说 ,１９９９年６月 ,在俄罗斯贝加尔湖岸边发现大量海豹尸体 ,湖上的大浪将３６只海豹尸体冲上斯柳佳区乌图里克村附近的岸边。这是在不到一个月的时间里第二次发现贝加尔湖中的海豹大量死亡。５月底 ,贝加尔湖边就曾发现４２只海豹尸体。贝加尔湖里大量海豹相继死亡一事已引起生态学家和环境保护者的严重不安 ,当地的动物生态学家正在对湖中的水样做化验分析并对动物尸体进行解剖 ,目前尚不清楚海豹死亡的原因。据推测 ,如此多的海豹死亡有可能是海豹群中发生了瘟疫 ,或者是人为偷猎造成的。贝加…     

古尔班通古特沙漠南部植物多样性及群落分类

采用分层取样的方法,以1000m2/样地为最小观测面积,对古尔班通古特沙漠南部61样地植物多样性进行了调查。发现92个物种,隶属于22科71属,单种科、单种属多,区系优势现象明显。草本植物占总物种数的81.5%,短命植物占43.5%,对物种丰富度和盖度的空间变化起决定作用。属的区系成分分析表明地中海、西亚至中亚分布型成分占大多数,具有典型的地中海旱生植物区系分布特征。总物种数,草本物种数,短命植物物种数与纬度显著负相关,与经度和海拔显著正相关。从南到北,总盖度、草本盖度和短命植物的盖度显著下降,灌木的盖度则增加,从西到东,总盖度、草本盖度和短命植物的盖度显著增加,而灌木的盖度则减少。采用多元回归树(Multivariate regression trees,MRT)方法,根据纬度、土壤pH值和海拔,将61样地分为4个群落。结合降水在古尔班通古特沙漠由西到东,由南到北梯度变化所导致的物种多样性的变化,推测如果未来降水持续增加,古尔班通古特沙漠草本植物的优势将更加明显。     

舟山群岛不同功能区划海域细菌群落结构分析

浮游细菌在海洋生态系统中不可或缺,在海洋生物地球化学循环过程中起着关键性作用。【目的】为了解舟山群岛不同功能区划海域细菌群落结构及丰度变化,探索海洋生态因子对细菌群落结构的影响。【方法】于2016年夏季(8月)在舟山群岛不同功能区划海域共设置8个典型站位采集表层海水,基于细菌16S rRNA基因进行高通量测序;利用流式细胞术揭示各海域细菌丰度;利用典范对应分析(Canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)探讨海洋生态因子与细菌多样性之间的关系。【结果】共获取到305487条原始序列,基于97%相似性水平进行OTU(Operational Taxonomic Units)聚类分析,共得到1088个OTUs,包括29个门、62个纲、138个目、239个科、416个属。细菌群落组成在各个站位之间不尽相同,但都主要包括Flavobacteria、Alphaproteobacteria、Gammaproteobacteria三大优势菌纲。CCA结果表明细菌群落结构和多样性情况与站位分布和所在站位的环境因子息息相关,Cyanobacteria受硝酸盐影响显著,Parcubacteria受温度影响最大,而磷酸盐对本实验海域菌群影响甚微。对海洋菌群潜在功能进行预测的结果显示,各海域菌群在氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢、膜运输等方面功能较为突出,为今后舟山海洋微生物研究提供了新的方向。【结论】高通量测序分析可以更精确地揭示海洋菌群的群落结构信息。该研究为细菌群落结构与环境因素的关联提供参考。本研究所取得的大量数据既可以作为对舟山市海洋功能区划施行情况的响应,又将为舟山及其邻近海域浮游细菌群落结构的进一步研究奠定基础。     

新疆断裂带泉水中细菌群落结构的PCR-DGGE分析

乌鲁木齐10号泉起源于天山山脉博格达峰,地下径流于地震断裂带,泉水中硫化氢、甲烷等地球化学元素迁移活跃,为 揭示水文地球化学变化对地震断裂带泉水细菌群落结构的影响,本研究对该泉水样品定期采样,以微孔滤膜收集菌体,使用SDS-酶解法提取总DNA,对细菌16S rDNA V 3区进行PCR-DGGE分析并对条带测序,条带的光密度信息与监测的地球化学指标进行典型相关分析(CCA)。结果表明B16(Uncultured bacterium)和ε-变性菌纲 (epsilon proteobacterium)与氟含量成正相关;黄杆菌B1 (Flavobacterium)、绿脓假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、B10(Uncultured bacterium)和腐生性葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus saprophyticus)与硫化物呈正相关;硫微螺菌(Thiomicrospira arctica) 、黄杆菌B3(Flavobacterium)及阿尔莱葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus arlettae)与氢气呈正相关。断裂带泉水细菌能够对地层深处渗透出的地球化学元素产生灵敏的应答。     

Spatial distribution and species composition of prosthecate bacteria in Lake Baikal

From the water column of Lake Baikal, several strains of prosthecate bacteria belonging to the genera Caulobacter and Brevundimonas were isolated. In this article, the methods applied for their isolation and cell number determination are described; the occurrence frequency and spatial distribution of these microorganisms in the lake are demonstrated. Characterization of the species composition of cultivable and uncultivable prosthecate bacteria was carried out using the methods of traditional and molecular microbiology, respectively. A comparative phylogenetic analysis of the DNA sequences of uncultivable bacteria, which showed homology to the members of the alpha subclass of proteobacteria, was carried out. It was demonstrated that the lake water column is inhabited by uncultivable alpha-proteobacteria of uncertain phylogenetic affinity, in addition to representatives of the species Caulobacter vibrioides and C. leidyi, which were detected by traditional microbiological methods.     

