Feder- und Farbenwechsel

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Micropropagation of Rosmarinus officinalis L.

Single-node stem segments of Rosmarinus officinalis L. var. genuina forma erectus proved better explants than shoot tips (ca. 2 cm long) for extablishment of field-grown plants in aseptic cultures. Benzylaminopurine was far more effective than kinetin for shoot induction in shoot tips excised from aseptically-grown plants. Maximum numbers of shoot buds (ca. 14) were formed per explant at 0.2 mgl^-1 benzylaminopurine in 30 days. After further growth of isolated shoots and treatment with 0.25 mgl^-1 indolepropionic acid for 7 days, 80% shoots produced roots. In vitro raised plantlets were successfully grown in soil to plants. About 5,000 plants could be produced from a single nodal segment in 1 year.NBRI Research Publication No. 195 (N.S.)     

Sexual differentiation in Asparagus officinalis L.

Summary Using an immunological method we assayed the levels of auxin, abscisic acid and three cytokinins (transzeatin riboside, dihydrozeatin riboside, isopentenyladenosine) in flowers of female and male plants of Asparagus officinalis L. at different stages of development. The largest differences between the sexes were found for auxin: auxin content was found to be about three times higher in young male flowers than in female flowers at a corresponding developmental stage. In order to identify some of the biochemical markers linked to sex differentiation, we also examined peroxidase isoenzyme patterns during flower development. We found five flower-specific peroxidase bands, three of which appear to be localized in the anthers. In young flowers still sexually undifferentiated in their morphology these bands are present in both sexes. They subsequently rapidly disappear in the female flower (approximately at the same time as when anther development is blocked), while they persist for a much longer time in the male. The temporary presence of these peroxidase isoenzymes in female young flowers together with the large difference in auxin content indicate that the stage of the young flower is a crucial moment in the process of sex determination.     

Autointoxication in residues ofAsparagus officinalis L.

Summary In a greenhouse experiment the growth of asparagus seedlings was retarded by the residue treatments in both vermiculite and sand cultures. In general, the retardation of asparagus root by residues was slightly greater than the retardation of shoot in both cultures. The retardation of the growth of asparagus seedlings by root and stem treatments was usually higher than that by old root litter. Root and stem extracts strongly inhibited the development of asparagus seedlings in the seed bioassay. The inhibition of extracts to the growth of shoot was greater than that to the growth of root. The quantities in the total phenolics and catachol type phenolics from root, stem and old root litter extracts corresponded to the autotoxicity in the seed bioassay. The soil extracts obtained from using acetone, methanol, and XAD-4 extractions strongly inhibited the shoot and root development of asparagus seedlings in the bioassay. The efficiency of phenolics extraction by the XAD-4 method was significantly higher than that by acetone and methanol extractions. The results obtained in the greenhouse experiment and bioassay revealed that phytotoxic substances present in the residues and the soil of asparagus and may be partially responsible for the asparagus replanting problems.     

Sexual differentiation in Asparagus officinalis L.

Summary As a first approach in investigating the genetical bases of sexual dimorphism in the dioecious plant Asparagus offcinalis L. at the molecular level, we have determined DNA content per cell, DNA sequence complexity and mRNA activities in both developing and mature male and female flowers of Asparagus. 2C DNA content (around 3.9 pg) was independent of sex and rather low when compared to other Liliiflorae; sequence complexity, however, showed a high proportion of repeated sequences. Polyadenylated mRNA from male and female flowers at young and mature stages of development were assayed by in vitro translation in the presence of [³⁵S]methionine, and the synthesized proteins were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Results have shown that there are no appreciable differences in polypeptide patterns from male and female flowers at a young stage of development, while specific sequences of mRNA are produced only very late during the development, most likely linked to the appearance of mature pollen grains and mature megagametophy tes.     

Sexual differentiation in Asparagus officinalis L.

Summary Sexual dimorphism in the dioecious plant Asparagus officinalis L. was examined by two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis of both total proteins and newly synthesized proteins from cladophylls (leaves), whole mature flowers and homologous sex organs (i.e. true female ovaries and small sterile ovaries from male flowers). Polypeptides isolated from cladophylls of male and female plants were practically indistinguishable; the flowers, however, showed a distinct set of specific proteins, some of which differed between the two sexes. While the total protein profiles of isolated ovaries from male and female plants were very similar, the patterns were strikingly different after the tissues were pulsed with ³⁵S-methionine: mature male ovaries showed a number of newly synthesized proteins, while in female ovaries only a few molecular species were actively synthesized.     

