胎儿视网膜色素上皮细胞的原代培养和体外增殖能力的测定

目的：建立胎儿视网膜色素上皮细胞（fRPE）的原代培养方法。方法分离流产胎儿RPE,并进行体外原代培养、传代,免疫荧光检测培养RPE细胞分子标志物。以β细胞增殖诱导剂（二芳基脲衍生物WS3）刺激RPE细胞增殖,并测量其生长曲线。3组细胞比较采用单因素F检验。结果源自不同胎儿的fRPE细胞在原代及体外增殖中并未表现出明显不同。在体外扩增的4代fRPE中,100﹪的细胞表现出了良好的细胞形态。免疫荧光染色证实了体外扩增的fRPE细胞可很好的表达RPE细胞标记物。WS3未见有刺激RPE细胞体外增殖的作用。培养后不同时间三组细胞差异均有统计学意义（F=119.437~234.368,P均=0.000）。结论 fRPE细胞可在非复杂的培养环境中实现体外大量增殖,这些体外增殖的fRPE细胞可以为RPE移植细胞治疗视网膜黄斑病变提供丰富的细胞来源。     

人外周血淋巴细胞体外诱导培养前后细胞表型与细胞毒活性相关性研究

为了分析体外细胞因子诱导培养CIK细胞过程中细胞表型的变化与其杀瘤活性的相关性及为临床过继免疫治疗提供实验依据,本研究采用体外诱导方法扩增培养正常人外周血淋巴细胞及单个核细胞,应用流式细胞术测定培养前、培养第7天和第14天的CD3~+等15种不同表型细胞百分率的变化,用CCK-8试剂检测第7天和第14天的细胞毒活性。结果显示,扩增培养后T细胞活化表型的表达和细胞毒活性在第7天最强,与其细胞表型CD3~+CD25~+、CD3~+CD28~+、CD3~+CD25~+CD28~+、CD3~+CD4~+呈正相关(P<0.05),与CD3~+CD45RA~+CD45RO~+呈负相关(P<0.05)。本研究表明测定培养细胞活化相关表型可以间接监测其杀瘤能力,为临床CIK细胞过继免疫治疗的应用提供实验依据。     

乳鼠成骨细胞体外培养

目的建立乳鼠成骨细胞体外培养方法,探讨该方法的可行性和应用价值。方法用出生1~3 d乳鼠颅骨,采用多次胶原酶消化法进行细胞体外培养。倒置显微镜观察细胞形态,对其碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性及矿化能力进行鉴定,并测定细胞生长曲线。结果原代培养24 h后,大量细胞贴壁生长,细胞呈圆形,48 h后,贴壁细胞呈长梭形、三角形或不规则多边形,并且贴壁细胞伸出2~3个突起,胞质透亮、饱满,7 d后细胞铺满整个平皿底面。经鉴定,培养细胞具有体内成骨细胞的生物学特性。细胞接种后第1与第2个24 h为细胞的潜伏适应期,第3与第7个24 h生长曲线基本为线性曲线,是细胞的对数生长期。结论采用胶原酶消化法分离培养成骨细胞的方法切实可行。     

巴马猪NK细胞表型鉴定及猪CIK细胞诱导方法建立

目的获得巴马猪外周血淋巴细胞中NK细胞的表型及比例的数据,建立一种高效率猪CIK(cytokine-induced killer)细胞体外诱导培养的方法。方法分离巴马小型猪外周血淋巴细胞,通过检测CD2~+/CD8~+/CD3~-细胞以表征猪NK细胞的表型;通过优化诱导培养条件,提高诱导淋巴细胞中CIK的比例,建立高效率CIK细胞体外诱导方法。结果利用优化的诱导培养条件,在诱导培养第5天时CD3~-/CD2~+/CD8~+的NK细胞的比例可高达43.63%,较最初分离时NK细胞比例提升了5.59倍;细胞增殖活性实验表明诱导培养第5天时可见明显的3个荧光峰,表明诱导后细胞发生了3次分裂,理论上较最初分离增加了8倍;诱导细胞的qPCR表型分析表明该细胞群体在诱导培养第5天时相关的表面标志有明显的上升也与流式分析结果一致。结论建立了高效的猪CIK细胞体外诱导培养的方法。     

