The effects of lime and superphosphate on manganese toxicity in steam-sterilized soil

Summary The effects of liming and superphosphate application on the manganese nutrition of lettuce were studied in factorial experiments. A fairly acid silt loam of the Hamble series, which on steam-sterilization released considerable amounts of manganese in readily available forms, was used in the investigation.Manganese toxicity in lettuce was prevented by liming to increase the pH of the soil. The amounts of water-soluble, exchangeable and total active manganese present in the soil, and the manganese content of lettuce plants, decreased with increasing soil pH; easily reducible soil manganese increased with increasing soil pH.The effect of added superphosphate depended on the pH of the untreated soil. When the soil had a high pH, application of phosphate invariably decreased the pH and increased the manganese uptake. In acid soil supplying excessive amounts of manganese, application of phosphate reduced the manganese content of the plants; the pH of the soil was either unchanged or slightly increased by the treatment.Correlations were calculated between soil pH, various fractions of soil manganese, and the manganese content and yield of lettuce.From a comparison of plants grown in soil and sand culture it was concluded that the presence of a further toxic factor in the soil was probable.The results are discussed in relation to those obtained by other investigators.     

The phytiatric influence of treatments with cation exchangers in a soil,contaminated with heavy metals,on the growth and the mineral composition ofZea mays L. andPhaseolus vulgaris L.

Summary The application of selectively working cation exchangers in a soil contaminated with heavy metals such as lead, copper and zinc caused a significant increase of the plant weight and the plant length of maize. The calcium and magnesium percentage of the plant has clearly been influenced by the cation exchangers, whereas the potassium content was especially influenced by an additional fertilization and not by the cation exchangers. The sodium and phosphate content varied very little, the same holds for the manganese and the iron content. Almost no significant differences have been noticed with regard to the total amount of chlorophyll.Similar treatments with cation exchangers highly influence the growth of beans, comparable after two consecutive cultures by means of the plant weight and the cumulative yields. This reaction on the input of cation exchangers in a contaminated soil is much more outspoken when compared to a monocotyledon. A significant positive correlation between the cumulative yield and the pH of the soil has also been noticed.     

Manganese-phosphate reactions in aqueous systems and the effects of applications of monocalcium phosphate,on the availability of manganese to oats in an alkaline fen soil

Summary Electrometric titrations and chemical analyses of aqueous systems containing manganese sulphate and phosphoric acid showed that the compositions of manganese phosphates formed at various pH values depended on initial manganese concentrations and Mn : P molar ratios. The results show how phosphate benefits crops on soils containing toxic levesl of manganese.A pot experiment measured the effects of monocalcium phosphate, in the presence or absence of extra manganese, on the availability to oats of manganese in an alkaline manganese-deficient soil. On such a soil, phosphate equivalent to 750 or 1500 pounds of superphosphate per acre is unlikely to enhance manganese availability; such dressings may lessen grain yields considerably.Neutral and alkaline manganese-deficient fen soils were incubated with monocalcium-phosphate with and without added manganese salts. The phosphate dressings had only small effects on soil pH and on exchangeable and readily reducible manganese.     

The effect of liming a neutral soil on the uptake of manganese by plants

Summary The uptake of manganese by oats in a manganese-deficient soil was increased on raising the pH from 7.0 to 8.0 with Ca(OH)₂. This effect occurred in the absence of added manganese as well as when manganese was added to the soil as -MnO₂. When the soil was initially sterilized the uptake of manganese at pH 7.0 was greatly increased at both pH's, but the uptake at pH 8.0 was now a smaller than at pH 7.0.     

