增强UV—B辐射对蚕豆叶片微粒体膜一些性质的影响

温室条件下,用０,８．６５ｋＪｍ＾－２ｄ＾－１及１１．２ｋＪｍ＾－２ｄ＾－１不同剂量的ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射处理蚕豆幼苗。Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ及Ｍｇ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的活性在辐射处理期间下降。在处理２１ｄ,Ｔ１和Ｔ２微粒体膜的ＭＤＡ含量明显高于对照,同时ＩＵＦＡ急剧下降,且呈明显的剂量效应。     

UVB对水稻幼苗膜脂过氧化作用的影响

ＵＶ－Ｂ处理的水稻幼苗,叶片的膜透性、Ｏ２－净产生速率及ＭＤＡ含量显著增加。在ＵＶ－Ｂ处理初期,活性氧防御系统中的ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活性比对照增强,但随着处理时间的延长,ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活性明显下降;ＰＯＤ活性受ＵＶ－Ｂ处理抑制。这一结果表明,ＵＶ－Ｂ降低了细胞内活性氧自由基的清除能力,膜脂过氧化作用加剧,最终导致伤害效应。     

增强的UV-B辐射对植物影响的研究

综述了国内外有关UV－B辐射对植物影响的研究现状与动态,讨论了增强的UV－B辐射对植物生长及形态结构、植物生理生化代谢、植物遗传物质、UV－B吸收物质及某些基因表达和种群及生态系统的影响。展望了增强的UV－B辐射对植物影响领域中值得深入探讨的问题。     

UV-B辐射增强对水稻多胺代谢及内源激素含量的影响

研究表明,在处理前期（7－14d),增强的UV－B辐射能使供试水稻汕成63（Sy63）的精氨酸脱羧酶（ADC）、鸟氨酸脱羧酶（ODC）和s－腺苷蛋氨酸脱羧酶（SAMDC）活性分别平均增加165．74％、104．60％和89．60％,南川（NC）的这3种酶活性分别增加59．91％、41．30％和23．68％,IR65600－85只表现出ADC和ODC活性分别平均提高115．93％、14．45％,SAMDC活性却下降33．01％,在处理后期（21－28d）,Sy63的ADC－ODC活性分别对照平均增加89．72％、3．71％,NC则分别增加73．95％、27．38％,IR656000－85表现为ADC活性增加94．41％,ODC活性却下降13．57％,就SAMDC而言,处理后期（21－28d）,三者分别下降40．06％、19．20％和38．21％,多胺氧化酶（PAO）活性变化趋势恰好相反,从而引起多胺（PA）含量特别是腐胺（Put）含量明显上升,此外,UV－B辐射增强能使IAA和GA11／3含量在整个处理期间（7－28d）供试水稻品种（组合）Sy63分别平均下降58．92％和45．48％,NC分别减少43．31％和56．20％,IR65600－85则分别降低38．69％和47．33％,所有供试水稻品种（组合）的ZRs含量表现为处理前期（7－14d）有所降低,处理后期（21－28d）则明显提高,就ABA含量而言,整个处理时间（7－28d）,3个品种（组合）均比对照显著或后期（21－28d）则明显提高,就ABA含量而言,整个处理期间（7－28 d）,3个品种（组合）均比对照显著或极显著增加,三者分别提高了14．4%、99．6％和56．7％,从而显著降低IAA／ABA、GA1／3／ABA和ZRs/ABA的比值,影响水稻生长发育。     

膜脂过氧化对植物细胞的伤害

本文综述了近年来有关膜脂过氧化对植物细胞膜系统的结构和功能、细胞的蛋白质代谢、光合作用和呼吸作用等过程的伤害机理方面的研究进展。     

增强UV-B辐射对蚕豆叶片微粒体膜一些性质的影响

温室条件下,用0（Control）、8．65kJm－2d－1（TI）及11．2KJm－2d－1（t2）不同剂量的UV－B辐射处理蚕豆幼苗。Ca2 ．ATPase及Mg2 －ATPase的活性在辐射处理期间下降。在处理21d,T1和T2微粒体膜的MDA含量明显高于对照,同时IUFA急剧下降,且呈明显的剂量效应。14及21d时,膜磷脂的含量也明显下降。脂氧合酶（Lox）活性在第7及14天与对照相比都显著升高,而21d后迅速下降。结果表明,增强UV－B对微粒体膜的伤害可能是一方面导致正常酶合成与分解之间的平衡失调,另一方面导致了膜脂过氧化作用。     