Zur Struktur und Entwicklung des Riesenfasersystems erster Ordnung von Sepia officinalis L. (Cephalopoda)

Summary The differentiation and course of the first order giant nerve fibres in the medial and posterior suboesophageal lobes of the brain of Sepia officinalis is examined in different developmental stages. In earlier embryonic stages one pair of first order giant cells differentiates on each side. Later, as a normal phenomenon, one cell of each pair degenerates.The two remaining giant fibres cross in the palliovisceral lobe. On either side of the intersection one branch of the contralateral and one branch of the ipsilateral axon are connected with the second order giant fibres. This structure, which differs from that found in Loligo, apparently mediates the functional bilaterality of the giant fibre system.

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Supported by grant NONR 2100 through the Anton and Reinhard Dohrn foundation.     

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory guided fractionation of Melissa officinalis L.

The plant Melissa officinalis L. has been used traditionally in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction. Based on its traditional medicinal use, it was assessed for its clinical efficacy in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s patients. The plant was effective in the management of the disease. Therefore, based on this result, a similar plant extract was prepared in order to be screened for bioactivities which are relevant in Alzheimer’s disease therapy. The extract was recently screened for antioxidant activity and it showed a wide range of antioxidant properties. Another important bioactivity is acetylcholinesterase inhibition, which the extract was screened for in the current investigation. The extract was capable of inhibiting the enzyme in a time and dose-dependent manner. Activity of the extract at 10 min was estimated as 1.72 ± 0.16 μg equivalents of physostigmine/mg of the extract. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory guided fractionation of the extract was then carried out. Most of the fractions showed inhibitory activity and were more potent than the extract. The contents of the most potent fraction were identified as cis- and trans-rosmarinic acid isomers and a rosmarinic acid derivative using LC-DAD-ESI-MS and NMR methods.     

In Bezug auf den Farbenwechsel

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

New MADS box domains in Asparagus officinalis L.

New MADS box domains have been cloned from Asparagus officinalis L. using PCR technology. Several clones share high homology with the Arabidopsis agamous gene while other clones appear to represent novel MADS box domains. These results show that extended PCR primers are useful for selectively amplifying conserved DNA binding domains across widely divergent plant taxa.Asparagus MADS box sequences are listed in GenBank with the following accession numbers: UO7330 (Asp 13), UO7331 (Asp 16), UO7332 (Asp 22), UO7333 (Asp 23), UO7334 (Asp 3), UO7335 (Asp 39), UO7336 (Asp 8), UO7337 (Asp 4)     

Photoprotective implications of leaf variegation in E. dens-canis L. and P. officinalis L

Variegated leaves occur rarely in nature, but there are some species, primarily in the forest understory, that possess this characteristic. We recently studied two variegated plants: Erytronium dens-canis L., which is characterised by a pattern of red patches and Pulmonaria officinalis L., with light green spots. These non-green areas could attenuate light reaching mesophyll cells with respect to green sections. The aim of the study was to verify whether such red and light green parts are more photoprotected than green ones and if this trait could be of adaptive value. Red patches in E. dens-canis were due to a single layer of red cells in the upper parenchyma, which accumulated anthocyanins. Light green spots in P. officinalis were caused by the presence of loosely arranged cells instead of a well-established layer of packed cells in the palisade parenchyma. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging was performed under light treatment, showing a greater decrease of photochemical efficiency in red and light green patches than in green sections. Differences in the extent of photochemical efficiency among patches were not attributable to different activation of the xanthophyll cycle. These observations failed to confirm our initial hypothesis, but they questioned the physiological reason for this higher sensitivity in red and light green patches of photosynthetic tissues. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging was therefore performed in the field. The same pattern of photochemical efficiency was maintained only in E. dens-canis. The current results demonstrate that in both species the benefits of variegation, if any, are different from enhanced photosynthetic performance.     