Stomatal response to drying soil in relation to changes in the xylem sap composition of Helianthus annuus. I. The concentration of cations, anions, amino acids in, and pH of, the xylem sap

Sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.) were subjected to soil drying with their shoots either kept fully turgid using a Passioura-type pressure chamber or allowed to decrease in water potential. Whether the shoots were kept turgid or not, leaf conductance decreased below a certain soil water content. During the soil drying, xylem sap samples were taken from individual intact and transpiring plants. Xylem sap concentrations of nitrate and phosphate decreased with soil water content, whereas the concentrations of the other anions (SO₄² and Cl^?) remained unaltered. Calcium concentrations also decreased. Potassium, magnesium, manganese and sodium concentrations stayed constant during soil drying. In contrast, the pH, the buffering capacity at a pH below 5 and the cation/anion ratio increased after soil water content was lowered below a certain threshold. Amino acid concentration of the xylem sap increased with decreasing soil water content. The effect of changes in ion concentrations in the xylem sap on leaf conductance is discussed.     

Experiments on effects of phosphorus on the manganese nutrition of plants

Summary Monocalcium phosphate (MCP), the salt of concentrated superphosphate, applied to a Buganda soil increased the amount of manganese taken up by ryegrass. To investigate the cause of this effect the derivatives of MCP hydrolysis, dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and triple-point solution (TPS) were separated and applied independently. Both derivatives, and a synthetic dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, increased the concentration of manganese in ryegrass showing that dissolution of soil manganese by TPS (pH 1.48) was not a unique cause.DCP derived by hydrolysis of MCP supplied little phosphorus to early crops of ryegrass but a larger proportion of its P was taken up by later crops; TPS supplied more of its P to earlier than to later crops. During 42 weeks the proportions of P taken up from DCP and TPS were similar to the proportions of phosphorus in these forms when MCP hydrolyzes.Phosphorus in DCP derived by hydrolysis of MCP was more available to ryegrass than phosphorus in a synthetic dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, showing that results may be misleading when synthetic materials are used to simulate the compounds that form from fertilizers in soil. re]19760401     

Manganese deficiency of sugar beet in organic soils

Summary The manganese content of sugar beet grown in pots of organic soils taken from fields where crops regularly show symptoms of manganese deficiency, and the effects on it of foliar sprays of manganous sulphate and of manganous oxide or manganese silicate frit applied to the soil, of changing the soil pH, air-drying the soil, and growing the plants either in the glasshouse or outside were determined. All the manganese treatments increased the concentration of manganese in the plants and decreased deficiency symptoms, but increased the dry matter yield only slightly. Increasing the pH by liming greatly increased symptoms and decreased the manganese concentration in the dry matter; air-drying the soil before cropping had the opposite effect. Plants grown in pots of the same soil in the glasshouse or outdoors showed similar symptoms and had similar manganese content.The concentration of manganese in the leaves was related to the percentage of plants with deficiency symptoms and to the concentration of active soil manganese. Leaves usually had symptoms when the concentration of manganese in the dried leaves was less than 30 ppm, and always had severe symptoms when they contained less than 15 ppm Mn. The soil analyses suggest that sugar beet grown in organic soil with pH greater than 7.0 and containing less than 40 ppm active soil manganese is likely to show deficiency symptoms.     

The effect of liming a neutral soil on the cycle of manganese

Summary A manganese-deficient soil was mixed at pH 7 and pH 8, both moist and dry with (a) -MnO₂ and (b) MnSO₄. The amounts of bivalent manganese were determined after incubating for varying times. With the moist soils more bivalent manganese was released at pH 8 than at pH 7. However, after long air-drying much more bivalent manganese was released than from the moist soils and more was released at pH 7 than at pH 8.     