增强的UV-B辐射和其它因子的相互作用对植物的影响

全球变化中的平流层臭氧层耗损引起到达地球表面的紫外线-B(280～320 nm)辐射的增强,给人类健康,动物、植物、微生物的生命活动,生物地化循环,材料及大气质量等带来重大影响[1]。因此,近30年来,平流层臭氧层减薄和UV-B辐射增强对植物影响的问题引起人们的关注,并进行了大量的研究[1～4]。我国在这方面的研究刚刚起步[5]。但是,针对UV-B辐射增强和其它非生物因子如CO2浓度升高、全球变暖、干旱、矿质营养亏缺和空气污染物等的复合作用对植物生长、发育、繁殖及生态系统影响的研究较少[1～3]。在自然界,各种环境因子常常是相互作用共同影响植物及生态系统,因此,仅研究单因子的作用很难正确评估由于全球变化而产生的种种生物学和生态学效应[1,2]。本文就近年来关于UV-B辐射增强和其它非生物因子的复合作用对植物影响的研究进展作一介绍,并对其发展前景作了展望。1 UV-B辐射与矿质营养     

月季切花衰老过程中多胺与膜脂过氧化的关系

以月季切花为材料,研究了月季切花瓶插过程中多胺含量的变化,外源多胺处理对月季药花体内多胺含量的影响以及多胺与膜脂过氧化的关系。结果表明,月季切花瓶插衰老过程中腐胺在前2d略有增加,亚精胺和精胺均呈下降趋势;外源亚精胺和精胺处理均能增加切花体内多胺含量,并能延缓切花衰老和改善切花品质;且亚精胺和精胺处理降低了MDA含量的积累和膜相对透性的上升趋势。     

He-Ne激光对增强UV-B辐射下小麦幼苗膜脂过氧化的缓解作用

采用He-Ne激光(5 mW/mm2)辐照增强UV-B辐射(10.08 kJ/m2.d)的晋麦8号小麦幼苗,通过测定小麦幼苗叶片细胞质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)的含量以及脂氧合酶(LOX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷光苷肽过氧化物酶(GPX)的活性变化,研究He-Ne激光对增强UV-B辐射的小麦幼苗膜脂过氧化的影响。结果显示,He-Ne激光辐照可使经UV-B辐射后小麦幼苗叶片质膜相对透性、MDA含量、LOX活性降低,而使CAT、APX和GPX的活性均升高。分析表明UV-B辐射增强可导致膜脂过氧化加剧,而一定剂量的He-Ne激光能够通过促进酶促抗氧化系统酶的活性来缓解紫外线辐射下小麦幼苗的膜脂过氧化作用。     

UV-B辐射增强对水稻生长发育及其产量形成的影响

在盆载条件下,研究UV-B辐射（280-320nm）增强对3个不同类型水稻品种（组合）的生长发育及其产量构成的影响。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强明显抑制水稻生长,使株高变矮、分蘖数减少、叶面积和干物质量下降,但其抑制程度依品种、水稻所处的生长阶段的不同而不同;株高在苗期下降幅度最大,为9.4%-12.2%,干物质量在分蘖期下降幅度最大,地下部和地上部干物质量分别下降45.3%-59.8%、54.9%-59.0%,增强的UV-B辐射使水稻主茎不同叶位的出叶时间延迟,生育期延长,汕优63、南川、IR65600-85的抽穗时间分别比对照延迟2d、3d和7d,成熟期分别推迟3d、4d和9d,UV-B辐射增强明显降低水稻叶片的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,叶片叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学参数Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo下降,与对照相比,汕优6.3、南川、IR65600-85叶片的净光合速率分别下降了11.9%、12.8%、29.7%,UV-B辐射增强使水稻每株有效穗、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重下降,最终导致水稻籽粒产量下降25.2%-31.1%。     

增强UV—B辐射和CO2复合作用对蚕豆幼苗生长和光合作用的影响

在4.52 kJ*m-2*d-1 UV-BBE的UV-B辐射和700 μmol*mol-1的CO2浓度人工模拟复合处理下,研究了对蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)幼苗的生长和光合作用的影响.结果表明,UV-B辐射单因子明显降低蚕豆幼苗的株高、叶面积和生物量,CO2单因子的作用正好相反,二者的作用程度随着处理时间的延长而增大.UV-B辐射和CO2复合作用对蚕豆幼苗的生长影响不明显.同时,增强的UV-B辐射单因子还使蚕豆幼苗的光合速率、气孔导度和水分利用率下降,CO2单因子的作用也相反,且CO2单因子的促进程度大于UV-B辐射单因子的抑制程度.而在UV-B辐射和CO2复合作用下,蚕豆幼苗的光合作用参数基本与对照同步.分析认为,UV-B辐射和CO2复合作用对蚕豆幼苗的影响是一种拮抗作用.     

