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Circadian control of photonegative sensitivity in the haematophagous bug Triatoma infestans 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
C. E. Reisenman C. R. Lazzari M. Giurfa 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1998,183(4):533-541
The negative phototactic response of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera) was studied in an arena, half of which was kept dark and the other half illuminated with different light intensitites.
For each intensity we measured the time the insects spent in the dark half, the time to reach the side opposite to that where
they were released, and the number of passages through the middle line of the arena. T. infestans displayed a photonegative behaviour that was enhanced by high light intensities. Bugs maintained in 12:12 light-dark cycles
responded differently to the same illumination levels when tested in their photophase and scotophase: sensitivity to light
was higher during the latter. Bugs entrained to light-dark cycles, kept afterwards either in constant darkness or in constant
light, and tested in their subjective night and day, showed the same responses as bugs from the light-dark group tested in
their corresponding photophase and scotophase. Thus, phototactic sensitivity is under endogenous control. The behaviour shown
by T. infestans may be understood as being composed of at least two different drives: an exploratory one, and a negative phototactic response
that is under endogenous control and is particularly sensitive to light during the scotophase, when activity peaks occur.
Accepted: 16 July 1998 相似文献
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K. Y. MUMCUOGLU M. DANILEVICH O. ZELIG H. GRINBAUM M. FRIGER T. L. MEINKING 《Medical and veterinary entomology》2011,25(1):12-16
The effects of feeding different types of human blood to human body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus L. (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), on feeding success, longevity and numbers of eggs laid were investigated using an artificial blood‐feeding system in the laboratory. No significant differences were found between lice fed on different human blood types for any of the parameters tested. However, when lice were fed on human blood of one blood type followed immediately by a different blood type, they took significantly smaller bloodmeals, their longevity was reduced and they laid fewer eggs per female than control lice that had been fed twice on the same human blood type. When lice were fed human blood that had been stored for 1–26 weeks, the quantity of blood taken, the proportion of lice that became fully engorged and lice longevity diminished gradually as the storage time of the blood increased, but there was no effect of storage time on the mean number of eggs laid per female. However, lice would not feed on 26‐week‐old blood. The type of anticoagulant used had a significant effect on the proportion fed, longevity and number of eggs laid per female. Generally, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)‐treated blood reduced longevity and the number of eggs laid per female to a greater degree than heparinized or citrated blood. Lice fed on rabbit blood took significantly larger amounts of blood, lived longer and laid a higher mean number of eggs per female than lice fed on human blood. 相似文献
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D. BEN-YAKIR K. Y. MUMCUOGLU O. MANOR J. OCHANDA† R. GALUN 《Medical and veterinary entomology》1994,8(2):114-118
Abstract. Resistance to human body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus L, induced by feeding on rabbits immunized with an extract of louse gut was studied. The mortality of lice fed on immunized rabbits was 73%, significantly higher than that of lice fed on control rabbits (52%) ( P < 0.01). The proportion of dead nymphs and female lice with ruptured guts was significantly higher in lice fed on immunized rabbits (P<0.01). The size of the bloodmeal was 35% greater in female lice fed on control rabbits than on immunized rabbits. Lice fed on immunized rabbits laid 40% less eggs than those fed on the controls, they also demonstrated a significant decrease in the number of eggs per female over time ( P < 0.01). 86% of the eggs laid by lice fed on immunized animals hatched, compared with 92% hatching of eggs laid by the lice fed on control animals (P< 0.01). With the exception of the first bloodmeal the percentage of hatched eggs which were laid between any two bloodmeals was significantly smaller (p<0.01) in the lice fed on immunized rabbits than in the control group. The first nymphal stage of lice fed on immunized rabbits took an average of 5.2 days to moult to the second stage, compared with 4 days for those fed on control rabbits. 相似文献
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Gustavo Ponce-Garcia Olga K. Villanueva-Segura Karina Garza-Elizondo Heriberto M. Villegas-Ramirez Ildefonso Fernandez-Salas Iram P. Rodriguez-Sanchez Felipe Dzul-Manzanilla Adriana E. Flores-Suarez 《The Korean journal of parasitology》2022,60(3):217
