模拟酸雨胁迫对青冈幼苗光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

选择亚热带常绿阔叶林优势树种青冈幼苗为研究对象,设置3个酸雨处理：pH 2.5、pH 4.0、pH 5.6(CK),研究不同强度的模拟酸雨对青冈幼苗光合特性、叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量的影响.结果表明：经过2年酸雨处理,青冈的净光合速率随着酸雨强度的增加而显著上升.pH 2.5、pH 4.0处理的酸雨增大了青冈的气孔导度和蒸腾速率,且对pH 2.5处理的影响更为显著.胞间CO₂浓度的大小顺序是pH 2.5>pH 5.6>pH 4.0.pH 2.5、pH 4.0处理青冈的最大净光合速率、光补偿点、光饱和点、暗呼吸速率显著高于对照,表观量子效率对酸雨胁迫不敏感.pH 2.5、pH 4.0处理青冈的PSⅡ原初光能转化效率和PSⅡ的潜在活性显著高于对照.青冈的叶绿素相对含量大小顺序是pH 2.5>pH 5.6>pH 4.0,且pH 2.5与pH 4.0之间有显著差异.说明青冈幼苗的光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数指标在pH 2.5和pH 4.0的酸雨处理下有所增加,且在pH 2.5强度下增加更为明显.     

不同起源时期的3种被子植物对酸雨胁迫响应的光合生理生态特征

为了验证起源时间较长的植物具有较强适应性的假设, 人工模拟酸雨胁迫, 研究了在不同酸雨处理下不同起源时期的3种被子植物乐东拟单性木兰(Parakmeria lotungensi)、石栎(Lithocarpus glaber)和山核桃(Carya cathayensis)的光合生理适应特性。实验设置了酸雨对照处理(pH 5.6)、中度酸雨胁迫处理(pH 4.0)和重度酸雨胁迫处理(pH 2.5), 并测定了这3种植物的光合特性。研究结果显示: 1)在不同强度的酸雨处理下, 乐东拟单性木兰的光合能力大小趋势为pH 2.5 > pH 4.0 > pH 5.6, 石栎则为pH 5.6 > pH 4.0 > pH 2.5, 但山核桃在酸雨处理之间差异不显著; 2)在酸雨对照处理(pH 5.6)中, 石栎的光合能力相对较高, 其次是乐东拟单性木兰, 山核桃最小。但在重度和中度酸雨胁迫下(pH ≤ 4.0), 3种植物光合能力的大小趋势为乐东拟单性木兰 > 石栎 > 山核桃, 且酸雨胁迫越严重, 上述趋势越明显。研究结果表明: 在重度酸雨胁迫下, 起源时间较早的乐东拟单性木兰表现出较高的光合与适应能力。从应用的角度出发, 建议考虑将乐东拟单性木兰作为酸雨灾害严重地区植被构建的物种之一。     

南亚热带两种优势树种叶凋落物分解对模拟酸雨的响应

通过对模拟酸雨处理下鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林优势树种锥栗(Castanopsis chinensis)和木荷(Schima superba)叶凋落物分解的研究,试图探讨南亚热带区域日益严重的酸雨对森林凋落物分解的影响规律以及可能的机制。试验应用分解袋法进行,并设计4个模拟酸雨强度处理:CK(p H值4.5左右的天然湖水)、T1(p H值4.0)、T2(p H值3.5)和T3(p H值3.0)。21个月的分解结果表明,模拟酸雨抑制了两种优势树种叶凋落物的分解。CK、T1、T2和T3 4个处理下的分解速率常数k值分别为:锥栗(1.18、0.93、0.94和0.86)和木荷(1.10、0.97、0.88和0.94),与CK相比,k值在T1、T2和T3均有下降的趋势。同时,模拟酸雨下两种优势树种叶凋落物的质量残留率均为:T3T2T1CK。酸雨对凋落物分解的抑制作用可能与酸雨胁迫下土壤酸化从而导致土壤微生物活性下降有关。     