外源甜菜碱对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗膜脂过氧化作用的影响

用PEG4000溶液对小麦（Triticum aestivum L.heimang)幼苗进行胁迫处理和加入外源甜菜碱（Betaine)作同样处理,6、12、18和24h测定生理变化。结果表明,与对照相比,外源甜菜碱导致小麦幼苗叶片含水量下降,相对膜透性增大,MDA含量升高,SOD和POD活性先降后增,同时脯氨酸大量积累。说明外源甜菜碱对小麦幼苗受伤害程度有明显加深作用。     

Response of oxidative stress defense systems in rice (Oryza sativa) leaves with supplemental UV-B radiation

The impact of elevated ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280–320 nm) on membrane systems and lipid peroxidation, and possible involvement of active oxygen radicals was investigated in leaves of two UV-B susceptible rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L. cvs IR74 and Dular). Rice seedlings were grown in a greenhouse for 10 days and then treated with biologically effective UV-B (UV-B_BE) radiation for 28 days. Oxidative stress effects were evaluated by measuring superoxide anion (O₂) generation rate, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and relative electrolyte conductivity (EC) for IR74 and Dular at 0 (control), 6 or 13 kJ m^?2 day^?1 UV-B_BE. Significant increases in these parameters were found in rice plants grown at 13 vs 0 kJ m^?2 day^?1 UV-B_BE after 28 days; indicating that disruption of membrane systems may be an eventual reason for UV-B-induced injury in rice plants. There was a positive correlation between O₂^? generation and increases in EC or MDA in leaves. Activities of enzymatic and nonenzymatic free radical scavengers were measured for IR74 after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of exposure to 13 or 0 UV-B_BE to evaluate dynamics of these responses over time. Activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (but not ascorbate peroxidase) and concentrations of ascorbic acid and glutathione were enhanced by 13 vs 0 UV-B_BE after 14 days of UV-B exposure. Further exposure to 28 days of UV-B was associated with a decline in enzyme activities and ascorbic acid, but not glutathione. It is suggested that UV-B-induced injury may be associated with disturbance of active oxygen metabolism through the destruction and alteration of both enzymatic and nonenzymatic defense systems in rice.     

低温下水稻幼苗叶片细胞膜膜脂过氧化和膜磷脂脱酯化反应

水稻幼苗遭遇冷胁迫（１℃,光照强度１５０μｍｏｌ·ｍ－２·ｓ－１）２ｄ,其叶片丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量明显增加,酸性磷酸酯酶活性也增加,同时无机磷含量也增加。３０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＣａＣｌ２浸泡种子１ｄ则削弱了冷胁迫的这种作用。Ｈ２Ｏ２和甲基紫精（ＭＶ）均有刺激幼苗叶片和离体根质膜酸性磷酸酯酶活性的作用。     

大气CO2浓度升高对毛竹叶片膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响

为了解竹子对大气CO2浓度升高的生理响应,为气候变化背景下的竹林适应性管理提供理论依据,运用开顶式气室(OTCs)设置了3个CO2处理浓度(环境大气、500和700μmol·mol-1),探讨了大气CO2浓度升高对毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)叶片光合色素、膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:与环境大气比较,500μmol·mol-1浓度处理30d时对毛竹叶片光合色素、膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统影响并不明显,仅叶片CAT活性显著降低;随着处理时间的延长,对毛竹叶片膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响逐渐显现,至处理90d时,除叶片可溶性糖含量无明显变化,其他测定指标均有显著变化;700μmol·mol-1浓度处理在不同时间上对毛竹叶片膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响均较500μmol·mol-1CO2浓度处理明显,处理30d时毛竹叶片可溶性糖含量和抗氧化酶活性有明显变化,处理90d时,各项测定指标均有显著变化;研究表明大气CO2浓度升高一定程度上能增强毛竹的抗氧化能力,但光合产物的过量积累也会造成碳水化合物源-库失衡和Rubisco的再生受到反馈作用抑制。     