The head louse Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer) is a hematophagous ectoparasite that inhabits the human scalp. The infestations are asymptomatic; however, skin irritation from scratching occasionally may cause secondary bacterial infections. The present study determined the presence and frequency of the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation T929I in 245 head lice collected from Mexico, Peru, and Canada. Head lice were collected manually using a comb in the private head lice control clinic. Allele mutation at T9291 was present in 100% of the total sampled populations (245 lice) examined. In addition, 4.89% of the lice were homozygous susceptible, whereas 6.93% heterozygous and 88.16% homozygous were resistant, respectively. This represents the second report in Mexico and Quebec and fist in Lima. 相似文献
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PETER J. WANIEK 《Physiological Entomology》2009,34(3):203-210
Abstract. Haematophagy has evolved independently in different insect groups. This has resulted in the development of different kinds of adaptations (e.g. suitable mouthparts as well as alterations in the gut anatomy and in digestive enzyme composition). At the same time, insects have acquired different levels of adaptation to blood‐sucking habits. One of the most interesting examples is the co‐evolution of sucking lice (Anoplura) with their hosts. Human head and body lice, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer, 1767 and Pediculus humanus humanus Linnaeus, 1758, are highly host‐ and anatomic‐region‐specific ectoparasites. They spend their entire lives on the host, ingesting small blood meals, several times per day. To date, several genes encoding digestive protease and proteolytic activities have been identified. The blood is stored in the anterior distensible region of the midgut, where genes encoding serine endopeptidases are highly expressed. Likewise, in the narrow posterior region of the midgut, the high‐level expression of genes encoding exopeptidases has been documented. Symbiotic microorganisms inhabiting the mycetome complete the deficient nutrition of human lice. This review focuses on the digestion habits of the best‐investigated taxon of human lice P. h. humanus in relation to other blood‐sucking insects. 相似文献
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In addition to compound eyes, most adult insects posses two or three simple eyes, the ocelli. The function of these photoreceptors remains elusive in most cases. Triatomine bugs posses two well-developed ocelli, located in a latero-dorsal position, behind the compound eyes. We tested the role of the ocelli in the phototactic behaviour of Triatoma infestans, by measuring the time spent by adult males in the dark half of an experimental arena, which had the other half illuminated. The occlusion of the ocelli or the compound eyes alone had little effect on the phototactic response of the bugs. Only those insects which had both their ocelli and compound eyes occluded showed a significant reduction in their negative response to light. The ability of the ocelli of T. infestans to mediate the phototactic response by themselves (i.e., not through the modulation of compound eyes sensitivity) constitutes the first report on this function in insects. 相似文献
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KOSTA Y. MUMCUOGLU JANET HEMINGWAY JACQUELINE MILLER INNA IOFFE-USPENSKY SIDNEY KLAUS FIAMETA BEN-ISHAI RACHEL GALUN 《Medical and veterinary entomology》1995,9(4):427-432
Head lice, Pediculus capitis , were collected from children aged 3–12 years in Maale Adumin, a town near Jerusalem, after reports of control failure with the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. A total of 1516 children were examined: living lice and eggs were found on 12.1% of the children; or another 22.8% of the children only nits were found. Twice as many girls as boys (8.1% v 4%) were infested with lice and or nits. Head lice collected from infested children were exposed to permethrin impregnated filter-papers. Log time probit mortality (ltp) regression lines were calculated for mortality data and compared to ltp lines for a similar collection of head lice made in 1989. The regression lines for the two years were significantly different, with a 4-fold decrease in susceptibility at the LT50 level between 1989 and 1994. The slopes of the lines also suggested that the 1994 population was more heterogenous in its response to permethrin than the 1989 population. In contrast, a laboratory population of body lice (Pediculus humanus) tested with the same batch of permethrin-impregnated papers showed a slight but non-significant increase in susceptibility between 1989 and 1994. The results suggest that resistance to pyrethroids has developed rapidly among head lice since permethrin was introduced in 1991 as a pediculicide in Israel. 相似文献