体外诱发抗体生成过程中淋巴细胞的变化

为了了解体外抗体应答中T、B淋巴细胞的变化,以进一步阐明体外抗体应答的细胞学过程,并为完善体外免疫实验系统提供方向和依据,利用荧光激活细胞分选仪(FACS),在本实验室建立的人淋巴细胞体外免疫实验系统的基础上,对体外诱发抗体应答中淋巴细胞的变化进行了分析和研究,得到以下初步结果。一、T细胞所占比例的变化与设置培养物时细胞浓度相关,如果T细胞一开始占比例较大时,其变化为下降,否则其变化为上升。但最终都维持在30%上下。二、CD4~+(T辅助)细胞和CD8~+(T抑制)细胞的变化在扁桃体细胞和脾细胞中有所不同。在两周的培养过程中,前者无论加或不加C.M.(T细胞条件培液)或MTG(混合丝裂原),CD4~+细胞的比例均高于CD8~+细胞;而后者在加了C.M.或MTG后,CD8~+细胞的比例明显上升,但CD4~+细胞却有下降趋势。论文讨论了上述变化与免疫应答强度的可能关系。此外,亮氨酸甲酯(Leu-O-Me)的加入对CD8~+细胞没有影响。三、B淋巴细胞的变化,在培养两周过程中,无论扁桃体还是脾脏来源的细胞,B细胞富集的程度没有发生明显的变化,直至培养结束时,B细胞的比例仍维持在60%左右。T、B细胞间的比例也无明显变化,这表明所建立的体外免疫实验系统对B细胞的存活及其应答的诱发是适宜的。CD19~+B细胞的变化较为明显,其意义目前尚难推测。此外,一般认为CD5~+B细胞是一类分泌自身抗体的细胞,在培养过程中一直处于少数,未见增多。四、对于本实验中设置“框界”(“gating”)的合理性进行了讨论。     

体外培养和冷冻保存对微囊化细胞生长和内皮抑素表达的影响

微囊化基因工程细胞移植治疗肿瘤是一种新兴的肿瘤治疗方法,如果将此技术应用到临床研究,就需要制备大量的细胞活性良好、重组蛋白表达量高的生物微胶囊。体外培养和冷冻保存是生物微胶囊制备过程中两个重要的环节,因此需要考察体外培养和冷冻保存对微囊化重组基因细胞生长和蛋白表达的影响。以重组CHO细胞为模型,考察了体外培养时间和冷冻保存对微囊化细胞在动物体内生长和内皮抑素表达的影响及体外培养时间对微囊化细胞冷冻保存的影响。结果表明:体外培养时间对微囊化细胞在动物体内生长、内皮抑素表达和微囊稳定性具有较大的影响,体外不培养和培养4d的微囊化细胞在小鼠腹腔内生长良好、内皮抑素表达量高,并且微囊稳定性好,而体外培养8d的微囊化细胞在移植后的第26天破裂。体外培养时间对微囊化细胞冷冻保存也具有较大的影响,体外培养4d和8d的微囊化细胞在液氮中冷冻保存40d,复苏后细胞生长良好、内皮抑素表达量高,而冻存前未经过体外培养的微囊化细胞,复苏后细胞几乎全部死亡。综上所述,生物微胶囊在体外比较适宜的培养时间为4d。并且冷冻保存对微囊化细胞在动物体内生长、内皮抑素表达和微囊稳定性没有显著的影响。     

雪灵芝粗多糖对小鼠免疫细胞增殖与功能的体外激活作用

为观察雪灵芝粗多糖(Arenaria kansuensis crude polysaccharide,AKCP)对体外培养的小鼠脾淋巴细胞、NK细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞增殖与功能的影响。以不同浓度AKCP作用于体外培养的上述细胞48 h,采用中性红吞噬实验及NO释放实验检测巨噬细胞功能,MTT法检测脾淋巴细胞增殖及NK细胞杀伤活性,流式细胞术检测脾淋巴细胞CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+亚群,ELISA法检测脾细胞培养上清中IL-2和IFN-γ水平。结果显示,AKCP各浓度组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬活性和NO释放量、脾淋巴细胞刺激指数及培养上清中IFN-γ水平、NK细胞杀伤活性均高于空白对照组(P0.05);AKCP中浓度组脾淋巴细胞CD3~+、CD4~+亚群及培养上清中IL-2水平也明显升高(P0.05)。提示AKCP对小鼠免疫细胞的增殖与功能具有体外激活作用。     