蚯蚓活动对红壤磷素有效性的影响及其活化机理研究

通过盆钵生物试验研究了秉氏环毛蚓(Pheretima pingi.)在红壤基质中对稻草、花生秸、油菜秸3种有机物料分解速率的影响,研究了蚯蚓活动对红壤全磷含量和有效磷含量、对土壤碳水化合物含量、土壤磷酸酶活性的影响。并着重探讨了人工接种蚯蚓提高红壤有效磷的效果及其活化机理。研究结果揭示：①蚯蚓活动促进了有机物料的分解,加速了磷素的生物归还作用;②方差分析示明,在培养期间所有处理的土壤有效磷含量均得到显著或极显著提高;其中有机物料接种蚯蚓的3种处理分别与其不接种蚯蚓的处理的土壤有效磷含量之间差异均达显著水平;③蚯蚓活动有改善红壤酸度状况的趋势,同试验前比较(原土的土壤pH(H2O)=4．34),在培养试验后期,3种物料接种蚯蚓的土壤pH(H2O)值分别提高了0．17单位(稻草接种蚯蚓处理)、0．35单位(油菜秸接种蚯蚓处理)和0．44单位(花生秸接种蚯蚓处理);方差分析显示,花生秸组两处理间和油菜秸组两处理间的土壤pH值的差异达到显著水平。在150d的培养期内,3种有机物料接种蚯蚓的处理与其不接种蚯蚓的处理比较时,土壤pH值的差异亦达到显著水平;④蚯蚓活动增加了土壤碳水化合物含量。方差分析结果显示：3种有机物料接种蚯蚓的处理与不接种蚯蚓处理的土壤碳水化合物含量之间的差异均达到显著水平;⑤蚯蚓活动增强了土壤微生物活性和土壤磷酸酶活性。蚯蚓的吞食、排粪等生理过程改变了土壤微生物种群类型及其数量;蚯蚓活动提高了土壤磷酸酶活性,增加了土壤中有机磷含量,从而提高了土壤有效磷含量。蚯蚓活动及其特殊的生理过程所产生的综合作用使土壤有效磷含量和磷素有效性明显提高。     

Studies on the manganese uptake of lettuce on steam-sterilised glasshouse soils

Summary During steam sterilisation of glasshouse soils appreciable amounts of easily reducible manganese are converted into exchangeable manganese. The reverse process takes place much more gradually. As a result, manganese toxicity occurs in several crops on newly steamed soils. In the Netherlands, lettuce has been found to be particularly prone to manganese toxicity. An investigation was carried out to obtain more information about the manganese status of steamed glasshouse soils in which lettuce was used as the test crop. The following results were noted.The uptake of exchangeable manganese is easier in the lighter soils than in heavy soils. Application of iron to the soil inhibits manganese uptake by the plant, but the iron must be applied in the form of chelate. The pH has a profound effect on manganese uptake on steamed as well as on unsteamed soils. However, the relationship between the pH and the manganese content of the crop on steamed soils is different from that found on unsteamed soils.The slow rate of oxidation of manganese in steamed glasshouse soil may be explained by the fact that the oxidising bacteria are killed during the steam sterilisation process. The fixation of manganese can be accelerated appreciably by inoculating the steamed soil with manganese-oxidising bacteria.The effect on manganese uptake of five soil desinfection chemicals used in the investigation proved to be very small.The lettuce varieties used in the Netherlands show a wide variation in susceptibility to manganese toxicity. This cannot be explained by different rates of manganese uptake. It is more likely that the varietal differences are based on different levels of resistance to manganese present in the plants.     

Effect of rhizosphere pH on the availability and uptake of Fe,Mn and Zn

In pot experiments the relationships between rhizosphere pH, the extractable levels of Fe, Mn and Zn in the soil and their uptake into the roots and shoots of dwarf French beans have been studied. Variations in rhizosphere pH were induced by applying three different sources of nitrogencholine phosphate, ammonium phosphate and calcium nitrate-to an initially homogenised soil (preadjusted to either pH 7 or 8). The rhizosphere pH was found to be significantly lower following the application of either ammonium or choline phosphates and to be increased by calcium nitrate treatment.The Fe and Zn contents of both shoot and root were inversely proportional to rhizosphere pH. The Mn contents also increased with decreasing pH but a sharp increase was apparent below pH 5.5. The shoot Fe, Zn and Mn content were significantly correlated with the extractable levels determined in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil.This paper forms part of the Ph. D. thesis submitted by A.N.S. to the University of Wales in 1977.     

The effect of phosphate application on manganese content of plants grown on neutral and alkaline soils

Summary In four field experiments high rates of granular triple superphosphate and repeated sprays of manganese sulphate were applied to oats and sugar beet on land known to produce manganese-deficiency symptoms in these crops. It was found that spraying did not increase the manganese content of the foliage while application of superphosphate did.Possible explanations for this are discussed and it is suggested that the most likely one is chemical mobilization of soil manganese brought about by the reactions that the monocalcium phosphate in superphosphate undergoes in soil.     

