导入dctABD和nifA基因对费氏中华根瘤菌共生固氮的影响研究

以pTR102为载体构建重组质粒pHN307,其上克隆有来自昔蓿中华根瘤菌（Sinorthizobium meliloti）的四碳二羧酸转移酶基因dctABD、来自肺炎克氏杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae）的nifA基因和来自pDB30所含的发光酶基因lux-AB。经三亲本接合转移,将pHN307导入费氏中华根瘤菌（S.fredii)NH01、YC4和GR3,并考察了转移接合子中pHN307在传代培养和共生条件下的稳定性。与出发菌相比较的植物盆栽试验结果表明,在与大豆黑农33共生时,导入pHN307后的转移接合子均可显著提高结瘤植株的瘤重、地上部分干重和地上部分总氮量。在与大豆川早一号共生时,转移接合子HN01（pHN307）可显著提高结瘤植株的瘤数和瘤重;GR3（pHN307）可显著提高结瘤植株的瘤数、瘤重、地上部分干重和地上部分总氮量;导入pHN307的YC4却呈现出负作用。本研究表明,导入dctABD可提高固氮效率     

重组质粒pHN32对花生根瘤菌固氮的影响

通过三亲本杂交将大豆根瘤菌高效基因工程菌株HN32所携带的增效重组质粒pHN32引入一株快生型花生根瘤菌菌株85-7和另一株慢生型花生根瘤菌菌株co2-5中。花生盆栽结瘤试验结果统计分析表明:p的HN32载体质粒pLAFR1对根瘤菌85-7和co2-5的固氮功能没有影响;pHN32对85-7固氮影响不论在植株干重方面还是在固氮酶活方面统计学上都不显著;而对co2-5则植株干重提高了25.7％,存在极显著差异,固氮酶活尽管提高了51.8％,但统计学上不显著。根瘤中分离的Tc~r根瘤co2-5(pHN32)中的pHN32EcoR1酶切分析表明:pHN32没有发生结构上的变化且固氮增强作用可能由3.7kb外源片段引起。     

提高大豆根瘤菌质粒稳定性的研究

以发光酶基因luxAB作为报告基因,将广谱稳定性质 粒pTR102的parCBA/DE基因导入含37kb增效片段的pLARF3并去除该质粒的cos序列,构建成重组质粒pHN115和pHN156。同时,构建只带有cos序列和luxAB的参比质粒pHN157和pHN158。将上述4种质粒通过三亲本杂交分别导入费氏中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobiu m fredii) HN01,将pHN155和pHN158通过两亲本杂交分别导入大豆慢生根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicum)TA11,在人工继代培养条件下比较测定其质粒保持率。结果表明;经连续转接培养7次后,pHN155、pHN156、pHN157和pHN158在HN01中的质粒保持率分 别为100%、67%、72%和92% 。连续转接培养4次后,pHN155和pHN158在TA11中的质粒保持率分别为98%和92%。说明parCBA/DE基因能显著提高质粒在快、慢生型大豆根瘤菌中的遗传稳定性,cos序列的去除也有一定的作用。     

导入dctABD和parCBA／DE基因提高大豆慢生根瘤菌固氮效率和稳定性的研究

以pLAFR3为载体构建重组质粒pHN207,携带有来自苜蓿根瘤菌（Sinorhizobium meliloti）的四碳二羧酸转移酶基因dctABD、来自pTR102的parCBA／DE基因和标记发光酶基因luxAB。利用2亲本杂交法,将重组质粒pHN207导入大豆慢生根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium japonicum）TA11和CB1809,分别考察了转移接合子中外源重组质粒在人工培养条件和共生条件下的稳定性,结果表明par基因的引入明显提高pLAFR3在TA11和CB1809中的稳定性。dctABD基因可显著提高TA11和CB1809在大豆黑龙33、宁镇一号和渝豆一号上的共生固氮能力,使结瘤植物的地上部分干重（生物量）和总氮量等指标较对照组有显著提高。     