Macrozoobenthic communities of underwater landscapes in the shallow-water zone of southern Lake Baikal

Species composition and distribution of macrozoobenthos have been studied in the shallow water zone (0–20 m) of Southern Lake Baikal (Bolshiye Koty Bay). The amount of taxa recorded reached up to 244 species distributed among 16 distinctive communities of complex structure and high species diversity. The Shannon index of specific diversity was found to vary between 2.9 and 4.8 bits. Mosaic spatial distribution of communities is controlled by both biotic and abiotic factors. Trophic zones with respect to the bottom-dwellers are determined by two lithodynamic phenomena: washout and accumulation of thin deposits (fine to medium silt and mud). The bottom with coarse clastic material (pebbles and boulders), where fine sediments are eroded and resuspended, is dominated by immobile and mobile sestonophagous species as well as by the communities dominated by detrito- and phytophagous species. Areas with soft fine sediments are dominated by macro-invertebrates, which ingest the substrate indiscriminately.     

Distribution of iron- and manganese-oxidizing bacteria in the bottom sediments of Lake Baikal

The specific features of the distribution, abundance, and taxonomic diversity of bacteria oxidizing iron and manganese in the bottom sediments sampled from different areas of Lake Baikal are studied. These bacteria are widespread in Baikal bottom sediments. Cultivated iron- and manganese-oxidizing microorganisms are ascribed to six genera: Metallogenium, Leptothrix, Siderocapsa, Naumaniella, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas. The surface layers of the ground and the border between oxidized and reduced sediments serve as ecological niches for iron- and manganese-oxidizing microorganisms. Redox conditions of the environment and the availability of dissolved forms of iron and manganese, as well as of organic matter, which are controlled by the conditions of sedimentation in the lake, are the main factors affecting the abundance and distribution of iron bacteria.     

Ixodes trianguliceps (Parasitiformes, Ixodidae) in the southern Lake Baikal area

In the southern Lake Baikal area, in the region of the Khamar-Daban ridge, which borders the banks of Lake Baikal, there was found in abundant population the tick I. trianguliceps. Data on the ecology of the tick in this particular part of its distribution area and on its ecological links revealed by factor analysis of the tick's habitat of the first and second order by means of electronic computers are given.     

Sediment formation in Lake Baikal

The following stages in the formation of sediments in Lake Baikal have been distinguished. In the Middle Miocene lacustrine deposits accumulated in the southern depression. In Early and Middle Pliocene, as well as in Early-Middle Pleistocene the bottom of the southern and middle Baikal depressions was occupied by large lakes, but the northern basin was mainly dry with a system of small lakes, streams and rivers. This accounts for the great facies variety and the genetic heterogeneity of sediments in the northern depression. At the end of Middle and in the Late Pleistocene an abrupt warping of the depression took place, and a shore-line similar to the present one was formed. Sands in the upper part of the sediments are considered to be the product of intensive erosion which probably occurred in the pluvial epoch in the Late Pleistocene period.     

Autotrophic picoplankton in southern Lake Baikal: abundance, growth and grazing mortality during summer

Autotrophic picoplankton were highly abundant during the thermalstratification period in late July in the pelagic area (waterdepth 500–1300 m) of southern Lake Baikal; maximum numberswere 2 x 10⁶ cells ml^–1 in the euphotic zone ({small tilde}15m). Unicellular cyanobacteria generally dominated the picoplanktoncommunity, although unidentified picoplankton that fluorescedred under blue excitation were also abundant (maximum numbers4 x 10⁵ cells ml^–1) and contributed up to {small tilde}40%of the total autotrophic picoplankton on occasions. Carbon andnitrogen biomasses of autotrophic picoplankton estimated byconversion from biovolumes were 14–84 µg C l^–1and 3.6–21 µg N l^–1. These were comparableto or exceeded the biomass of heterotrophic bacteria. Autotropicpicoplankton and bacteria accounted for as much as 33% of paniculateorganic carbon and 81% of nitrogen in the euphotic zone. Measurementsof the photosynthetic uptake of [^l4C]bicarbonate and the growthof picoplankton in diluted or size-fractionated waters revealedthat 80% of total primary production was due to picoplankton,and that much of this production was consumed by grazers inthe <20 µ.m cell-size category. These results suggestthat picoplankton-protozoan trophic coupling is important inthe pelagic food web and biogeochemical cycling of Lake Baikalduring summer.     

An HPLC analysis of the summer phytoplankton assemblage in Lake Baikal

1. The enormous size and spatial heterogeneity of Lake Baikal require rapid methods for large sample sets. We therefore tested the applicability of a novel, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐based, combination of methods for analysing phytoplankton. In July 2001, samples were collected in a transect across the lake at various depths down to 30 m. Phytoplankton (>3 μm) and autotrophic picoplankton (APP) were counted under light and epifluorescence microscopes, respectively. Pigments were analysed with HPLC. 2. The pigment data allowed the contributions of the dominant phytoplankton groups to the total chlorophyll a (Chl a) in the lake to be estimated by multiple linear regression and by the CHEMTAX matrix factorisation program. Three marker pigments, fucoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin, were shown to be useful indicators of the abundance and spatial distribution of certain phytoplankton groups. The relative contributions of the various phytoplankton groups to the total Chl a in the lake determined using these marker pigments were similar, but not identical, to those determined by cell counts. 3. Pigment analyses of isolated strains from Lake Baikal and some European lakes confirmed that phycoerythrin‐containing Cyanobacteria with very high amounts of zeaxanthin were responsible for the low Chl a/zeaxanthin ratios of the water samples. A picoplanktonic species of Eustigmatophyceae was isolated from the lake. Its high violaxanthin content, responsible for very low Chl a/violaxanthin ratios of some water samples, can be used to estimate the contribution of this group to total Chl a.