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1.
Plecoptera, or stoneflies, is a small order of hemimetabolous insects: according to our data, more than 3,497 species have
been described so far in the world. The total number of species has enormously increased in the last 30 years (2,000 species
estimated in 1976) and, if the trend continues, then it will nearly double in the near future. The order is divided into the
suborders Arctoperlaria and Antarctoperlaria, and includes 16 families: 12 arctoperlarian and 4 antarctoperlarian. The Arctoperlaria
account for a total number of 3,179 species, and Antarctoperlaria, only 318 species. The total number of genera is 286. We
give in this article the estimated number of species for each family. The fauna and diversity of stonefly in North America
(650 species reported) and Europe (426 species) are best known. Nevertheless, in the last 25 years, a mean of 2.6 Plecoptera
species per year were described in Europe. Stonefly-faunas of Australia (191 species, Tasmania included) and New Zealand (104
species) are relatively well-known, while our knowledge of the Plecoptera of Central and South America (95 and 378 species
respectively) is poor and still not representative of the real diversity. Africa has a reduced stonefly fauna (126 species).
Asian stonefly diversity (approximately 1,527 species) is much greater than that of Europe or North America despite the fact
that, except for Japan and Asiatic Russia that have been well studied, our knowledge of the remaining Asiatic areas is extremely
poor. Even though our data indicate the Holarctic Region as the diversity hot-spot for the order, the analysis of the specific
diversity divided by family suggests also an important role of tropical stoneflies.
Guest editors: E.V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献
2.
Helen M. Barber-James Jean-Luc Gattolliat Michel Sartori Michael D. Hubbard 《Hydrobiologia》2008,595(1):339-350
The extant global Ephemeroptera fauna is represented by over 3,000 described species in 42 families and more than 400 genera.
The highest generic diversity occurs in the Neotropics, with a correspondingly high species diversity, while the Palaearctic
has the lowest generic diversity, but a high species diversity. Such distribution patterns may relate to how long evolutionary
processes have been carrying on in isolation in a bioregion. Over an extended period, there may be extinction of species,
but evolution of more genera. Dramatic extinction events such as the K-T mass extinction have affected current mayfly diversity
and distribution. Climatic history plays an important role in the rate of speciation in an area, with regions which have been
climatically stable over long periods having fewer species per genus, when compared to regions subjected to climatic stresses,
such as glaciation. A total of 13 families are endemic to specific bioregions, with eight among them being monospecific. Most
of these have restricted distributions which may be the result of them being the relict of a previously more diverse, but
presently almost completely extinct family, or may be the consequence of vicariance events, resulting from evolution due to
long-term isolation.
Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens
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3.
Andrew M. R. Bennett 《Hydrobiologia》2008,595(1):529-534
A summary of the known species of aquatic Hymenoptera is presented. In total, 150 species from 11 families are recognized
as aquatic (0.13% of the total described species). This number is likely an underestimate, because of the high percentage
of undescribed species and a lack of knowledge of host range and behaviour for most species. All aquatic Hymenoptera are parasitoids.
Many species have relatively dense pubescence to trap air and elongate, tarsal claws to grip the substrate, when underwater.
Most species are known from the Holarctic and Oriental regions, but this is likely an artefact caused by lack of knowledge
of other regions of the world. Aquatic behaviour has evolved independently at least 50 times within the order.
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4.
Rüdiger Wagner Miroslav Barták Art Borkent Gregory Courtney Boudewijn Goddeeris Jean-Paul Haenni Lloyd Knutson Adrian Pont Graham E. Rotheray Rudolf Rozkošný Bradley Sinclair Norman Woodley Tadeusz Zatwarnicki Peter Zwick 《Hydrobiologia》2008,595(1):489-519
Today’s knowledge of worldwide species diversity of 19 families of aquatic Diptera in Continental Waters is presented. Nevertheless,
we have to face for certain in most groups a restricted knowledge about distribution, ecology and systematic, particularly
in the tropical environments. At the same time we realize a dramatically decline or even lack of specialists being able, having
the time or the opportunity to extend or even secure the present information. The respective families with approximate numbers
of aquatic species are: Blephariceridae (308), Deuterophlebiidae (14), Nyphomyiidae (7), Psychodidae (∼2.000), Scatopsidae
(∼5), Tanyderidae (41), Ptychopteridae (69), Dixidae (173), Corethrellidae (97), Chaoboridae (∼50), Thaumaleidae (∼170), Ceratopogonidae
(∼6.000), Stratiomyidae (∼43), Empididae (∼660), Lonchopteridae (2), Syrphidae (∼1.080), Sciomyzidae (∼190), Ephydridae (∼1.500),
Muscidae (∼870). Numbers of aquatic species will surely increase with increased ecological and taxonomical efforts.
Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献
5.
The not yet uploaded Trichoptera World Checklist (TWC) [], as at July 2006, recorded 12,627 species, 610 genera and 46 families of extant and in addition 488 species, 78 genera and
7 families of fossil Trichoptera. An analysis of the 2001 TWC list of present-day Trichoptera diversity at species, generic/subgeneric
and family level along the selected Afrotropical, Neotropical, Australian, Oriental, Nearctic and Palaearctic (as a unit or
assessed as Eastern and Western) regions reveals uneven distribution patterns. The Oriental and Neotropical are the two most
species diverse with 47–77% of the species in widespread genera being recorded in these two regions. Five Trichoptera families
comprise 55% of the world’s species and 19 families contain fewer than 30 species per family. Ten out of 620 genera contain
29% of the world’s known species. Considerable underestimates of Trichoptera diversity for certain regions are recognised.
Historical processes in Trichoptera evolution dating back to the middle and late Triassic reveal that the major phylogenetic
differentiation in Trichoptera had occurred during the Jurrasic and early Cretaceous. The breakup of Gondwana in the Cretaceous
led to further isolation and diversification of Trichoptera. High species endemism is noted to be in tropical or mountainous
regions correlated with humid or high rainfall conditions. Repetitive patterns of shared taxa between biogeographical regions
suggest possible centres of origin, vicariant events or distribution routes. Related taxa associations between different regions
suggest that an alternative biogeographical map reflecting Trichoptera distribution patterns different from the Wallace (The
Geographical Distribution of Animals: With a Study of the Relations of Living and Extinct Faunas as Elucidating the Past Changes
of the Earth’s Surface, Vol. 1, 503 pp., Vol. 2, 607 pp., Macmillan, London, 1876) proposed biogeography patterns should be considered. Anthropogenic development threatens biodiversity and the value of Trichoptera
as important functional components of aquatic ecosystems, indicator species of deteriorating conditions and custodians of
environmental protection are realised. 相似文献
6.
Global diversity of aquatic macrophytes in freshwater 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Aquatic macrophytes are aquatic photosynthetic organisms, large enough to see with the naked eye, that actively grow permanently
or periodically submerged below, floating on, or growing up through the water surface. Aquatic macrophytes are represented
in seven plant divisions: Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Xanthophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta.
Species composition and distribution of aquatic macrophytes in the more primitive divisions are less well known than for the
vascular macrophytes (Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta), which are represented by 33 orders and 88 families with about 2,614
species in c. 412 genera. These c. 2,614 aquatic species of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta evolved from land plants and represent
only a small fraction (∼1%) of the total number of vascular plants. Our analysis of the numbers and distribution of vascular
macrophytes showed that whilst many species have broad ranges, species diversity is highest in the Neotropics, intermediate
in the Oriental, Nearctic and Afrotropics, lower in the Palearctic and Australasia, lower again in the Pacific Oceanic Islands,
and lowest in the Antarctic region. About 39% of the c. 412 genera containing aquatic vascular macrophytes are endemic to
a single biogeographic region, with 61–64% of all aquatic vascular plant species found in the Afrotropics and Neotropics being
endemic to those regions. Aquatic macrophytes play an important role in the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems and
certain macrophyte species (e.g., rice) are cultivated for human consumption, yet several of the worst invasive weeds in the
world are aquatic plants. Many of the threats to fresh waters (e.g., climate change, eutrophication) will result in reduced
macrophyte diversity and will, in turn, threaten the faunal diversity of aquatic ecosystems and favour the establishment of
exotic species, at the expense of native species.
Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献
7.