热带尖峰岭和亚热带千岛湖六种凋落叶的分解特征

选取亚热带6个树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla)、水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)、木荷(Schima superba)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)和苏铁(Cycas revoluta)的凋落物,在亚热带的千岛湖和热带的尖峰岭进行凋落物分解实验,研究不同气候带下凋落物的分解特征。两样地的年均气温和降水为主要差异,年均温差达3.0℃。结果表明:两个样地凋落物的分解速率顺序为:毛竹﹥木荷﹥青冈﹥马尾松﹥水杉﹥苏铁,尖峰岭样地6个树种95%分解所需的时间集中在3.22-8.81a,千岛湖样地95%分解所需的时间为4.61-14.27a。6种凋落物叶的分解速率尖峰岭显著大于千岛湖(P0.05)。用尖峰岭的气候条件来模拟千岛湖气候变暖后的状况,凋落物分解的分解速率将提高43.08%-95.65%,凋落物的95%分解时间将缩短30.15%-48.85%。凋落物分解的表观Q10在3.30-9.35之间。在千岛湖样地凋落物的分解速率(k值)与初始氮含量呈显著正相关(P0.05),与木质素含量呈显著负相关(P0.05);在尖峰岭样地,凋落物的分解速率与凋落物基质质量的各因子相关性均不显著。氮含量和木质素含量在中亚热带地区是预测凋落物分解和失重的良好指标,在热带地区气候因子对凋落物分解的控制作用较强于凋落物初始基质质量的控制作用。     

中亚热带森林群落不同演替阶段优势种凋落物分解试验

选择我国亚热带森林群落3个主要演替阶段的7个优势种（其中马尾松代表演替初期优势种,木荷和香樟代表演替中期优势种,甜槠、小叶青冈栎、青冈和乐昌含笑代表演替后期优势种）的凋落物,采用网袋法进行分解试验. 结果表明:马尾松凋落物分解得最慢,年分解速率为0.51;木荷和香樟居中,分别为0.55和0.61;小叶青冈栎和乐昌含笑分解得最快,分别为0.89和1.12.沿着植被顺向演替的梯度,凋落物分解速度呈现加快的趋势. 分解速率同凋落物的初始P、N和木质素含量及木质素/N比值呈极显著相关(P<0.01),同C/N比值有显著相关关系(P<0.05).凋落物的P、N和木质素含量及木质素/N比值是预测凋落物分解快慢的良好指标.     

亚热带3种树种凋落叶厚度对其分解速率及酶活性的影响

对中国亚热带树种杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、银杏(Ginkgo biloba)3个树种在不同凋落物厚度下凋落物分解速率和分解酶活性进行了探究.利用分解网袋法,根据浙江省的平均酸雨水平,在酸雨(pH4.0)条件下设置了凋落物40g、凋落物20g、凋落物10g 3个梯度.结果表明:凋落物分解速率随厚度的增加呈加快的趋势,杉木凋落物10、20、40g的年分解系数K分别为0.24、0.27、0.34,香樟凋落物10、20、40g的年分解系数K分别为0.25、0.3、0.32,银杏凋落物10、20、40g的年分解系数K分别为0.42、0.5、0.58;脲酶活性表现为:凋落叶40g＞凋落叶20g＞凋落叶10g,纤维素酶活性表现为:凋落叶40g、凋落叶20g＞凋落叶10g,蔗糖酶活性表现为:后期凋落叶40g＞凋落叶20g＞凋落叶10g,凋落物分解过程是多种酶共同作用的结果.     

中亚热带主要树种凋落叶在杉木人工林中分解及氮磷释放过程

采用分解网袋法研究了马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、桤木(Alnus cremastogyne)、木荷(Schima superba)、青冈(Cycloblanopsis glauca)等树种凋落叶在21年生杉木人工林内的分解速率和养分释放过程。经过13个月的分解实验,4种供试凋落叶以青冈分解最快,质量失重率为33.5%,其次为桤木和木荷,马尾松分解最慢,其质量失重率仅为29.9%。4种凋落叶分解50%和95%所需要的时间分别为21～26个月和94～112个月。在凋落叶分解过程中,除桤木凋落叶中氮含量下降外,其他3种凋落叶的氮含量均增加,但凋落叶的C/N均降低;在凋落叶分解的前3个月,凋落物中磷含量快速下降,此后变化很小,C/P呈增加趋势。在凋落叶分解过程中,马尾松凋落叶对氮素表现为固持作用,而其他3种凋落叶对氮素表现为净释放,4种凋落叶的磷素均表现为净释放。4种供试材料中桤木较适合与杉木混交种植。     