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Insects sense thermal cues mainly through thermoreceptors located in the antenna. To analyse the impact of antennectomy on the thermal behaviour of the haematophagous bug Triatomainfestans, we studied the distribution of intact and antennectomised bugs in an experimental arena where a temperature gradient was established, as well as the biting response of insects with and without antennae to objects at the temperature of a potential host. Antennectomy did not abolish thermopreference, but modified the temperature at which the insects preferred to stay. In the arena, antennectomised insects chose to remain at a higher temperature (ca. 3 °C higher in unfed bugs), and exhibited a larger dispersion around that preferred temperature, than intact bugs. In addition, ablated insects temporarily lost their ability to bite an object at the temperature of a potential host, but that ability was gradually recovered after the fifth day post-antennectomy. Results presented here show that thermoreceptors other than those located on the antennae can also guide thermal behaviours. We conclude that the function of antennal thermoreceptors can be taken over by other receptors located in different regions of the body. Those receptors have a different sensitivity and confer the insects with a different responsiveness. 相似文献
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Ha YC Heo JM Kim HJ Go GM Lee SJ Jeong SH Ahn SI Kim MC Kim JE Song HY Park JW Kim BS Sohn WM 《The Korean journal of parasitology》2000,38(1):41-43
The infestation status of head louse among children attending primary schools and kindergartens in Chinju-shi, Kyongsangnam-do, Korea, was investigated between June and July 1999. Out of 2,288 children examined, 3.9% of boys (48/1,242) and 23.5% of girls (246/1,046) were infested with nits or adult/nymphs of lice. The effectiveness of lindane shampoo (1% gamma benzene hexachloride solution) was evaluated after one or two time applications to all the children infested. The negative conversion rate of pediculosis was 93.5%. Effective control measures are needed to control and prevent such ectoparasite infestation amongst children. 相似文献
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Sim S Lee IY Lee KJ Seo JH Im KI Shin MH Yong TS 《The Korean journal of parasitology》2003,41(1):57-61
Total of 7,495 children including 3,908 boys and 3,587 girls from a kindergarten and 15 primary schools were examined for head lice infestation (HLI). The overall prevalence of HLI in this study was found to be 5.8%. Head lice were much more commonly detected in girls than in boys with prevalence of 11.2% and 0.9%, respectively. Sixty-nine children with HLI were treated with 1% lindane shampoo alone (group 1), and 45 children with HLI were treated with 1% lindane shampoo and oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (group 2), and follow-up visits were conducted 2 and 4 weeks later. The children who still had HLI 2 weeks after the primary treatment were treated again. At the 2-week follow-up visit, the treatment success rates of groups 1 and 2 were 76.8% and 86.7%, respectively, and at the 4-week follow-up visit, the rates were 91.3% and 97.8%, respectively. No statistically significant synergistic effect was observed for the combination of a 1% lindane shampoo and oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. 相似文献
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A. BOUTELLIS I. BITAM K. FEKIR N. MANA D. RAOULT 《Medical and veterinary entomology》2015,29(1):94-98
Pediculus humanus L. (Psocodea: Pediculidae) can be characterized into three deeply divergent lineages (clades) based on mitochondrial DNA. Clade A consists of both head lice and clothing lice and is distributed worldwide. Clade B consists of head lice only and is mainly found in North and Central America, and in western Europe and Australia. Clade C, which consists only of head lice, is found in Ethiopia, Nepal and Senegal. Twenty‐six head lice collected from pupils at different elementary schools in two localities in Algiers (Algeria) were analysed using molecular methods for genotyping lice (cytochrome b and the multi‐spacer typing (MST) method. For the first time, we found clade B head lice in Africa living in sympatry with clade A head lice. The phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated sequences of these populations of head lice showed that clade A and clade B head lice had recombined, suggesting that interbreeding occurs when lice live in sympatry. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT. Fed through a synthetic membrane, 80% of females of the human body louse, Pediculus humanus de Geer, engorged on whole human blood compared to 30% on platelet poor plasma. Both the plasma albumin and small molecular weight components of the cellular fraction seemed to stimulate engorgement by lice. Known haemo-phagostimulants such as adenosine triphosphate and diphosphoglyceric acid when added to plasma, did not replace the small molecular weight components of the cellular fraction as feeding stimuli. Nymphs discriminated less than adults in selecting blood fractions. 相似文献
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The head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera:Pediculidae), is an obligate ectoparasite of humans that causes pediculosis capitis, a nuisance for millions