Analysis of estuarine soil gradients in salt marshes of the southwestern Netherlands with special reference to the Scheldt estuary

Macro- and microgradients in salt-marsh soils of the Scheldt estuary have been studied. The soil parameters used are clay, carbonate, organic matter, pH, nitrogen, potassium and phosphate. The hypothesis that estuarine soil gradients can be reflections of similar aquatic gradients is affirmed for two gradients. Soil gradients of upstream increasing organic matter and phosphate contents have been found, relating significantly to corresponding aquatic gradients caused by river pollution. In the same direction gradients of decreasing nitrogen and potassium contents occur. A macrogradient in carbonate content was not found. Some microgradients in clay and carbonate contents are described, and relevant mutual relationships between the soil parameters are characterized. Communication nr. 149 of the Delta Institute for Hydrobiological Research, Yerseke, The Netherlands     

The pathway of pepsin-catalysed transpeptidation. Evidence for the reactive species being the anion of the acceptor molecule

Several minor pepsinogens, present in extracts of bovine fundic mucosa obtained from the fourth stomach or abomasum, were separated from the main pepsinogen by chromatography on hydroxyapatite at pH7.3. The major pepsinogen and two of these minor pepsinogens were studied in detail. All three zymogens have N-terminal Ser-Val-, C-terminal -Val-Ala and not more than 1mol of glucose/mol of protein; no significant differences in amino acid composition were found. The pepsinogens differ in their organic phosphate content, which accounts for their chromatographic separation. By activation at 0 degrees C and pH2, a corresponding series of pepsins is formed. These enzymes were separated by hydroxyapatite chromatography at pH5.7. All the pepsins have N-terminal valine, C-terminal alanine and are free from carbohydrate. Again the only difference detected among them is in their organic phosphate content. The pepsins of high phosphate content are converted by an acid phosphatase in vitro into pepsins of low phosphate content.     

Measurement of the effects of pH on phosphate availability

Plant and Soil - Many soil scientists think that soil phosphate availability is highest at near-neutral pH and decreases with decreasing pH. This belief does not appear to have ever been subjected...     

Effect of varying static and changing moisture levels during incubation on extractability of soil phosphate

Summary A sandy loam (pH 6.5) was incubated at 28°C at static moisture levels, ranging from 10 per cent saturation to 133 per cent saturation (waterlogging), for 6 and 12 weeks; other samples covering the same moisture range were first incubated for 6 weeks, and after changing all moisture levels to 50 per cent saturation were incubated for a further 6 weeks.With increasing static soil moisture level during incubation there was a slight reduction in Morgan-extractable phosphate up to 70 per cent saturation, but thereafter, due to anaerobic effects, there were considerable increases in extractable phosphate with increasing moisture level.With changing moisture level during incubation the effects of anaerobiosis became apparent where original moisture level was greater than 50 per cent saturation; extractable phosphate was reduced to levels lower than those occurring where the soil was maintained continuously at 50 per cent saturation. The extent of reduction in extractable phosphate increased with original soil saturation level.     

Soil-dependent variability of leaf iron accumulation in transgenic tobacco overexpressing ferritin

Ferritin overexpression in transgenic plants has been recently reported to increase leaf and seed iron content. We investigated the influence of various soil conditions on this increase in leaf iron content. One control transgenic tobacco and two transgenic tobaccos overexpressing ferritin in the plastids or in the cytoplasm, respectively, were grown on five different soils, two of them being amended with sewage sludge. Although a significant increase in leaf iron concentration was measured in transgenics overexpressing ferritin grown on three out of five soils, this increase was not a general rule. On some soils, leaf iron concentration of control plants was as high as in transgenics grown on other soils. In addition, an increased phosphorus concentration in the two sewage sludge amended soils correlated with a high leaf iron concentration in control plants, similar to the one measured in ferritin transformed plants. Indeed, growing plants in vitro with various increasing phosphate concentrations revealed a direct P involvement in iron loading of control plants, at a similar level as overexpressing ferritin plants. Also, with one of the soil tested, not only iron but also manganese, zinc and cadmium, and to a much lesser extent copper, nickel and lead were found more abundantly in ferritin transformed plants than in control plants. These data indicate that the iron fortification of leaves, based on ferritin overexpression, could be limited in its biotechnological application because of its high soil dependence.     