Water-soluble polysaccharides from Salvia officinalis L. possessing immunomodulatory activity

A water-soluble polysaccharide complex (A) composed of galactose (17.9%), 3-O-methyl-galactose (3.0%), glucose (15.5%), mannose (8.3%), arabinose (30.4%), xylose (7.6%), fucose (2.6%), rhamnose (6.7%), and uronic acids (8.0%) has been isolated from the aerial parts of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) by cold water extraction. It showed a broad molecular-mass distribution pattern (Mw approximately 2000-93,000) with a predominance of polymers with Mw< 10,000. Ion-exchange chromatography of A afforded six polymeric fractions (A1-A6) in which arabinogalactans associated with galacturonan and/or rhamnogalacturonan backbones prevail. Sage polysaccharides were examined for their immunomodulatory activity in the comitogenic thymocyte test which is interpreted as being an in vitro correlate of adjuvant activity. The acidic polysaccharide fractions A2, A3 and A4 exhibited the highest mitogenic and comitogenic activities of all fractions tested, and relatively high SI(comit)/SI(mit) ratios approximately 3 indicate potential adjuvant properties of these polysaccharides.     

Cytohistological Study on Somatic Embryogenesis in Asparagus officinalis L.

The single cell was the first cell of somatic embryoid in Asparagus officinalis L.. Electron microscopic observations revealed that early embryogenic cells and meristematic cells had the same characteristics in cell shape and structure. The embryogenic cell was small in size, with large nucleus, dense cytoplasm, thin wall, lots of small vacuoles, and rich in organelles. At later stage, the polarity of embryogenic cell appeared, i.e. nucleus situated at one end of the cell, while the other end was occupied by a large vacuole. The polar type of the embryc)genic cell was similar to that of a zygote. Light microscopic observations revealed :hat ihe embryoids were sequentially differentiated through 2-cells, 4-cells, 8-cells, multicellular proembryo, globularshaped, pear-shaped, rod-shaped, cotyledonary-differentiated and mature embryo stages. The heart-shaped and torpedo-shaped stages were observed during the early stage of embryogenesis. In addition, a typical embryoids were also found in vitro.     

Adventitious Shoot Regeneration and Micropropagation in Calendula officinalis L.

Hypocotyl, cotyledon and cotyledonary node explants of Calendula officinalis L were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with various concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ), kinetin (KIN), -naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to induce adventitious shoot regeneration and micropropagation. The highest frequency of adventitious shoot regeneration was achieved from hypocotyl and cotyledon explants on MS media supplemented with 0.75 mg dm^–3 TDZ and either 0.25 or 0.50 mg dm^–3 IBA. Efficient in vitro clonal propagation was also induced from cotyledonary nodes on a range of media supplemented with 0.75 mg dm^–3 TDZ and 0.05 mg dm^–3 NAA or 2 mg dm^–3 KIN and 1 mg dm^–3 NAA. Regenerated shoots were excised and rooted in MS medium supplemented with 1 mg dm^–3 NAA. The rooted plantlets were finally transferred to pots.     

缬草的高产栽培与加工技术

介绍缬草的生物特性及高产栽培与加工技术。     

山羊豆种质资源形态多样性分析

采用15个形态性状对43份山羊豆种质资源进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明,山羊豆种质资源遗传变异丰富,多样性指数为1．863,其中俄罗斯南部地区可能是山羊豆形态多样性的分布中心。基于形态性状的聚类分析把43份材料聚为5类,其中第1类15份资源的株高和主茎分枝数明显高于其他类,且叶量丰富,营养性状表现良好;结实性状中荚果长和百粒重较大,综合性状表现较好,可以从中筛选合适的材料作为引种驯化和育种的试验材料。     

香蜂花的组织培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称香蜂花(Melissa officinalis L.),又名蜜蜂花、香蜂草、柠檬薄荷等。2材料类别带腋芽的嫩茎段。3培养条件(1)芽诱导培养基:1/2MS 0.45%琼脂 3.0%蔗糖;(2)增殖培养基:MS 6-BA 0.4 mg·L~(-1)(单位下同) NAA 0.1 0.45%琼脂 3.0%蔗糖;(3)壮苗增殖培养基:MS 6-BA 0.1 NAA 0.05