导入额外拷贝nifA基因对费氏中华根瘤菌共生固氮作用的影响

以广宿主、稳定性质粒pTR102为载体构建重组质粒pHN306,其上克隆有来自肺炎克氏杆菌（Klebsiellapneumoniae）的nifA基因和来自pDB30所含的发光酶标记基因（luxAB）。经三亲本接合转移,将pHN306导入费氏中华根瘤菌（Sinorhizobiumfredii）HN01,GR3和YC4。与出发菌相比较的盆栽试验结果表明：HN01（pHN306）和GR3（pHN306）分别在大豆渝豆一号和黑龙33上能显著提高瘤数,瘤重,植株地上部分干重和总氮量,YC4（pHN306）在大豆渝豆一号上也能显著提高瘤数,癌重和总氮量,对植株地上部分干重表现出一定的促进作用。结果表明：nifA基因对固氮效率和结瘤能力的促进作用与受体根瘤菌和大豆品种等因素有关。以luxAB为报告基因进行的菌落和根瘤发光检测结果表明：pHN306可在供试根瘤菌中稳定遗传。     

分离自杭子梢等宿主根瘤的30株菌的结瘤特性的研究

对分离自杭子梢、菜豆和决明等宿主根瘤、处于Agrobacterium系统发育分支、DNA-DNA杂交与A.rubi的相似性达到100%的30株土壤杆菌,分属于Agrobacterium、Bradyrhizobium、Mesorhizobium、Rhizobium和Sinorhizobium 5个属的12个参比菌株。nodA PCR的结果表明,30株供试菌中扩增不出nodA,即没有结瘤性。以Sinorhizobium meliloti USDA1002T的nodA做探针对所提取的细菌总DNA进行斑点杂交,在65℃-68℃严谨洗膜条件下,该探针只能与同种的根瘤菌进行杂交,不能与其它属的根瘤菌或土壤杆菌杂交,初步推测共同结瘤基因nodA探针只能对种内根瘤菌的结瘤性进行鉴定。     

普通结瘤基因探针鉴定根瘤菌的研究

普通结瘤基因（ｎｏｄＡＢＣ）是所有根瘤菌所特有的、最为保守的基因,用苜蓿根瘤菌结瘤基因（ｎｏｄＡＢＣ）和豌豆根瘤菌的（ｎｏｄＣ）基因片段为探钉,与５２株包括常见土壤细菌、已知根瘤菌、根瘤未知分离物的总ＤＮＡ进行斑点杂交,探索用普通结瘤基因（ｎｏｄＡＢＣ）或（ｎｏｄＣ）探针鉴定根瘤菌的可能性。结果,未找到合适实验条件,使来自这两个种的结瘤基因只能与根瘤菌菌株杂交,而不与土壤细菌的菌株杂交。但在高温条件下,两种探针都专一性的和种内菌株杂交。此结果表明：在一定的实验条件下,普通结瘤基因探针用做根瘤菌的鉴定,只能     

以绿荧光蛋白基因为报告基因的广宿主启动子探针载体的构建和应用

将以绿荧光蛋白基因(gfp)的 cDNA为模板,用人工合成引物经PCR扩增获得的09kbDNA片段克隆到表达载体pET11C上构建成gfp表达载体pHN115。从pHN115上切下的不含启动子,但保留了SD序列的gfp基因经克隆载体SK(+)和pIJ2925亚克隆后再克隆到广谱稳定性质粒pTR102上构建成广谱、稳定、可视的启动子探针载体pHN127。并用它从费氏中华根瘤菌HN01的总DNA中成功地钓出组成型和诱导型表达的启动子。     

根瘤菌菌剂的研究与开发现状

根瘤菌与豆科植物共生成为豆科植物固氮的重要方式,它可以为豆科植物提供所需氮量的1/2～1/3。因此,土壤中有效根瘤菌的数量是决定豆科植物产量的重要因素,而根瘤菌菌剂的使用可以有效地提高土壤中根瘤菌数量。本文从根瘤菌菌剂制备中高效菌种的选育及匹配、高密度菌剂的制备、菌剂保存方法等方面进行综述。比较了自然选育、杂交选育和诱变选育等各类选育方法及琼脂试管配对法和水培配对法的优缺点;总结了菌剂制备的一般过程和方法;论述了菌剂保藏过程中冷冻干燥法和各种保护剂的使用对菌剂保藏效果的影响。本文阐述了根瘤菌菌剂的制备工艺和发展方向,为根瘤菌剂的研制提供重要参考。     