Several recent studies have proposed that partial DNA sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial gene might serve as DNA barcodes for identifying and differentiating between animal species, such as birds, fish and insects. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of a COI barcode to identify true bugs from 139 species collected from Korea and adjacent regions (Japan, Northeastern China and Fareast Russia). All the species had a unique COI barcode sequence except for the genus Apolygus (Miridae), and the average interspecific genetic distance between closely related species was about 16 times higher than the average intraspecific genetic distance. DNA barcoding identified one probable new species of true bug and revealed identical or very recently divergent species that were clearly distinguished by morphological characteristics. Therefore, our results suggest that COI barcodes can reveal new cryptic true bug species and are able to contribute for the exact identification of the true bugs. 相似文献
8.
Tardigrada is a phylum closely allied with the arthropods. They are usually less than 0.5 mm in length, have four pairs of
lobe-like legs and are either carnivorous or feed on plant material. Most of the 900+ described tardigrade species are limnoterrestrial
and live in the thin film of water on the surface of moss, lichens, algae, and other plants and depend on water to remain
active and complete their life cycle. In this review of 910 tardigrade species, only 62 species representing13 genera are
truly aquatic and not found in limnoterrestrial habitats although many other genera contain limnoterrestrial species occasionally
found in freshwater.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
9.
Global diversity of fish (Pisces) in freshwater 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The precise number of extant fish species remains to be determined. About 28,900 species were listed in FishBase in 2005,
but some experts feel that the final total may be considerably higher. Freshwater fishes comprise until now almost 13,000
species (and 2,513 genera) (including only freshwater and strictly peripheral species), or about 15,000 if all species occurring
from fresh to brackishwaters are included. Noteworthy is the fact that the estimated 13,000 strictly freshwater fish species
live in lakes and rivers that cover only 1% of the earth’s surface, while the remaining 16,000 species live in salt water
covering a full 70%. While freshwater species belong to some 170 families (or 207 if peripheral species are also considered),
the bulk of species occur in a relatively few groups: the Characiformes, Cypriniformes, Siluriformes, and Gymnotiformes, the
Perciformes (noteably the family Cichlidae), and the Cyprinodontiformes. Biogeographically the distribution of strictly freshwater
species and genera are, respectively 4,035 species (705 genera) in the Neotropical region, 2,938 (390 genera) in the Afrotropical,
2,345 (440 genera) in the Oriental, 1,844 (380 genera) in the Palaearctic, 1,411 (298 genera) in the Nearctic, and 261 (94
genera) in the Australian. For each continent, the main characteristics of the ichthyofauna are briefly outlined. At this
continental scale, ichthyologists have also attempted to identify ichthyological ‘‘provinces’’ that are regions with a distinctive
evolutionary history and hence more or less characteristic biota at the species level. Ichthyoregions are currently identified
in each continent, except for Asia. An exceptionally high faunal diversity occurs in ancient lakes, where one of the most
noteworthy features is the existence of radiations of species that apparently result from intra-lacustrine speciation. Numerous
fish-species flocks have been identified in various ancient lakes that are exceptional natural sites for the study of speciation.
The major threats to fish biodiversity are intense and have been relatively well documented: overexploitation, flow modification,
destruction of habitats, invasion by exotic species, pollution including the worldwide phenomena of eutrophication and sedimentation,
all of which are interacting.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献
10.
Leopoldo M. Rueda 《Hydrobiologia》2008,595(1):477-487
Mosquitoes that inhabit freshwater habitats play an important role in the ecological food chain, and many of them are vicious
biters and transmitters of human and animal diseases. Relevant information about mosquitoes from various regions of the world
are noted, including their morphology, taxonomy, habitats, species diversity, distribution, endemicity, phylogeny, and medical
importance.
Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers and K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献
11.
In Lepidoptera, the subfamily Acentropinae and Pyraustinae of Crambidae (Pyraloidea) and the family Arctiidae (Noctuoidea)
contain species with true aquatic larvae, which live submerged during larval development. In Pyraustinae and Arctiidae only
a few species exhibit an aquatic life-history. From the latter, aquatic larvae are known from the Neotropical genus Paracles. The number of aquatic Paracles species is unknown. The Acentropinae are predominantly aquatic. They are distributed worldwide, and reach the highest diversity
in tropical regions of South East Asia/Malesia and in the Neotropical Region. At present, the Acentropinae include a total
of 50 genera and 737 described species. All genera, assigned to the subfamily, are listed in a table, and the numbers of included
species are indicated. The taxonomy and phylogeney of the genera are inadequately known. The species have a minor economic
importance, however, they are very sensitive to degradation of water quality and habitat destruction.