马尾松与阔叶树种混合凋落叶分解过程中总酚和缩合单宁的变化

采用凋落物分解袋法,研究四川低山丘陵区马尾松与檫木、香椿、香樟3种阔叶树种的混合凋落叶及纯马尾松凋落叶分解过程中总酚和缩合单宁的变化特征.设置马尾松:檫木质量比为6:4、7:3、8:2,马尾松:香椿质量比为6:4、7:3、8:2,马尾松:香樟质量比为6:4、7:3、8:2混合处理.结果表明:经过180 d的分解,纯马尾松凋落叶缩合单宁的降解率为84.4%,混合凋落叶缩合单宁的降解率均高于纯马尾松凋落叶.在所有组合中,马尾松:香樟6:4混合凋落叶的缩合单宁和总酚降解率最高,分别为90.3%和68.6%,凋落叶的混合促进了马尾松凋落叶缩合单宁和总酚的分解.随着分解时间的延长,马尾松与3种阔叶凋落叶所有混合处理缩合单宁的降解率均呈现先上升后趋于稳定的趋势.而纯马尾松凋落叶、马尾松:香樟(7:3)和马尾松与香椿的所有混合处理总酚的降解率呈现在分解前90 d上升此后下降的趋势;马尾松与檫木的所有混合处理及马尾松:香樟6:4和8:2混合处理总酚降解率呈现上升趋势.混合凋落叶分解过程中,单宁和总酚的变化特征还与凋落物基质质量、凋落物分解相关酶(多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、亮氨酸氨基肽)的活性有关.     

模拟酸雨胁迫对杨梅幼苗水分生理特性的影响

选择浙江省典型亚热带经济植物杨梅为对象,通过盆栽试验研究了重度酸雨(pH2.5)、中度酸雨(pH4.0)和对照(pH5.6)处理对杨梅幼苗水分生理特性的影响.结果表明:季节、年份和酸雨对杨梅幼苗的光合速率均有显著影响,各处理中,夏季的差异大于春、秋季,pH4.0处理对光合速率有促进作用;季节、年份、酸雨,季节-年份交互作用以及三者交互作用对气孔导度均有显著影响,各处理在夏季的差异大于春、秋季,酸雨对气孔导度有抑制作用;季节、年份、酸雨及季节-年份和季节-酸雨两两交互作用对蒸腾速率有显著影响,各处理夏季的差异大于春秋季,且pH2.5处理对蒸腾速率的抑制作用最强;酸雨、季节-年份和季节-酸雨交互作用对水分利用率有显著影响,且pH2.5处理对水分利用率有一定的促进作用.     

低硫氮比酸雨对亚热带典型树种气体交换和质膜的影响

通过对我国亚热带典型树种香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、木荷(Schima superba)和枫香(Liquidambar formosana)1年生幼苗为期4个月的模拟酸雨处理,以当地水库水为对照,研究硫氮比(摩尔比)为1.58的酸雨胁迫(中度酸雨pH3.5、重度酸雨pH2.5)下植物气体交换参数、光合色素含量、质膜透性和丙二醛含量等生理指标的变化规律。结果表明:中度酸雨对植物的气体交换和质膜没有造成明显影响。重度酸雨导致叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率下降;植物叶片的质膜透性和丙二醛含量显著上升;重度酸雨的氮肥效应虽提高了叶片叶绿素含量,但单位叶绿素的净光合速率仍下降明显。与以往高硫氮比(摩尔比>6)酸雨胁迫研究相比,低硫氮比可能会减缓中度酸雨(pH3.5)对植物气体交换和质膜的负面影响;但是当pH值降至2.5时,酸雨仍然会造成植物气孔部分关闭,膜系统损伤,叶绿素光合活性下降,并最终抑制植物光合作用。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418