光敏生物素标记总DNA探针对大豆根瘤菌的检测

以光敏生物素标记慢生型大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicum)USDA110总DNA作为探针,与快生型大豆根瘤菌杂交时,没有杂交斑点形成,而与慢生型大豆根瘤菌中的部分菌株能形成杂交斑点,表明该探针具有种和部分菌株特异性,用该探针与压碎的根瘤汁液进行DNA杂交,检测USDA110在不灭菌的盆栽土壤中的竞争结瘤能力,发现USDA110在大豆不同生育期的占瘤率为70%～90%。     

紫云英根瘤菌由种子浸提物诱导的基因调控片段的克隆和分析

The large plasmids of strain 7653R were digested with restriction enzyme EcoRI. Their DNA fragments were cloned into the expression vector pMP220 to construct a lacZ fusion pool, which were transferred into the recipient strain 7653R Tri-transconjugants were selected onto plates containing X-gal and seed extract Five blue colonies were assayed of their β-galactosidase activity after incubation with or without seed extract. A positive induced strain HN18 was obtained. Hybridization of nodDABC probe on the re…     

The population genetics of nodule bacteria

The data are reviewed on the population structure and evolutionary dynamics of the nodule bacteria (rhizobia) which are among the most intensively studied microorganisms. High level of the population polymorphism was demonstrated for the rhizobia populations using the enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE profiles). The average value of Nei's coefficient of heterogeneity (H = 1 - sigma pi2 [n/(n - 1)]) were: 0.590 for rhizobia (Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium), 0.368 for enterobacteria (Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella) and 0.452 for pathogenic bacteria (Bordetella, Borrelia, Erysipelothrix, Haemophilus, Helicobacter, Listeria, Mycobacterium, Neisseria, Staphylococcus) populations. In spite of being devoid of the effective systems for the gene conjugative transfer, many rhizobia populations possess an essentially panmictic structure. However, the enterobacteria populations in which the gene transfer may be facilitated due to the conjugative F- and R-factors, usually display the clonal population structure. The legume host plant is proved to be a key factor that determines the high levels of polymorphism and of panmixis as well as high evolutionary rates of the symbiotic bacteria populations. The host may ensure: a) an increase in mutation and gene transfer frequencies; b) stimulation of the competitive (selective) processes in both symbiotic and free-living rhizobia populations. A "cyclic" model of the rhizobia microevolution is presented which allows to assess the inputs the interstrain competition for the saprophytic growth and for the host nodulation into evolution of a plant-associated rhizobia population. The nodulation competitiveness in the rhizobia populations is responsible for the frequency-dependent selection of the rare genotypes which may arise in the soil bacterial communities as a result of the transfer of symbiotic (sym) genes from virulent rhizobia strains to either avirulent rhizobia or to the other (saprophytic, phytopathogenic) bacteria. Therefore, the nodulation competitiveness may ensure: a) panmictic structure of the natural rhizobia populations; b) high taxonomic diversity of rhizobia which was apparently caused by a broad sym gene expansion in the soil bacterial communities. The kin selection models are presented which explain evolution of the "altruistic" (essential for the host plant, but not for the bacteria themselves) symbiotic traits (e.g., the ability for symbiotic nitrogen fixation and for differentiation into non-viable bacteroids) in the rhizobia populations. These models are based on preferential multiplication of the nitrogen-fixing clones either in planta (due to an elevated supply of the nitrogen-fixing nodules with photosynthates) or ex planta (due to a release of the rhizopines from the nitrogen-fixing nodules). Speaking generally, interactions with the host plants provide a range of mechanisms increasing a genetic heterogeneity and an evolutionary potential in the associated rhizobia populations.     