Guest editors: E.V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献
12.
Barcoding bugs: DNA-based identification of the true bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Background
DNA barcoding, the analysis of sequence variation in the 5′ region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene, has been shown to provide an efficient method for the identification of species in a wide range of animal taxa. In order to assess the effectiveness of barcodes in the discrimination of Heteroptera, we examined 344 species belonging to 178 genera, drawn from specimens in the Canadian National Collection of Insects.Methodology/Principal Findings
Analysis of the COI gene revealed less than 2% intra-specific divergence in 90% of the taxa examined, while minimum interspecific distances exceeded 3% in 77% of congeneric species pairs. Instances where barcodes fail to distinguish species represented clusters of morphologically similar species, except one case of barcode identity between species in different genera. Several instances of deep intraspecific divergence were detected suggesting possible cryptic species.Conclusions/Significance
Although this analysis encompasses 0.8% of the described global fauna, our results indicate that DNA barcodes will aid the identification of Heteroptera. This advance will be useful in pest management, regulatory and environmental applications and will also reveal species that require further taxonomic research. 相似文献13.
R. Väinölä J. D. S. Witt M. Grabowski J. H. Bradbury K. Jazdzewski B. Sket 《Hydrobiologia》2008,595(1):241-255
Amphipods are brooding peracaridan crustaceans whose young undergo direct development, with no independent larval dispersal
stage. Most species are epibenthic, benthic, or subterranean. There are some 1,870 amphipod species and subspecies recognized
from fresh or inland waters worldwide at the end of 2005. This accounts for 20% of the total known amphipod diversity. The
actual diversity may still be several-fold. Amphipods are most abundant in cool and temperate environments; they are particularly
diversified in subterranean environments and in running waters (fragmented habitats), and in temperate ancient lakes, but
are notably rare in the tropics. Of the described freshwater taxa 70% are Palearctic, 13% Nearctic, 7% Neotropical, 6% Australasian
and 3% Afrotropical. Approximately 45% of the taxa are subterranean; subterranean diversity is highest in the karst landscapes
of Central and Southern Europe (e.g., Niphargidae), North America (Crangonyctidae), and Australia (Paramelitidae). The majority
of Palearctic epigean amphipods are in the superfamily Gammaroidea, whereas talitroid amphipods (Hyalella) account for all Neotropic and much of the Nearctic epigean fauna. Major concentrations of endemic species diversity occur
in Southern Europe, Lake Baikal, the Ponto-Caspian basin, Southern Australia (including Tasmania), and the south-eastern USA.
Endemic family diversity is similarly centered in the Western Palearctic and Lake Baikal. Freshwater amphipods are greatly
polyphyletic, continental invasions have taken place repeatedly in different time frames and regions of the world. In the
recent decades, human mediated invasions of Ponto-Caspian amphipods have had great impacts on European fluvial ecosystems.
Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers and K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献
14.
A small percentage of Orthoptera Acridomorpha is comprised species dependant on continental water ecosystems. However, as
phytophagous insects, they are important at the basis of the trophic chain, mainly in regions with large permanent biota resulting
from the pulses of the rivers. An assessment of the composition and origin of the populations from different biogeographical
regions is attempted, and the state of our current knowledge is given in Tables 1, 2 and 3.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens
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15.
Votýpka J Klepetková H Jirků M Kment P Lukeš J 《International journal for parasitology》2012,42(5):489-500
Three hundred and eighty-six heteropteran specimens belonging to more than 90 species captured in Ghana, Kenya and Ethiopia were examined for the presence of trypanosomatid flagellates. Of those, 100 (26%) specimens were positive for trypanosomatids and the spliced leader RNA gene sequence was obtained from 81 (80%) of the infected bugs. Its sequence-based analysis placed all examined flagellates in 28 typing units. Among 19 newly described typing units, 16 are restricted to sub-Saharan Africa, three belong to previously described species and six to typing units found on other continents. This result was corroborated by the analysis of the ssrRNA gene, sequenced for at least one representative of each major spliced leader RNA-based clade. In all trees obtained, flagellates originating from sub-Saharan Africa were intermingled with those isolated from American, Asian and European hosts, revealing a lack of geographic correlation. They are dispersed throughout most of the known diversity of monoxenous trypanosomatids. However, a complex picture emerged when co-evolution with their heteropteran hosts was taken into account, since some clades are specific for a single host clade, family or even species, whereas other flagellates display a very low host specificity, with a capacity to parasitise heteropteran bugs belonging to different genera/families. The family Reduviidae contains the widest spectrum of trypanosomatids, most likely a consequence of their predatory feeding behaviour, leading to an accumulation of a variety of flagellates from their prey. The plant pathogenic genus Phytomonas is reported here from Africa, to our knowledge for the first time. Finding the same typing units in hosts belonging to different heteropteran families and coming from different continents strongly indicates that the global diversity of the insect trypanosomatids is most likely lower than was predicted on the basis of the "one host-one parasite" paradigm. The analysis presented significantly extends the known diversity of monoxenous insect trypanosomatids and will be instrumental in building a new taxonomy that reflects their true phylogenetic relationships. 相似文献
16.