脐带间充质干细胞联合UM171对脐血源CD34~+细胞的扩增效果研究

目的研究脐带间充质干细胞联合UM171对脐血来源CD34~+细胞的扩增效果。方法脐血来源CD34~+细胞及脐带来源间充质干细胞分为以下4组进行体外扩增培养10 d:对照组、UM171培养组、间充质干细胞共培养组、UM171联合间充质干细胞共培养组,采用方差分析比较不同组别间细胞扩增倍数及流式表型和集落培养情况。结果脐带间充质干细胞CD105,CD73,CD90,不表达CD14,CD34,CD19,CD45,HLA-DR,经过诱导可以向成骨细胞、脂肪细胞、软骨细胞分化。CD34~+细胞在不同条件下体外培养10 d后,UM171培养组总有核细胞数扩增14倍,CD34~+细胞扩增13.5倍;MSCs共培养组总有核细胞数扩增11倍,CD34~+细胞扩增10倍;联合培养组总有核细胞数扩增达22倍,CD34~+细胞扩增21倍。联合培养组扩增后细胞CD34~+CD38~-比例达(91.49±2.67)﹪,较间充质干细胞培养组(78.11±2.35)﹪及UM171培养组(91.49±2.68)﹪相比差异具有统计学意义(P均0.01)。扩增后细胞集落培养14 d后,各系集落形成良好,UM171扩增组细胞较MSCs扩增组在红系及粒系形成能力方面存在优势。结论脐带血间充质干细胞作为细胞滋养层可提高CD34~+细胞体外扩增效果,UM171在扩增过程中可较好的保持细胞干性,二者联合应用扩增效果最佳,建立的脐带间充质干细胞联合UM171对脐血源CD34~+细胞的扩增方法可用于CD34~+细胞体外扩增培养。     

大鼠主动脉内皮细胞的分离培养和鉴定

目的:探索大鼠主动脉原代内皮细胞体外培养方法,为体外研究提供细胞模型。方法:分离大鼠主动脉,直接贴壁于培养皿中,荧光倒置显微镜观察细胞形态,免疫组化Ⅷ因子相关抗原染色鉴定细胞。结果:约24小时组织块边缘有游离的新生细胞长出,7天即融合成片。消化传代后细胞呈短梭形或三角形,单层生长,铺路石状,Ⅷ因子表达阳性,呈指数增殖。冻存后复苏细胞活性均超过90%。结论:用贴壁法成功建立了大鼠血管内皮细胞体外培养方法,冻存细胞存活率高,为体外研究提供了稳定的模型。     

抗CD3mAb诱导TN细胞向过渡型CD8单阳性细胞分化

本实验观察了在IL-7维持TN细胞生长的体外细胞培养系统中,抗CD 3 mAb对TN细胞分化的作用。发现抗CD 3 mAb在体外能诱导TN细胞分化产生CD 4~-CD 8~ 及部分CD 4~(lo)CD 8~ 细胞。由于多数CD 8~ 细胞为TCRβ~-,故抗CD 3 mAb诱导产生的CD 4~-CD 8~ 细胞是DN向DP分化的不成熟过渡状态细胞。抗TCR βmAb也能诱导CD 4~-CD 8~ 细胞产生,但其诱导分化能力弱于抗CD3 mAb。在体外细胞培养条件下,抗CD 3mAb诱导的DN→DP转化伴有IL-2 Rα表达下调,并且IL-7诱导的TCRβ分子表达也受到抑制。当TN细胞在IL-7条件下培养3天后,抗CD 3 mAb便失去诱导TN细胞分化的能力,表明抗CD 3 mAb诱导的TN细胞分化可能是通过细胞表面pre-TCR复合体进行的。     