Molecular diversity,effectiveness and competitiveness of indigenous rhizobial population infecting mungbean <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna radiata</Emphasis> (L. Wilczek) under semi-arid conditions

Nodules from mungbean crop raised for the first time at Ram Dhan Singh (RDS) farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh (CCS) Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar were collected from 17 different locations. Twenty-five mungbean rhizobia were isolated and authenticated by plant infection test. DNA of all these rhizobia was extracted purified and amplified using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) primers. All the mungbean rhizobial isolates were clustered into 4 groups at 65% of similarity and were further divided into 17 subclusters at 80% of similarity. All the 4 types of rhizobia were not present at any of the location and group 2 or 4 rhizobia were invariably present. Efficacy of these rhizobia in terms of nodulation, nitrogen uptake and chlorophyll a fluorescence was determined under pot culture conditions. Strain MB 307 showed maximum nitrogen uptake of 31.9 mg N plant⁻¹ followed by strain MB 1205, MB 1206(2), MB 308, MB 1524 and strain MB 1521 was found to be the least efficient in terms of N 2 fixation. Nodule occupancy by different rhizobia ranged from 5.5 to 40.3%. Most of the strains belonging to the 2nd group which clustered maximum number of strains were comparatively better competitors and formed 19.5–40.3% of the nodules and were also effective. Isolate MB 307, the most efficient strain, was found to have nodule occupancy of 31.5%. Such type of predominant, efficient and better competitor strains should be selected for enhancing nodule competitiveness.     

Interactive effects of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer and composted manure on ammonia volatilization from soils

The mutualism between legumes and nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria (rhizobia) is a key feature of many ecological and agricultural systems, yet little is known about how this relationship affects aboveground interactions between plants and herbivores. We investigated the effects of the rhizobia mutualism on the abundance of a specialized legume herbivore on soybean plants. In a field experiment, soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) abundances were measured on plants (Glycine max) that were either (1) treated with a commercial rhizobial inoculant, (2) associating solely with naturally occurring rhizobia, or (3) given nitrogen fertilizer. Plants associating with naturally occurring rhizobia strains exhibited lower aphid population densities compared to those inoculated with a commercial rhizobial preparation or given nitrogen fertilizer. Genetic analyses of rhizobia isolates cultured from field plants revealed that the commercial rhizobia strains were phylogenetically distinct from naturally occurring strains. Plant size, leaf nitrogen concentration, and nodulation density were similar among rhizobia-associated treatments and did not explain the observed differences in aphid abundance. Our results demonstrate that plant–rhizobia interactions influence plant resistance to insect herbivores and that some rhizobia strains confer greater resistance to their mutualist partners than do others.     

Evaluation of the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing potential of soils by direct microbiological means

A method for estimating the nitrogen-fixing capacity of a population of rhizobia resident in soil is presented. legume test plants, growing under microbiologically-controlled conditions in test tubes packed with a vermiculite substrate moistened with a nitrogen-free plant nutrient solution, are inoculated directly with a suspension of the soil under examination. Rhizobia in the soil nodulate the test plants, and the amount of foliage dry matter produced in the 28 days after inoculation is regarded as an index of their effectiveness. An inoculum of at least 30, and preferably 100, rhizobia is needed to ensure that nitrogen fixation is not masked by delayed nodulation. The new method is tentatively described as the ‘whole-soil inoculation’ technique. Appraisals were made withTrifolium subterraneum L. andRhizobium trifolii and withMedicago sativa L. andR. meliloti. Soil-borne pathogens did not interfere with plant growth. The whole-soil inoculation technique was less tedious and time-consuming than an alternative method which involved extracting representative isolates from the soil and testing their effectiveness individually, and appeared to give more realistic values for the nitrogen-fixing capacity of the soil as a whole. Used in association with a field experiment, the whole-soil inoculation technique confirmed microbiologically that there had been an agronomic response to surface application of inoculant to poorly-nodulatedT. subterraneum pasture. It is submitted that this technique for determining the effectiveness of rhizobia in soil, combined with a plant-infection method for counting rhizobia, can be a reliable guide to the need for inoculation in the field.     

Nodulation studies on legumes exotic to Australia: Hedysarum coronarium

Abstract Symbiotic experiments in glasshouse, controlled environment cabinet, and field were conducted with four lines of sulla ( Hedysarum coronarium ) and 15 strains of Rhizobium spp. This plant is highly Rhizobium -specific and appropriate strains are most unlikely to occur naturally in Australia. Under several sets of experimental conditions, H. coronarium nodulated abundantly and effectively with homologous rhizobia introduced from Spain and Italy. The optimum temperature for nitrogen fixation was relatively low (approx. 21°C) but significant interactions between line of host, strain of rhizobia, and growth temperature were frequent. The rhizobia were persistent in soil.