The zoogeographic distributions of the 2,814 species of copepods reported from freshwater are analysed. Faunal diversity is compared between zoogeographic regions: the Palaearctic region has more than double the species richness of the next most diverse region, the Neotropical. Historical factors affecting levels of diversity are identified. More than 90% of all freshwater copepods are endemic to a single-zoogeographic region and endemic genera occur in all regions except Antarctica. Species that are not endemic to a single region include the highly vagile and cosmopolitan species occurring in four or more regions. The greatest faunal connectivity, as identified by Sørensen’s Index, is between Palaearctic and Nearctic regions, and identifies the Holarctic taxa. Key human-related issues, such as the role of copepods as vectors for human parasites and the losses caused by parasitic copepods in commercial aquaculture, are mentioned. 相似文献
17.
Species that are dependant on, or adapted to, freshwater environments are found in almost all mammalian orders, and two orders,
the Cetacea and the Sirenia, are strictly aquatic and include some freshwater-dependant species. Overall, the aquatic and
freshwater-dependant species represent around 70 of the more than 1,200 living or recent genera of mammals, and occur in all
continents except Antarctica. They include some of the most endangered species of mammals, and several have gone extinct or
become critically endangered in recent decades. One of the main threats is habitat loss or degradation. This chapter provides
an overview of the freshwater species within each order of mammals, their evolutionary history, their relations to humans
and their conservation status.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
18.
Most ribborn worms (phylum Nemertea) are marine and only 22 of the currently named around 1,200 species are known from freshwater
habitats (mainly lakes/ponds). They are all free-living benthic forms found in all continents except Antarctica. The vast
majority of species have been recorded from the Palearctic region, but this may reflect sampling efforts rather than biogeography.
Guest editors: E.V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献
19.
In this article we present a biogeographical assessment of species diversity within the Mysida (Crustacea: Malacostraca: Peracarida)
from inland waters. Inland species represent 6.7% (72 species) of mysid diversity. These species represent three of the four
families within the Mysida (Lepidomysidae, Stygiomysidae, and Mysidae) and are concentrated in the Palaearctic and Neotropical
regions. The inland mysid species distributional patterns can be explained by four main groups representing different freshwater
invasion routes: (1) Subterranean Tethyan relicts (24 spp.); (2) Autochthonous Ponto-Caspian endemics (20 spp.); (3) Mysis spp. ‘Glacial Relicts’ (8 spp.); and (4) Euryhaline estuarine species (20 spp.). The center of inland mysid species diversity
is the Ponto-Caspian region, containing 24 species, a large portion of which are the results of a radiation in the genus Paramysis.
Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers and K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献
20.
Leonard C. FerringtonJr. 《Hydrobiologia》2008,595(1):447-455
Chironomidae are common inhabitants of most aquatic habitats, and often dominate aquatic insect communities in both abundance
and species richness. Species occur in all continents, including Antarctica, and most major oceanic islands that have been
investigated. The family is divided into 11 subfamilies and 22 nominal tribes. Although individual species occur in a wide
range of habitats from terrestrial to fully aquatic, a total of 339 genera and 4,147 species are unambiguously aquatic in
their immature stages. Greatest species and generic richnesses occur in the Palaearctic Region and Nearctic Region, respectively,
but this pattern may largely reflect historical patterns of past taxonomic research efforts.
Guest editors: E.V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens
Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment 相似文献