高温对黄瓜幼苗膜脂过氧化作用的影响

经高温处理后,黄瓜幼苗ＭＤＡ含量显著增加,随着处理时间延长,ＭＤＡ含量不断增加,这说明幼苗的膜系统受到明显伤害。高温处理后,ＰＯＤ活性增强;其中对高温敏感的自交系Ｑ１０增加量较大,耐高温的自交系Ｔ９７增加较少。而高温处理有前后Ｔ９７的ＰＯＤ活性明显比Ｑ１０高。高温处理ｄ后,ＣＡＴ活性降低。同时ＳＯＤ活性逐渐降低,对高温敏感的自交系Ｑ１０降低低较严重。试验表明,保持较高膜保护酶的活性可以降低高温的危     

A comparative study of the effects of laser and LED radiation on lipid peroxidation in rat wound fluid

The effect of laser (632 nm) and LED (630 nm) on lipid peroxidation in rat wound fluid (exudate) was studied with the aim of comparing the efficiency of coherent and incoherent light on the processes that take place during wound healing. The study was performed using the model of cut aseptic wounds proposed by L.I. Slutskii. It was shown that irradiation of wounds with light of both laser and LED caused a decrease in the concentration of lipid peroxidation products in wound fluid as compared with the control group. An increase in the antioxidative activity of wound fluid was observed. It was concluded that irradiation with light of both laser and LED decreases the level of oxidative stress in wound fluid and that radiation coherence does not play a significant role.     

Cellulase activity of some phytopathogenic fungi isolated from diseased leaves of broad bean

Forty-five fungal species and two varieties belonging to the 23 genera were collected from 50 samples of diseased leaves of broad bean collected from Qena Governorate in Egypt on glucose-Czapek’s, dichloran-chloramphenicol-malt extract and dichloran-chloramphenicol-peptone agar at 28 °C. The most common genera were Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Mycosphaerella and Penicillium. The most prevalent species were Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium merismoides, Mycosphaerella tassiana and Penicillium chrysogenum. Among the eight dematiaceous Hyphomycetes phytopathogenic fungi screened for their abilities to produce both exo- and endo-β-1,4-glucanase enzymes (C₁ and C_x), five species had high C₁ enzyme production and two species had high C_x enzyme production. However, two and three species were moderately active in producing C₁ and C_x enzymes, respectively. The remaining species had low production of both C₁ and C_x enzymes. The highest cellulase activity was recorded by Alternaria citri and Cochliobolus spicifer for C₁ and by A alternata and A. citri for C_x enzyme. Maximum production of C₁ enzyme by A. citri and C. spicifer was obtained after six days of incubation at 30 °C with an initial pH of 6 in a culture medium containing lactose and calcium nitrate as the carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The highest C_x enzyme production was by A. alternata and A. citri,which was recorded after eight days of incubation at 30 °C with an initial pH of 6 in a culture medium containing carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium or calcium nitrate as the carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively.     

The effect of exposure to enhanced UV-B radiation on the penetration of monochromatic and polychromatic UV-B radiation in leaves of Brassica napus

Using quartz optical fibres, penetration of both monochromatic (310 nm) and polychromatic UV-B (280–320 nm) radiation in leaves of Brassica napus L. (cv. Ceres) was measured. Plants were grown under either visible light (750 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ photosynthetically active radiation) or with the addition of 8. 9 KJ m⁻² day⁻¹ biologically effective UV-B (UV-B_BE) radiation. Results showed that of the 310 nm radiation that penetreated the leaf, 90% was within the intial one third of the leaf with high attenuation in the leaf epidermis, especially in UV-treated plants. Polychromatic UV-B radiation, relative to incident radiation, showed a relatively uniform spectral distribution within the leaf, except for collimated radiation. Over 30% of the UV-screening pigments in the leaf, including flavonoids, were found in the adaxial epidermal layer, making this layer less transparent to UV-B radiation than the abaxial epidermis, which contained less than 12% of the UV-screening pigments. UV-screening pigments increased by 20% in UV-treated leaves relative to control leaves. Densely arranged epicuticular wax on the adaxial leaf surface of UV-treated plants may have further decreased penetration of UV-B radiation by reflectance. An increased leaf thickness, and decreases in leaf area and leaf dry weight were also found for UV-treated plants.     

Polyamines inhibit lipid peroxidation in senescing oat leaves

Exogenous diaminopropane, spermidine, spermine and guazatine, an inhibitor of polyamine oxidase (EC 1.5.3.3) activity, were able to inhibit loss of chlorophyll and reduce the level of malondialdehyde in dark-incubated Avena sativa L. cv. Victory leaves, as well as in leaves subjected to osmotica used for protoplast isolation. Both lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) activity and enzyme-protein levels were reduced by incubation with spermine. The results provide support for the contention that the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by polyamines may be one of the mechanisms responsible for their anti-senescence effects.