Influence of osmolarity and pH increase to achieve a reduction of monoclonal antibodies aggregates in a production process

Anti PSA monoclonal antibodies for diagnostic use were produced in an in vitro system. After purification using Protein G affinity chromatography a percentage of about 10% of antibody aggregates remained. The use of monoclonal antibodies containing aggregates as a capture antibody in a diagnostic kit reduces the performance of the test making it often unacceptable. The aggregates could be eliminated using gel filtration chromatography but, in that way, the final recovery of the whole production process was only about 50%. Aggregation is favoured when the working pH is near to the isoelectric point of the antibody. We varied the culture medium composition, modifying pH and osmolarity. We tested different values of pH and osmolarity: 7.1, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5 for pH, and 300, 340, 367, 395 mOsm/kg H2O for osmolarity. By modification of the cell culture medium we obtained a significant decrease of monoclonal antibody aggregates in the production cycle. In this way we achieved higher recovery rate and could avoid gel filtration polishing step. The experiments were performed in two stages: first in culture flasks changing one parameter in each experiment, and then in spinner bottle using the best conditions obtained in the first stage. During scale up we used the modifications achieved from the experiment showed in this paper in our production by hollow fibre bioreactor with positive results.     

Expression of outer membrane proteins in Escherichia coli growing at acid pH

It is generally accepted for Escherichia coli that (i) the level of OmpC increases with increased osmolarity when cells are growing in neutral and alkaline media, whereas the level of OmpF decreases at high osmolarity, and that (ii) the two-component system composed of OmpR (regulator) and EnvZ (sensor) regulates porin expression. In this study, we found that OmpC was expressed at low osmolarity in medium of pH below 6 and that the expression was repressed when medium osmolarity was increased. In contrast, the expression of ompF at acidic pH was essentially the same as that at alkaline pH. Neither OmpC nor OmpF was detectable in an ompR mutant at both acid and alkaline pH values. However, OmpC and OmpF were well expressed at acid pH in a mutant envZ strain, and their expression was regulated by medium osmolarity. Thus, it appears that E. coli has a different mechanism for porin expression at acid pH. A mutant deficient in ompR grew slower than its parent strain in low-osmolarity medium at acid pH (below 5.5). The same growth diminution was observed when ompC and ompF were deleted, suggesting that both OmpF and OmpC are required for optimal growth under hypoosmosis at acid pH.     

Steady-state cultures of human skin

Pretransplantation cultivation of adult human skin has been optimized for rapid and prolonged outgrowth of epidermal cells from tissue explants using autonomic-perfusion, thin-layer culture technology (steady-state). This system fostered growth of autologous mesenchymal elements via critical control of the culture environment. The resulting cellular outgrowth maintained a balanced epithelial-dermal relationship, contained keratinocytes as well as minority epidermal cells, melanocytes and possibly Langerhans cells. Critical control of culture pH and osmolarity was found to enhance epithelial cell proliferation.     

Expression of Outer Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli Growing at Acid pH

It is generally accepted for Escherichia coli that (i) the level of OmpC increases with increased osmolarity when cells are growing in neutral and alkaline media, whereas the level of OmpF decreases at high osmolarity, and that (ii) the two-component system composed of OmpR (regulator) and EnvZ (sensor) regulates porin expression. In this study, we found that OmpC was expressed at low osmolarity in medium of pH below 6 and that the expression was repressed when medium osmolarity was increased. In contrast, the expression of ompF at acidic pH was essentially the same as that at alkaline pH. Neither OmpC nor OmpF was detectable in an ompR mutant at both acid and alkaline pH values. However, OmpC and OmpF were well expressed at acid pH in a mutant envZ strain, and their expression was regulated by medium osmolarity. Thus, it appears that E. coli has a different mechanism for porin expression at acid pH. A mutant deficient in ompR grew slower than its parent strain in low-osmolarity medium at acid pH (below 5.5). The same growth diminution was observed when ompC and ompF were deleted, suggesting that both OmpF and OmpC are required for optimal growth under hypoosmosis at acid pH.     