of people worldwide, with high prevalence in children. Pediculosis capitis has been treated by methods that include the physical
remotion of lice, various domestic treatments and conventional insecticides. None of these methods render complete protection,
and there is clear evidence for the evolution of resistance and cross-resistance to conventional insecticides. Non-toxic alternative
options are hence needed for head lice treatment and/or prevention, and natural products from plants, especially essential
oils (EOs), are good candidates for safer control agents that may provide good anti-lice activity and low levels of evolved
resistance. A few EOs have been tested as repellents with promissory results, although often in vitro tests and clinical trials
produce contradictory results. A handful of fixed extracts and several EOs and their individual components have also been
tested as contact pediculicides or fumigants. The studies have focused mainly on plant families characterized for the production
of EOs. While many EOs and individual compounds showed pediculicide activity, comparing results is difficult due to the diverse
bioassay methodologies. Studies of anti-lice activity of individual EO components provide the basis for preliminary conclusions
of structure–activity relationships, although no clear patterns can yet be drawn. We here attempt to provide a concise compilation
of the available information on anti-lice activity of plant extracts and plant-derived compounds, which we hope may be of
help for future developments in this area.
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Roads illuminated by white streetlamps attracted three times more foraging bats (mostly Pipistrellus pipistrellus ) than did roads lit by orange streetlamps or unlit roads (3.2, 1.2 and 0.7 bat passes/km, respectively). More insects flew around white lamps than around orange lamps (mean 0.67 and 0.083 insects per lamp, respectively). The mean number of bat passes recorded in any 1-km section of road was positively correlated to the number of white streetlamps along the section, and also, independently, to the amount of trees and hedgerows. Bat activity was not related to the number of houses along the road, ambient temperature or cloud cover. The attractive effect of the lamps on the bats was diminished in windy weather. 相似文献
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Effects of nocturnal illumination on life-history decisions and fitness in two wild songbird species
Maaike de Jong Jenny Q. Ouyang Arnaud Da Silva Roy H. A. van Grunsven Bart Kempenaers Marcel E. Visser Kamiel Spoelstra 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2015,370(1667)
The effects of artificial night lighting on animal behaviour and fitness are largely unknown. Most studies report short-term consequences in locations that are also exposed to other anthropogenic disturbance. We know little about how the effects of nocturnal illumination vary with different light colour compositions. This is increasingly relevant as the use of LED lights becomes more common, and LED light colour composition can be easily adjusted. We experimentally illuminated previously dark natural habitat with white, green and red light, and measured the effects on life-history decisions and fitness in two free-living songbird species, the great tit (Parus major) and pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) in two consecutive years. In 2013, but not in 2014, we found an effect of light treatment on lay date, and of the interaction of treatment and distance to the nearest lamp post on chick mass in great tits but not in pied flycatchers. We did not find an effect in either species of light treatment on breeding densities, clutch size, probability of brood failure, number of fledglings and adult survival. The finding that light colour may have differential effects opens up the possibility to mitigate negative ecological effects of nocturnal illumination by using different light spectra. 相似文献
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Sim S Lee WJ Yu JR Lee IY Lee SH Oh SY Seo M Chai JY 《The Korean journal of parasitology》2011,49(1):95-98
Head louse infestation (HLI) is one of the most frequently occurring parasitic diseases in children. This study was conducted to investigate the socioeconomic and personal factors influencing HLI in the Republic of Korea. A total of 2,210 questionnaires about various factors related to HLI were obtained from children in 17 primary schools throughout the country. The rate of HLI was significantly lower in children who lived together with mother or in a family where both parents worked. In addition, HLI was lower in children whose fathers or mothers were public officers or teachers. However, HLI was higher in children who had small families and washed their hair less often. Education levels of parents and the number of children in family were not significant. Improvement of socioeconomic factors and personal hygiene will be helpful for reducing HLI. 相似文献
18.