一株高效解磷肠膜明串珠菌的分离鉴定及解磷能力研究

【背景】植物根际土壤含有多种溶磷微生物,但是具有溶磷能力的肠膜明串珠菌未见报道。【目的】从脐橙根际土壤分离高效解磷菌,研究其解磷应用。【方法】通过初筛和复筛从23株菌中筛选解磷能力较强的菌株,同时采用钼蓝比色法测定磷含量。通过测定发酵液中小分子有机酸含量、磷酸酯酶酶活及pH值的变化,探究菌株的解磷机理。【结果】经过筛选得到9株具有一定解磷能力的菌株。通过菌种16S rRNA基因序列分析和生理生化实验确定其中一株菌为肠膜明串珠菌,命名为肠膜明串珠菌G7。培养基初始pH6.0、碳源为葡萄糖、氮源为硫酸铵时G7的解磷能力较佳。G7发酵过程中产生大量有机酸,而其酸性磷酸酯酶活性高于碱性磷酸酯酶。【结论】碳源、氮源以及初始pH值都能影响G7的解磷能力,其解磷能力主要缘于在发酵过程中产生了大量小分子有机酸,关于G7的解磷机理还需要更深入的研究。     

Bicarbonate,the most important factor inducing iron chlorosis in vine grapes on calcareous soil

Summary In pot experiments grape vine was grown on a calcareous and on a non calcareous soil with a low and with a high water saturation. During the growing period soil solution samples were collected and analyzed for their pH and for HCO ₃ ⁻ , phosphate, Fe, and Ca. High water saturation resulted in a pH increase and in an increase of the HCO ₃ ⁻ concentration in both soils. The level in pH and HCO ₃ ⁻ , however, was much higher in the calcareous soil than in the non calcareous soil. The Fe concentration varied much throughout the experimental period, but there was no major differences between soils and water saturation treatments. The Ca concentration of the soil solution increased with time in the calcareous soil; for the non calcareous soil rather the reverse was true. The phosphate level in the soil solution of the non calcareous soil was about 10 times higher than in the calcareous soil. After 3 weeks growth all plants of the calcareous soil with the high water saturation showed first symptoms of Fe deficiency. These became more intense from day to day. Plants of the other treatments did not show any chlorotic symptoms. In the treatment with the chlorotic plants the HCO ₃ ⁻ concentration of the soil solution was the highest, the phosphate concentration the lowest from all treatments. It is therefore concluded that HCO ₃ ⁻ and not phosphate is the primary cause for lime induced Fe chlorosis. Despite the low phosphate concentration in the soil solution, the P concentration in the chlorotic leaves was more than twice as high as the P concentration in green leaves grown on the same soil. It is thus assumed that the high P content frequently found in chlorotic leaves is the result and not the cause for Fe chlorosis.     

Methods for the determination of toxic levels of manganese in glasshouse soils

Summary The manganese status of the soil and the uptake of manganese by lettuce, chrysanthemums and roses were studied in pot and field experiments. The levels of water-soluble and exchangeable manganese in the soil were determined, the former by means of a 1:5 weight extract and a 1:2 volume extract, the latter by means of Morgan's solution, 1:21/2 and 1 N ammonium acetate solution, 1:25. Computation of the correlation coefficients for the relationship between the manganese contents of the soil and the crop showed that a better correlation was obtained with water soluble manganese than with exchangeable manganese. Addition of the pH and an index for the cation exchange capacity of the soil as variables increased the correlation coefficients. This occurred especially in the correlations with exchangeable manganese. The effects of the salt concentration and the salt composition of the soil on the manganese uptake of lettuce and on the manganese status of the soil were also studied in this investigation. Calcium ions proved to have a clear effect, whereas potassium ions did not. re]19760123