Stage-specific effects of the osmolarity of a culture medium on the development of parthenogenetic diploids in the pig

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of osmolarity of culture media on the development of porcine parthenogenetic diploids. Oocyte-cumulus-granulosa cell complexes were collected from ovaries and then in vitro-cultured for 48 h. The mature oocytes were subjected to a single electro-stimulation (El-St; 100 micros, 1500 V/cm), treated with 5.0 microg/ml Cytochalasin B for 4h and then cultured under various conditions as described below. In Experiment 1, the diploids were cultured for 168 h after El-St in modified Whitten's medium with 256 mOsmol (mWM256), mKRB with 309 mOsmol, and mWM with 309 mOsmol (mWM309), in which the osmolarity was adjusted by addition of NaCl or mannitol, or by reduction of distilled water. In Experiment 2, the diploids were cultured in the five media used in Experiment 1 for the first 48 h, and then in mWM256 until 168 h after El-St. In Experiment 3, the diploids were cultured for the first 48 h in mWM with osmolarity adjusted from 256 to 330 mOsmol by addition of NaCl for the first 48 h and then in mWM256 until 168 h after El-St. In Experiment 4, the diploids were cultured in mWM with 290 mOsmol (mWM290) for the first period of 24, 48, or 72 h, and then in mWM256 until 168 h after El-St. In Experiment 5, after diploids were cultured in mWM290 for the first 48 h, the obtained 4-cell diploids were transferred to mWM with osmolarity adjusted from 200 to 310 mOsmol by addition of NaCl, then cultured until 168 h after El-St. All media were supplemented with 0.5mg/ml hyaluronic acid and 4.0mg/ml bovine serum albumin. The results obtained in Experiments 1-5 indicate that the osmolarity of a medium, but not the Na(+)/K(+) ratio, exerts effects on the development of diploids to the blastocyst stage. The change of osmolarity of the culture media after the 4-cell stage increased the rate of expanded blastocyst formation in porcine diploids. The optimal osmolarities of culture medium for the first 48 h after El-St (before the 4-cell stage) were 290 and 280-320 mOsmol, and those for the later period (after the 4-cell stage) were 256 and 220-270 mOsmol, respectively.     

Influence of form of activated charcoal on embryogenic callus formation in coconut (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cocos nucifera</Emphasis>)

Development of micropropagation protocols for Cocos nucifera has progressed slowly. Activated charcoal is included in the culture medium of each protocol, mainly to prevent tissue browning. Charcoal production procedures can affect the properties of different brands. In this study, eight types of activated charcoal were evaluated for their effects on free 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid level, pH, conductivity, and osmolarity of the culture medium and on the frequency of embryogenic callus induction. Moreover, the effect of particle size of the optimum charcoal type on embryogenic callus development was also studied. Charcoal type had a significant effect on (Y3) culture medium properties. Free 2,4-D was highest in Reactivos y Productos Químicos Finos-containing medium and pH was lowest in MERCK-containing medium. Charcoal type also influenced embryogenic callus induction, with acid washed for plant cell and tissue culture-, DARCO- and United States Pharmacopeia-containing media promoting ~60% embryogenic callus, but with different optimal 2,4-D concentrations. Particle size profiles varied among all charcoal types, although small particle fraction (<38 μm) was abundant in all. Use of small particle fractions produced higher frequencies of embryogenic callus (70%) than either large particle or whole charcoal fractions.     