光、温限制后铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻的超补偿生长与竞争效应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究了铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)低温和低光照限制后的超补偿效应,以及共培养条件下的竞争效应。结果表明,低温和低光照均显著抑制微藻的生长发育,但低温对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效应更强,而斜生栅藻则对低光胁迫更敏感。经过低光和低温培养后,铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻在恢复正常培养时藻细胞密度短期内都表现出超补偿增长效应,但不同藻类超补偿模式不同,斜生栅藻补偿生长时间不超过1周,而铜绿微囊藻的补偿效应可以持续10天;此外,统计结果表明铜绿微囊藻细胞密度对低温限制解除表现出更显著的补偿生长,斜生栅藻则在低光解除后表现出更强的超补偿效应。微藻叶绿素a指标在光恢复条件下都表现出显著的补偿效应,但温度恢复过程中叶绿素a含量与藻密度增长不同步,低温胁迫对恢复正常培养后微藻叶绿素a的形成产生了一定的负效应;铜绿微囊藻产毒株(912)在两种恢复模式下脱氢酶活性显著高于对照,产毒株(912)脱氢酶活性的补偿响应明显高于其它两种材料。共培养实验结果表明斜生栅藻同铜绿微囊藻产毒株(912)相比处于竞争劣势,而在同无毒株(469)的共培实验中,尽管连续正常培养情况下两者竞争能力差异不显著,但在恢复培养条件下斜生栅藻竞争能力显著高于后者。因此产毒型铜绿微囊藻低温和低光后的补偿生长效应以及对斜生栅藻的竞争优势可能是蓝藻爆发的内源性机制之一。 相似文献
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Ramos-Rodríguez O Campbell JF Lewis EE Shapiro-Ilan DI Ramaswamy SB 《Journal of invertebrate pathology》2007,94(1):64-69
The quality of an insect as a host to an entomopathogenic nematode infective juvenile depends in part on whether or not the insect is already infected and on the stage of that infection. Previous research has shown that nematode response to hosts can change after infection and that, for uninfected hosts, CO(2) can be an important cue used by infective stage juveniles during attraction. We hypothesized that CO(2) production from an insect changes after it is infected, and that these changes could influence nematode infection decisions. Changes in CO(2) released by two insect species (Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor) after infection by one of four nematode species (Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema glaseri, or Steinernema riobrave) were measured. Measurements were taken every 2h from time of initial exposure to nematodes up to 224 h after infection. Dead (freeze-killed) and live uninfected insects were used as controls. Infected G. mellonella showed two distinct peaks of CO(2) production: one between 20 and 30 h and the other between 70 and 115 h after exposure to the nematodes. Peaks were up to two times higher than levels produced by uninfected insects. Infected T. molitor showed only one peak between 25 and 50h. We found differences in peak height and timing among nematode and insect species combinations. The influence of these changes in CO(2) production on IJ attraction and infection behavior remains to be determined. 相似文献
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