Cell morphometry and osmolarity as early indicators of the onset of embryogenesis from cell suspension cultures of grain legumes and model systems

Abstract

Whatever the in vitro regeneration pathway, it would be of interest to be able to distinguish regeneration-competent from non-regenerating cells and tissues, and as early in culture as possible, as this would allow a dramatic improvement of biotechnology breeding, particularly for the so-called recalcitrant species. With this aim, we examined a range of genotypes of pea (Pisum sativum) and grass pea (Lathyrus sativus), and of the two model species Medicago truncatula, another legume, and Arabidopsis thaliana. This was done by comparing cell suspension cultures of different ages (young [<6 transfers-old]vs. mature [>6 transfers-old]), densities (dense [>10⁷ cells/ml] or sparse [<10⁶ cells/ml]) and regeneration abilities (non-embryogenic vs. embryogenic), in order to identify early indicators of competence for somatic embryogenesis. All such cell suspensions were subcultured every 14 days and several parameters were assessed every 3–4 days during each 14-day cycle. These included the time course pH and osmolarity of the culture medium, the internal osmolarity of cells, the cell surface and the cell wall thickness (by examining cellulose accumulation in Calcofluor White-stained cells under UV light). As cells underwent embryogenesis they enlarged. Cellulose accumulated in the walls of non-embryogenic cells, but walls became thinner with the onset of embryogenesis, and diminished further as embryos matured. Although medium osmolarity decreased at the onset of embryogenesis, this was never observed for non-embryogenic cell suspensions. Conversely, there was a concomitant increase in intracellular osmolarity for embryogenic cells. Medium pH (analysed with the model species only) was not significantly correlated with regeneration competence of cells. For all genotypes and species, the kinetics of cell wall thickness and cell surface, and that of medium and cell osmolarity were reliable early indicators of the competence of cells to undergo somatic embryogenesis. The implication of these results for biotechnological breeding of grain legumes and for plant regeneration competence in general are discussed.     

Effects of cell density,light intensity and mixing on Undaria pinnatifida gametophyte activity in a photobioreactor

An on-line controlled 7 l sterilizable photobioreactor was used for the optimisation of a culture of gametophytes of Undaria pinnatifida. The gametophytes, which had been stored for three years in a culture cabinet at 16 degrees C, could rapidly grow in the photobioreactor under controlled conditions. The rate of increase of dissolved oxygen and pH were used to monitor the photosynthetic activity. Optimal gametophytes density changed varying the light intensity. The optimal cell densities were 3.24 and 3.45 g FW l(-1) when the cultures were exposed to 61.7 and 82.3 microE m(-2) s(-1), respectively. The optimal cell density was higher under a high photon flux density (PFD) than under low PFD. On the other hand, the optimal light intensities were different for different cell density cultures. The light saturation point was higher at high cell density cultures than at low cell density cultures. The optimal rotational speed was 150 rpm for high cell density culture in the photobioreactor.     

Effect of growth phase on survival of bromegrass suspension cells following cryopreservation and abiotic stresses

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cryopreservation is a practical method of preserving plant cell cultures and their genetic integrity. It has long been believed that cryopreservation of plant cell cultures is best performed with cells at the late lag or early exponential growth phase. At these stages the cells are small and non-vacuolated. This belief was based on studies using conventional slow prefreezing protocols and survival determined with fluorescein diacetate staining or 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride assays. This classical issue was revisited here to determine the optimum growth phase for cryopreserving a bromegrass (Bromus inermis) suspension culture using more recently developed protocols and regrowth assays for determination of survival. METHODS: Cells at different growth phases were cryopreserved using three protocols: slow prefreezing, rapid prefreezing and vitrification. Stage-dependent trends in cell osmolarity, water content and tolerance to freezing, heat and salt stresses were also determined. In all cases survival was assayed by regrowth of cells following the treatments. KEY RESULTS: Slow prefreezing and rapid prefreezing protocols resulted in higher cell survival compared with the vitrification method. For all the protocols used, the best regrowth was obtained using cells in the late exponential or early stationary phase, whereas lowest survival was obtained for cells in the late lag or early exponential phase. Cells at the late exponential phase were characterized by high water content and high osmolarity and were most tolerant to freezing, heat and salt stresses, whereas cells at the early exponential phase, characterized by low water content and low osmolarity, were least tolerant. CONCLUSIONS: The results are contrary to the classical concept which utilizes cells in the late lag or early exponential growth phase for cryopreservation. The optimal growth phase for cryopreservation may depend upon the species or cell culture being cryopreserved and requires re-investigation for each cell culture. Stage-dependent survival following cryopreservation was proportionally correlated with the levels of abiotic stress tolerance in bromegrass cells.